Temat: Mutation - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Zmiana genetyczna: ślepa, ukierunkowana, interpretatywna?
Genetic Variation: Blind, Directed, Interpretative?
Autorzy:: Jablonka, Eva
Lamb, Marion J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/553445.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Instytut Filozofii
Tematy:: lamarkizm
rozmnażanie płciowe
teoria ewolucji
mutacja interpretatywna
mutacja ślepa
mutacja kierowana
mutacja
Lamarckism
sexual reproduction
evolutionary theory
interpretative mutation
blind mutation
directed mutation
mutation
Opis:: W artykule poruszone zostało zagadnienie pochodzenia zmienności genetycznej. Dwa jej źródła to: mutacje genetyczne i rozmnażanie płciowe. Autorki zasadniczo skupiają się na mutacjach, kwestii rozmnażania płciowego pozostawiając rolę wstępu. Mieszanie genów od nieidentycznych osobników, przekazywanie różnego materiału genetycznego każdemu z potomków oraz rekombinacja genów w procesie crossing-over są podstawowymi skutkami rozmnażania płciowego. Co do mutacji genetycznych, to oprócz całkowicie ślepych zmian genomu oraz w pełni ukierunkowanych reakcji fizjologicznych organizmu, zdaniem autorek, istnieje całe spektrum procesów, które należałoby umieścić gdzieś między dwoma tymi ekstremami. Omówieniu tego trzeciego typu mutacji – nie do końca losowych, ale też nie w pełni zdeterminowanych – poświęcona jest zasadnicza część tekstu.
The article brings up the issue of genetic variability source. Two causes of that variability are genetic mutations and sexual reproduction. The authors generally focus on the mutations. The issue of sexual reproduction is concerned only as an introduction. Mixing of genes from non-identical parents, transmission of different genetic material to every descendant, and recombination of genes in the crossing-over process are the main effects of sexual reproduction. As for genetic mutations, authors say that in addition to entirely blind genetic variation and absolutely directed physiological reactions of organism there is a whole spectrum of processes which should be placed somewhere between these two extremes. The basic part of this text refers to this particular third type of mutations – not exactly random but, at the same time, not entirely determined.
Źródło:: Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy; 2007-2008, 4-5; 163-201
2299-0356
Pojawia się w:: Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Mutagenicity induced in Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100 by diphenylthiophenes
Autorzy:: Budzikur, K. A.
Góra, M.
Chachaj, A.
Mielżyńska-Švach, D.
Tejs, S.
Łuczyński, M. K.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/363118.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
Tematy:: test Amesa
mutacja
monomery tiofenowe
Ames test
mutation
thiophene monomers
Opis:: Mutagenic properties of four different diphenylthiophenes: 3,4-diphenylthiophene, 3,4-di(4'-methylphenyl)thiophene, 3,4-di(4'-methoxyphenyl)thiophene and 3,4-di(4'-pentoxyphenyl)thiophene were investigated applying the Salmonella test. The research was done on two strains of Salmonella Typhimurium: TA98 and TA100, tested in two variants: with (+S9) and without (-S9) enzymatic activation. Only one compound 3,4-di(4'-methylphenyl)thiophene showed mutagenic activity when studied with metabolic activation (+S9) and its mutagenic rate (MR) score was 3.41 for the dose of 10.00µg*plate-1. Other studied compounds did not show any mutagenic activity (+/-S9) and their MR score did not exceed the threshold value of 2.0.
Źródło:: Environmental Biotechnology; 2011, 7, 2; 65-69
1734-4964
Pojawia się w:: Environmental Biotechnology
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Using GA for evolving weights in neural networks
Autorzy:: Hameed, Wafaa Mustafa
Kanbar, Asan Baker
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/118057.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Promocji Wiedzy
Tematy:: genetic algorithm
neural network
crossover
mutation
algorytm genetyczny
sieć neuronowa
skrzyżowanie
mutacja
Opis:: This article aims at studying the behavior of different types of crossover operators in the performance of Genetic Algorithm. We have also studied the effects of the parameters and variables (crossover probability (Pc), mutation probability (Pm), population size (popsize) and number of generation (NG) for controlling the algorithm. This research accumulated most of the types of crossover operators these types are implemented on evolving weights of Neural Network problem. The article investigates the role of crossover in GAs with respect to this problem, by using a comparative study between the iteration results obtained from changing the parameters values (crossover probability, mutation rate, population size and number of generation). From the experimental results, the best parameters values for the Evolving Weights of XOR-NN problem are NG = 1000, popsize = 50, Pm = 0.001, Pc = 0.5 and the best operator is Line Recombination crossover.
Źródło:: Applied Computer Science; 2019, 15, 3; 21-33
1895-3735
Pojawia się w:: Applied Computer Science
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Stan biologiczny populacji ludzkich a przemiany środowiska społeczno-ekonomicznego
Biological status of human populations and changes of the socio-economic environment
Autorzy:: Siniarska, Anna
Wolański, Napoleon
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1817652.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2006-12-31
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:: ekologia człowieka
filogeneza
ontogeneza
mutacja
selekcja
human ecology
phylogeny
ontogeny
mutation
selection
Opis:: Adaptation of life to the environment occurs at two levels - that of an individual and that of a population. In the first step of the process of adaptation variability is produced. It provides necessary material for the second step - selection. Variability is generated during the phylogeny, from one generation to the next. However, variability can also be generated during individual ontogeny at least by protective mechanisms of instinctive behaviors of animals and conscious cultural human actions. Variability originates from point mutations and chromosomal aberrations occurring during transmission of genetic material from generation to generation and through activation, or deactivation, of genes that alters their expression. This variability determines phenotypic differences among individuals. Variability thus produced is subjected to selection because how a phenotype is formed determines its ability to survive and to produce offspring. In human populations, adaptation occurs via biological and via cultural processes. Humans with their culture - especially medicine and social care - protect lives of individuals who otherwise would have been eliminated by natural selection.Hereditary differences among various geographic groups of modern people occur with low frequency - just a fraction of a percentage point. From observations of phenotypes it can be concluded that both structural alterations in the DNA and differences in gene expression cause variations, the majority of genes are inactive at various stages of ontogeny, while various portions of the genotype become active at different times in the life of an individual.Environment influences variation in three ways: (1) by causing mutations or by altering gene expression and (2) by providing conditions for the formation of a phenotype coded by a particular genotype and (3) as a factor of selection, including occurrence of cultural behaviors modifying effects of natural selection. It seems that the main aim of future research in human ecology should be search for the answer to following questions: 1. Can gene expression be changed during ontogeny? 2. To what extent such changes can be inherited? 3. To what extent is there an increase in the occurrence of genes that do not allow survival without special care (genetic load), and 4. How will all this influence future of our species?
Źródło:: Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae; 2006, 4, 1; 17-41
1733-1218
Pojawia się w:: Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Supplementary crossover operator for genetic algorithms based on the center-of-gravity paradigm
Autorzy:: Angelov, P.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/205842.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2001
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN
Tematy:: algorytm genetyczny
mutacja
środek bezwładności
center of gravity
crossover
genetic algorithms
mutation
selection operators
Opis:: A supplementary crossover operator for genetic algorithms (GA) is proposed in the paper. It performs specific breeding between the two fittest parental chromosomes. The new child chromosome is based on the center of gravity (CoG) paradigm, taking into account both the parental weights (measured by their fitness) and their actual value. It is designed to be used in combination with other crossover and mutation operators (it applies to the best fitted two parental chromosomes only) both in binary and real-valued (evolutionary) GA. Analytical proof of its ability to improve the result is provided for the simplest case of one variable and when the elitist selection strategy is used. The new operator is validated with a number of usually used numerical test functions as well as with a practical example of supply air temperature and flow rate scheduling in a hollow core ventilated slab thermal storage system. The tests indicate that it improves results (the speed of convergence as well as the final result) without a significant increase in computational expenses.
Źródło:: Control and Cybernetics; 2001, 30, 2; 159-176
0324-8569
Pojawia się w:: Control and Cybernetics
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Znaczenie kwasu foliowego dla zdrowia organizmu człowieka
The importance of folic acid for the health of the human body
Autorzy:: Banyś, Karolina J.
Knopczyk, Monika W.
Bobrowska-Korczak, Barbara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/762697.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-03-15
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Farmaceutyczne
Tematy:: kwas foliowy
MTHFR
niedobór
mutacja
aktywny kwas foliowy
folic acid
mutation
deficiency
active folic acid
Opis:: A well-balanced diet is undoubtedly a key factor to maintain your body's normal state of health. A deficiency or excess of any nutrient can cause negative effects on human health. Folic acid is one of the elements of the diet, which is often supplied in insufficient quantities. This vitamin and its derivatives participate in the metabolism of amino acids and nucleic acids. Therefore, it is necessary for the proper functioning of the body's cells and for maintaining homeostasis, especially of the nervous, circulatory and cardiovascular systems. The biological activity of folic acid and its derivatives essentially affects the metabolism of important amino acids, such as methionine, homocysteine, serine, glycine, pyrimidine and purine synthesis and DNA methylation. The synthetic form of folic acid (most oxidized), which can be found in fortified foods, dietary supplements or pharmaceuticals, does not show biological activity. It is transformed in a series of reactions with the participation of many enzymes to form folates, which differ in the number of glutamic acid residues and the degree of oxidation. The actively biological form is reduced folate (L-5-MTHF), which is transported together with the blood to cells where it undergoes biological processes important for our health. The MTHFR gene, coding for the enzyme protein of the same name - methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, is located on chromosome 1 at the 1p36.3 locus. This protein is responsible for the catalysis of the enzymatic reaction, which is the reduction of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, i.e. the active form of folate. This form is necessary in the process of homocysteine degradation, in the aftermath remethylation to methionine. This protein is responsible for the catalysis of the enzymatic reaction, which is the reduction of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, i.e. the active form of folate. This form is necessary in the process of homocysteine degradation, in the aftermath remethylation to methionine. However, according to available literature, mutation of the MTHFR 677C> T gene occurs in even 53% of the population. Among carriers of the TT genotype, it can cause about 70% reduction of MTHFR reductase activity. It is especially dangerous for people who do not provide adequate amounts of folic acid along with their diet and for those who need a high amount of this vitamin, e.g. due to taking medications that reduce its absorption, i.e. metformin or oral contraceptives. Many people metabolize folic acid on insufficient levels. For medical reasons, not the mutation itself is a problem, but too low the folate levels. In recent years, there is more and more discussion about the active form of folic acid and the possibility of effective supplementation with metapholine, which is a combination of calcium with L-5-MTHFR. It is a natural and reduced form of folate, which hydrolized and then transforms into L-5-MTHFR. Metapholine, in comparison to folic acid, is not reduced to be incorporated into metabolic processes in the cell, which is catalyzed by DHFR and MTHFR enzymes. In addition, the absorption of the active form of folic acid is faster because some metabolic pathways are missed. This is particularly important for people who have a MTHFR gene mutation homozygous with 665C> T and / or 1298A> C polymorphism and a mutation of the DHFR gene with 458A> T polymorphism. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed the efficacy and safety of the active form of folic acid. In a study by Houghton et al., which was conducted among pregnant Canadian women, L-5-MTHFR was shown to be at least as effective in lowering homocysteine levels as folic acid supplementation. In addition, the active form of folic acid was more effective at storing folate in erythrocytes. In a study conducted by Lamers et al. on 135 women after a period of 24 weeks, L-5MTHR was shown to be a suitable alternative in reducing plasma homocysteine levels compared to folic acid and placebo. In addition, Bentley et al. analyzed the results of 112 pregnant women from the USA. Patients were assigned to two groups in which each took vitamin B12. In addition, in one of them women supplemented with L-5-MTHFR, and in the other - folic acid. The results showed that patients who supplemented the active form of folic acid not only had higher hemoglobin levels, but also less often had anemia. When analyzing clinical trials of patients with the MTHFR mutation, the same trend was observed. Metafoline increased plasma folate levels and decreased homocysteine levels. In one study on German women, there was a decrease in homocysteine levels and an increase in folate levels in both plasma and red blood cells in patients who supplemented the active form of folic acid. In another study involving Swiss patients with the current 677CC MTHFR or 677TT MTHFR mutation, it was demonstrated that using L-5-MTHFR significantly reduces homocysteine levels compared to folic acid. It is also worth mentioning that Prinz-Langenhol et al. in a study on women with the 677CC and 677TT mutations proved that the active form of folic acid has a better effect on increasing folate levels than folate. It is also worth mentioning that folic acid at high doses can mask ailments or even diseases caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. In addition, folic acid administered at high doses in patients with the MTHFR mutation is not reduced to an oxidized, inactive form and is not properly transported to plasma. Non-metabolised folic acid can be dangerous to the human body and contribute to the development of cancer. Supplementation, in particular the active form of folic acid, should be considered by patients who are carriers of the MTHFR or DHFR mutation. In addition, the use of stimulants such as alcohol or nicotine also negatively affects the absorption of this vitamin. Taking some medications weakens the absorption of folic acid - these include folic acid antagonists, anti-tuberculosis drugs, hormonal oral contraceptives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or metformin widely used. Folic acid is necessary for the proper functioning of the human body and its deficiency may induce various disease processes in the body, which include: the formation of neural tube defects, disorders in the nervous system, megaloblastic anemia, a negative effect on the functioning of the cardiovascular system and the development of atherosclerosis and cancer. More and more people have anemia, including megaloblastic anemia, which is characterized by abnormal nucleic acid synthesis. The consequence of too low folate levels is impaired red blood cell production, an increase in their volume, and premature death. Extremely dangerous is megaloblastic anemia, the so-called malignant anemia in pregnant women, as it can lead to serious complications such as hemorrhage, infection, and even intrauterine fetal death. A significant influence of folic acid on the functioning of the nervous system has been proven in many clinical studies. This vitamin is involved in the formation of important neurotransmitters such as: adrenaline, dopamine and noradrenaline, therefore its deficiency may lead to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders (dementia, epilepsy, depression and psychosis). These disorders are often caused by high levels of homocysteine, which is not properly metabolized to methionine due to folate deficiency. An excess of homocysteine, as a consequence, leads to atherosclerosis in the cerebral arteries and, as a result of insufficient blood supply, transient ischaemic attack occur, which can contribute to the development of dementia or Alzheimer's disease. Nutritional observations indicate that eating fresh vegetables rich in folic acid protects against the formation of some cancers, e.g. large intestine, breast, ovary, uterus, lungs, pancreas. Deficiency of folic acid promotes the activation of protooncogenes to oncogenes, which in consequence results in a decrease in the stability of cellular DNA. A study carried out by Giovannicci et al. showed that excessive alcohol consumption and folic acid deficiency associated with it increased the risk of developing colorectal cancer by almost four times. However, what cannot be overlooked, the results of clinical trials show us that very high doses and folic acid accumulation favor the development of some cancers. It is thought that excess of folic acid may lead to hypermethylation of DNA and, consequently, to inactivation of the suppressor genes responsible for controlling cell division. Women in the pre-contraceptive period, during pregnancy and breastfeeding are included in the group of people with a special need for folic acid, in whom deficiency can cause many negative effects. The presence of folic acid is necessary in the process of cell formation and growth in the developing fetus, especially when the neural tube is forming. Moreover adequate folic acid concentration decreases risk of fetal heart and urinary tract defects, and also reduces the occurrence of thrombosis and miscarriage in pregnant women. Steeweg-de Graaff J. et al. conducted evaluation of emotional and behavioral development at the age of 3 depending on the concentration of folates and homocysteine in the mother's blood plasma at an early stage of the pregnancy. It was noted that with insufficient folate supply, associated with a lack of or its late supplementation increases the risk of emotional problems in children. In addition, defects of the nervous system may occur as a result of dysfunction of folate metabolism. In its transformation pathway MTHFR reductase takes a particular role. Its reduced activity contributes to the impairment of folic acid metabolism, and the MTHFR gene - type 677CC is considered a risk factor for the development of neural tube defects. Randomized study compared pharmacokinetic parameters of [6S]-5-MTHF and folic acid in healthy women of childbearing age with different MTHFR genotypes (677TT n = 6, 677CC n = 8). Higher peak folate concentrations in plasma with [6S]-5-MTHF supplementation was found, in comparison with folic acid and not depending in the MTHFR genotype, as well as a shorter time needed to reach maximum concentration. In a different randomized, double-blind trial significantly higher folate levels in red blood cells were obtained in women receiving [6S]-5-MTHF. Studies confirm the hypothesis that nutritional deficiencies are of great importance in terms of fetal development. The results testify the need of folic acid supplementation, in which it is worth to consider the use of biologically active form, 12 weeks before planned pregnancy. In the second and third trimesters, the supplementation of folic acid is an important element in prevention of anemia caused by vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency, i.e. megaloblastic anemia. Moreover, it was found that folic acid at a daily dose of 400 - 800 μg reduce the risk of fetal neural tube defects. In its guidelines, Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (PTGiP) recommends supplementation of 400 μg / day of folic acid in women in low risk group in the pre-contraceptive period, pregnancy and during breastfeeding and supplementation of 800 μg/ day of folic acid in women in intermediate risk group and also high risk group in II and III trimester and during breastfeeding. It is worth emphasising that in most recent guidelines, PTGiP pays attention to the problem of folic acid metabolism and emphasizes the appropriateness of supplementation with its active form, especially at high doses. In folic acid metabolism, MTHFR catalyzes the synthesis to the active form of folate (L-5-MTHFR). It is necessary in the process of homocysteine degradation following remethylation to methionine. Unfortunately, as a result of inappropriate methylation, e.g. as a result of active form of folic acid deficiency, the concentration of homocysteine in the blood serum increases, which is responsible for various pathogenic processes in the body. Insufficient supply and improper metabolism of folic acid, as well as vitamins B6, B12 deficiency may be factors favorable for development of atherosclerosis and other diseases related to the cardiovascular system (e.g. heart attack, stroke, coronary artery disease). Excessively high concentration of homocysteine in the blood plasma, caused by disorders of its metabolic pathway in the body, is one of the reasons for the formation of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels. Excess of homocysteine, with a simultaneous deficiency of folate and vitamin B12, damages the endothelium of blood vessels and increases oxidation processes, which are associated with the development of inflammation, oxidation of LDL cholesterol and change in the structure of the walls of blood vessels. In addition, the risk of developing peripheral thrombosis and hypertension increases. In the meta-analysis of Linda L. et al. it was found that high concentration of homocysteine is an independent factor of developing coronary heart disease. In the majority of studies, the risk of this disease is increased by 20% to 50% with every increase of concentration of homocysteine by 5 μmol /L in the blood of the examined persons. To ensure proper functioning of blood vessels and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, one needs to provide adequate concentration of homocysteine in the body. Folates and their adequate supply with diet or supplementation play a key role in this process. Looking at the numerous clinical studies, available literature and the function of folic acid, it can be stated that it is an essential compound with multidirectional biological action, which is involved in the synthesis of amino acids and nucleic acids important for health. It plays an important role in tissues, such as: the fetus, hematopoietic system and gastrointestinal epithelium, in which cell divisions occur. For this reason, the presence of folic acid in the right amounts, ensures the proper functioning of our body. A deficiency of folic acid in the diet leads to a reduced concentration of folate in plasma and red blood cells. It is a condition that contributes to the formation of many serious diseases in our body and congenital neural tube defects in the fetus. As clinical studies have shown, the optimal concentration of folates in the blood reduces the risk of cardiovascular, circulatory, central nervous system diseases and certain types of cancer. To reduce the risk of diet-related diseases caused by folic acid deficiency, daily diet should be optimally balanced and contain products rich in natural folates. If diet is an insufficient source of folic acid, its supplementation should be considered, with the possible inclusion of its active form. Supplementation is recommended, in particular, for people with: megaloblastic anemia, diabetes mellitus, malabsorptions (e.g. Crohn's disease), alcoholism, malnutrition, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease), cardiovascular diseases, elevated homocysteine levels and using certain medications (e.g. oral contraceptives, metformin, methotrexate). It is also worth mentioning that metapholine supplementation bypasses the multistage metabolic process before incorporating folates into the cell cycle, as opposed to the inactive form of folic acid. This is particularly important for patients with the DHFR and MTHFR mutation, which depending on the polymorphism, may occur in up to 53% of the Caucasian population. Consequently, MTHFR reductase activity is reduced by up to 70%.
Kwas foliowy jest niezbędny do właściwego funkcjonowania organizmu i zachowania homeostazy. Uczestniczy w metabolizmie kwasów nukleinowych, aminokwasów, syntezie pirymidyn i puryn. Syntetyczna postać kwasu foliowego nie wykazuje aktywności biologicznej. Przekształcana jest w szeregu reakcji do postaci folianów (L-5-MTHF) które, są transportowane do komórek, gdzie bierze udział w ważnych procesach biologicznych. Gen MTHFR odpowiedzialny jest za katalizę reakcji enzymatycznej: redukcję 5,10-metylenotetrahydrofolianu do aktywnej formy. Mutacja genu MTHFR 677C>T występuje nawet u 53% populacji czego konsekwencją jest zmniejszenie aktywności reduktazy – MTHFR nawet o 70%. Metafolina (aktywna forma) w przeciwieństwie do kwasu foliowego, aby zostać włączona do procesów metabolicznych w komórce, nie ulega redukcji, katalizowanej przez DHFR oraz MTHFR. Jest to istotne w szczególności dla osób, które mają mutację genu MTHFR oraz DHFR. Przyjmowanie niektórych leków osłabia wchłanialność kwasu foliowego. Kwas foliowy jest niezbędny do prawidłowego funkcjonowania organizmu człowieka a jego niedobór może indukować różne procesy chorobowe w organizmie, do których zaliczamy: powstawanie wad cewy nerwowej, zaburzenia w układzie nerwowym, niedokrwistość megaloblastyczną, negatywny wpływ na funkcjonowanie układu sercowo – naczyniowego oraz rozwój miażdżycy i nowotworów. Witamina ta bierze udział w powstawaniu ważnych neuroprzekaźników, takich jak: adrenalina, dopamina i noradrenalina, dlatego jej niedobór może prowadzić do powstania zaburzeń neuropsychiatrycznych. Niedobór kwasu foliowego sprzyja aktywacji protoonkogenów do onkogenów. Liczne badania kliniczne i dostępna literatura potwierdzają funkcję kwasu foliowego, że jest to niezbędny związek o wielokierunkowym działaniu biologicznym, który pełni istotną rolę w tkankach. Suplementacja metafoliną omija wieloetapowy proces metaboliczny w przeciwieństwie do nieaktywnej postaci kwasu foliowego.
Źródło:: Farmacja Polska; 2020, 76, 2; 79-87
0014-8261
2544-8552
Pojawia się w:: Farmacja Polska
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: DEFINICJA MUTACJI I EWOLUCJI TERRORYZMU ISLAMSKIEGO W XXI WIEKU
DEFINITION OF MUTATION AND EVOLUTION OF THE ISLAMIC TERRORISM IN XXI ST CENTURY
Autorzy:: Wysocka, Monika
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/418747.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych
Tematy:: ewolucja
mutacja
definicja
islamski terroryzm
Al-Kaida
ISIS
evolution
mutation
definition
Islamic terrorism
Al-Qaeda
Opis:: Terrorism as a threat to international security was identified relatively long ago. In the article, the author attempted to systematize the conceptual definition of the evolution and mutation of Islamic terrorism on the example of the relation between the two largest Islamic terrorist organizations Al-Qaeda and ISIS. To present this issue, the definition of Islamic terrorism and its placement in Islam were selected. In order to show that religion for terrorists is a sort of unjustified justification for their actions. To present what is the difference between the evolution and the mutation of the threat which is absolutely terrorism, its history and shaping among the threats to international security were presented. Thanks to what it was clearly stated that the current image owes to the long-term evolution of the phenomenon. Since the 1970s, primarily Islamic terrorist organizations dominate and they are subject to mutation, which was presented thanks to the comparison of Al-Qaeda and ISIS, and what mutagenic factors had an impact on the occurrence of this process. As a consequence, it was found that the mutation may be a stronger creation than its protoplast, and it was stressed that it is unwarranted to use two terms interchangeably, because they mean something else. Finally, emphasizing that this theory can be applied to all types of terrorism, which proves its universality.
Terroryzm jako zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego został zidentyfikowany stosunkowo dawno. Autorka w artykule starała się usystematyzować definicję pojęciową ewolucji i mutacji terroryzmu islamskiego na przykładzie zależności pomiędzy dwiema największymi islamskimi organizacjami terrorystycznymi Al-Kaidą oraz Islamskie Państwo w Iraku i Lewacie. Aby przedstawić to zagadnienie wyłoniona została definicja terroryzmu islamskiego oraz umiejscowienie jego w islamie dla podkreślenia, że religia dla terrorystów jest swego rodzaju bezpodstawnym usprawiedliwieniem ich działań. Różnice pomiędzy ewolucją i mutacją zagrożenia jakim bezwzględnie jest terroryzm, przedstawiono dzięki pogłębionej analizie historycznej zjawiska. W wyniku czego jednoznacznie stwierdzono, że obecny obraz zawdzięcza on długotrwałej ewolucji. Z drugiej strony zaobserwowano, że od lat 70-tych XX wieku dominują przede wszystkim islamskie organizacje terrorystyczne. One zaś przede wszystkim ciągle mutacją w swoim kształcie pozostawiając główny trzon niezmienny, co zostało przedstawione dzięki porównaniu Al-Kaidy i ISIS. Równocześnie wskazano czynniki mutagenne mające wpływ na zachodzenie procesu mutacji, wykluczając tym samym ewolucję. W konsekwencji stwierdzono, iż mutacja może być silniejszym tworem od swojego protoplasty. Jak również podkreślono niezasadność stosowania dwóch terminów wymiennie, gdyż definiują inne zjawiska. Mimo, że mutacja jest czynnikiem składowym ewolucji. Ostatecznie podkreślono, że tę teorię można zastosować do wszystkich rodzajów terroryzmu, co świadczy o jej uniwersalności.
Źródło:: Colloquium; 2018, 10, 3; 129-141
2081-3813
2658-0365
Pojawia się w:: Colloquium
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Mutacja – Błąd czy Premedytacja?
Mutation – Error or Premeditation?
Autorzy:: Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka, Joanna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/424484.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Akademia Sztuk Pięknych w Gdańsku
Tematy:: mutacja
choroba genetyczna
Projekt Sekwencjonowania Genomu Ludzkiego
bioart
Eduardo Kac
mutation
genetic disorder
Human Genome Project
Opis:: Mutacje to zmiany zachodzące w sekwencji nukleotydowej DNA. Prawdopodobnie najczęściej cytowanymi danymi statystycznymi na temat ludzkiej różnorodności genetycznej jest informacja, że każda z dwóch osób różni się średnio o 1 na 1000 par zasad DNA (0.1%). Zaburzenie genetyczne to choroba spowodowana w całości lub w części przez różnicę w sekwencji DNA w stosunku do sekwencji prawidłowej. W 2003 roku Projekt Sekwencjonowania Genomu Ludzkiego, jeden z najbardziej ambitnych projektów naukowych jakie kiedykolwiek podjęto, osiągnął ogromny cel jakim było sekwencjonowanie całego ludzkiego genomu. Dzisiaj dzięki tej wiedzy naukowcy mają potężne narzędzie do badania wkładu genetycznego w biologię człowieka i oceny ryzyka chorób. Dla przykładu w wyniku międzynarodowego projektu HapMap udało się stworzyć katalog wspólnych wariantów genetycznych dla różnych populacji, co pomogło naukowcom zidentyfikować warianty genetyczne związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem m.in. chorób złożonych. Mutacja w naukach biologicznych i medycznych jest stałym i koniecznym kryterium zmienności determinującym rozwój wszystkich żywych organizmów. Różnorodność genetyczna jest wspólną cechą organizmów, które rozmnażają się płciowo i są podstawowym warunkiem ich zmian ewolucyjnych. Rozwój rewolucji biotechnologicznej i genomicznej zmotywował współczesnych artystów do wykorzystania metod naukowych jako środka do tworzenia sztuki. Zjawisko to stało się również elementem wykorzystywanym w najmłodszej gałęzi sztuki współczesnej, jaką jest bioart. Wyrażenie „bioart” zostało wprowadzone przez Eduardo Kaca w 1997 roku w związku z jego pracą „Time Capsule”. Reprezentacją artystycznej działalności Eduardo Kaca w dziedzinie Bio-artu są dzieła transgeniczne zatytułowane „Królik GFP” (2000) i „Genesis” (1999). Jako bioartysta Kac reprezentuje jednocześnie artystycznego manipulatora materiału genetycznego, naukowego twórcę syntetycznych genów, jak i pośrednika w dyskusji bioetycznej.
Mutations are changes that occur in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Perhaps the most widely cited statistic about human genetic diversity is that any two humans differ, on average, by about 1 in 1,000 DNA base pairs (0.1%). A genetic disorder is a disease caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal sequence. Back in 2003, The Human Genome Project, one of the most ambitious scientific projects ever undertaken, achieved a monumental goal: sequencing the entire human genome. With these sequences, scientists have a powerful tool for exploring the genetic contribution to human biology and disease risk. For example, the International HapMap Project maintains a catalogue of common genetic variants among different populations, which has helped scientists identify gene variants associated with increased risk of complex diseases. A mutation in the biological as well as medical sciences provides a permanent and indispensable criterion of variation, determining the development of all living organisms. Genetic diversity is a common feature of sexually reproducing organisms and an essential condition of evolutionary change. The rise of the biotechnological and genomic revolution has motivated contemporary artists to explore the use of scientific methods as a medium for art-making. This phenomenon has also become an element used in the youngest branch of modern art, which is bio art. The phrase "bioart" was coined by Eduardo Kac in 1997 in relation to his artwork Time Capsule. The transgenic artworks of Eduardo Kac entitled GFP Bunny (2000) and Genesis (1999) form the basis of the research. As a bioartist, Kac simultaneously represents an artistic manipulator of genetic material, a scientific creator of synthetic genes and a messenger informing bioethical discussion.
Źródło:: Sztuka i Dokumentacja; 2019, 20; 63-73
2080-413X
Pojawia się w:: Sztuka i Dokumentacja
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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