Temat: MAP - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Z problematyki określenia dokładności map izopletowych
Problems in establishing the accuracy of isopleth maps
Autorzy:: Cebrykow, P.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204355.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2004
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: mapa
mapa izopletowa
dokładność map
map
isopleth map
accuracy of map
Opis:: W artykule opisano problemy związane z badaniem dokładności map izopletowych oraz przedstawiono źródła błędów na takich mapach.
The isopleth method is rarely used as a presentation method in cartography. There are several reasons for that. One of the main causes is cartographers' distrust towards isopleths, which bases on opinions of many cartographic authorities (Eckert, Imhof, Salishchev). The main dilemma is whether it is possible to represent discontinuous phenomena with isolines. The fact that this method is highly labor-consuming also limited its popularity. Furthermore, there are no clear, acknowledged criteria for preparation of isopleth maps. In order to establish how isopleth maps should be prepared one has to determine a universal tool for their evaluation. Volumetric criterion proposed by J.Moscibroda (1999) seems to be the optimal solution. In short, it preserves unity of a statistic volume of an isopleth map with the volume of continuous choropleth. Application of a criterion of behavior of phenomenon's statistical volume helps to trace down the sources of errors, which appear on traditional isopleth maps. The research made it possible to determine three basic factors which cause errors to appear. They are: the type of basic space units, location and number of reference points and the method of interpolation. Knowing the origin of errors and being able to evaluate them on isopleth maps provides a basis for research on how to improve the methods of their elaboration.
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2004, T. 36, nr 4, 4; 259-265
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Prezentacja zależności zjawisk metodą kartogramu złożonego
Presentation of phenomena relation using the method of two-variable choropleth map
Autorzy:: Leonowicz, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204360.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2002
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: kartografia
kartogram
mapa
map
cartography
choropleth map
Opis:: Artukuł poświęcony jest ocenie możliwości zastosowania metody kartogramu złożonego do przedstawiania zależności zjawisk. Omówione zostały zagadnienia metodyczne związane z opracowywaniem kartogramów złożonych. Zwrócono uwagę na problem czytelności tych map.
Presentation of information about geographic environment in a form of the maps of single phenomena does not always allow for a correct interpretation of relations between them. Simultaneous reading and comparing of several maps is often too difficult for perception of an average reader. Therefore one should look for more synthetic presentation methods, which instead of elementary information - about phenomena distribution, would present transformed information - e.g. about their relations. A two-variable choropleth map can be such a method. Its main feature is, that it presents values of two geographic phenomena within an areal units on map. The article discusses main methodic aspects of two-variable choropleth map elaboration. These are: choise of phenomena to be presented, preparation of a statistical scattergram, which is the basis for class intervals selection, and classification method. The author also presents principles, which should govern the process of planning a graphical solution suitable for the presentation of two variables. A color legend of a two-variable choropleth map used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in the seventies is an example of such a solution. Poor readability of maps prepared with it suggests that further modifications of this legend are needed. Functioning of two-variable choropleth maps are the main source of limitations of this method. It is impossible to present phenomena distribution and relations at the same time. Thus a two-variable choropleth map should be seen as a compromise. Poor legibility of maps prepared with this method is a source of serious doubts. It has been proved through experimental research (H. Weiner, C.M. Francolini 1980, J. Olson 1981). The reading process can be improved through limiting the number of classes, application of proper graphic solutions and developing a clear legend. Reader's experience with such maps also plays an inoportant role. There necessary, the presentation method should be explained.
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2002, T. 34, nr 4, 4; 273-285
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Konstrukcja skal wartości w legendach map
Composition of value scales in map legends
Autorzy:: Czerny, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204443.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2003
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: kartografia
mapa
legenda mapy
cartography
map
map legend
Opis:: Autor analizuje graficzne skale wartości stosowane w legendach map: kartogramów, kartodiagramów i map izoliniowych; stara się wyjaśnić różne sposoby konstrukcji legend ilościowych przedstawień kartograficznych i ocenić ich poprawność.
Twenty years ago Polish Cartographic Review published articles on the composition of legends on choropleth and isopleth maps as well as graduated symbol maps (J. Pasławski 1982, I. Frączek 1983). They proposed a set of optimal legends, the number of which can limit the freedom of designing maps, e.g. it does not recommend horizontal arrangement of color scales in the legends of choropleth and isopleth maps. At the same time, contrary methods are widely applied in maps, atlases and cartography handbooks. The article analyzes elements of the composition of legends of quantitive cartographic presentations: - continuity of the graphic value scale (bar scale or segments) - orientation (positively and negatively oriented scales) - value description (limit values or classes) Some of the solutions applied in maps can not be justified. Fragmentation of color thematic scales, for example, is a mistake (fig. 1). Negatively oriented scales are also wrong (the positive part of scale at the botton or on the right, as in fig. 10B); various orientations should not appear in the same atlas or even legend (fig. 13). Some methods of scale composition can be accepted as exceptions, e.g. positive vertical scale following the direction of reading of a text column (fig. 8); model diagrams arranged decreasingly because of the composition of the map (fig. 12). According to the author these also exist correct graphic solutions, used from the point of view of map composition, although have not been recommended in the above articles. They include: 1. Horizontal, positively oriented color scale (with the maximum value on the right). It agrees with our reading scheme and the orientation of the X axis on the surface (fig. 8,9). 2. Legend of a continuous graduated symbol map in form of overlapping diagrams. Continuous graduated symbol maps belong to the type of so called "seeing maps" (carte a voir), with present the distribution of phenome na on general level; particular values can be read, but their role is secondary. Therefore a cartographer should be free to decide, if there is a need for a legend in a form of a graph, which makes it possible to read particular values (fig. 17), or if a minimal legend composed of overlapping diagrams would be sufficient (fog. 15A). 3. Scale of a choropleth map in a form of a bar diagram. A legend of a choropleth map can have a form of a code chart or a diagram. A code chart is composed of a series of color segments with numeral or verbal information assigned to them (in the case of nominal value scales). A bar diagram in the form of a rectangle symbolizes a set of data (values of a phenomenon) and its subdivision into classes; it can be applied in legends of both isarythmic and choropleth maps. In the case of a choropleth map class ranges should be described; in the case of an isarythmic map - class limits. Fig. 20 presents various graphic color scales of a choropleth map in a form of a bar diagram. J. Pasławski recommends scale E; it is a construction intermediate between a code chart and a diagram (segments show class ranges).
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 2, 2; 87-99
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Sposoby przedstawiania zagadnień geośrodowiskowych na przeglądowych mapach tematycznych
Methods of presentation of geoenvironmental issues on general thematic maps
Autorzy:: Sikorska-Maykowska, M.
Grabowski, D.
Strzelecki, R.
Lewandowski, P.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204216.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2003
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: kartografia
mapa
mapa środowiska
Śląsk
cartography
map
environmental map
Silesia
Opis:: W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia metodyczne kartograficznej prezentacji waloryzacji stanu środowiska przyrodniczego na terenach poddanych silnej antropopresji górnictwa i przemysłu na obszarze województwa śląskiego, Wynikiem tych prac była seria map w skalach 1:200 000, 1:300 000 i 1:650 000, z których kilka wybrano jako ilustrację tekstu.
The article presents the experience of the Department of Environmental Geology of the Polish Geological Institute in the field if thematic map elaboration. Presentation of geoenvironmental issues in a cartographic form of a thematic map was conducted in two stages: - the first stage - combined data collection and edition, i.e. an analysis of environmental condition and valorization of its resources; - the second stage - dealt with the presentation, i.e.choice of an appropriate form for this particular subject. Collected and verified geoenvironmental information from the region of Silesia were thoroughly analyzed; on the basis of this analysis the following environmental components were valorized: mineral deposits, surface waters, ground waters and elements of plant life protected by law. At the same time the areas which are strongly affected by mining and industry were also analyzed. To cartographically present the analyzed processes the area was divided into 1 km aquares; within each square anthropopression weight was calculated. The calculation accounted not only for the strength of particular factors, but also the area occupied by the source of anthropopression within a particular square. To determine the area of most valuable natural resources in the region of Silesia several factors were considered: location of highest quality ground water and its resources, area vital for the preservation of the quality and quantity of surface water, location of most valuable deposits (in this case they were hard coal, zinc, lead and dolomites) and nature preserves of CORINE system. The synthesis allowed to point out areas of special care because of anthropogenic hazard as well as areas that should be protected for their natural resources. Analysis of prepared maps was conducted in GIS environment. Finally five classes of areas of different conflict level were determined: Class A - very hogh conflict level, Class B - high, Class C1 - average to high, Class C2 - average, Class D - low. Research results were presented in the form of general maps in 1:650 000, 1:300 000 - for selected areas and result maps in 1:200 000. These maps with a written commentary present many aspects of environment protection, which ahould be accounted for in economic policies, spatial planning, or in the management of environment and space. To present such a wide spectrum of environmental issues several types of maps in three different scales have been used. On the most signifacant of them - the result map in 1:200 000, titled " Anthropopression and conflict areas in the region of Silesia " there is also an enlarged fragment in 1:100 000 presenting the area of highest conflict level. The illustration shows four most interesting examples of prepared maps. Complete presentation is prepared in GIS form, in ArcInfo system.
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 4, 4; 259-264
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Agregacja danych punktowych i pól odniesienia a informacyjne własności map gęstości
Aggregation of dot elemennts and reference space units and imformational characteristics of density maps
Autorzy:: Krzywicka-Blum, E.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204279.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2003
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: kartografia
mapa
projektowanie
gęstość mapy
cartography
map
density of map
Opis:: W pracy przeprowadzona została analiza wpływu wielkości pól odniesienia i sposobu konstrukcji skali tematycznej na zmianę informacyjnych własności map przedstawiających zróżnicowanie gęstości danych punktowych. Na podstawie 44 różnych rozmieszczeń 300 punktów w 100-, a następnie 400-polowym podziale obszaru, dokonano analizy sposobu agregacji gęstości w klasy oraz wielkości pola odniesienia na zmianę poziomu i zakresu gęstości. Zastosowano metody statystyczne, wyrównanie metodą najmniejszych kwadratów i ocenę różnorodności za pomocą entropii. Ustalono korelację pewnych charakterystyk i wskazano możliwości ich wykorzystania we wstępnych etapach projektowania map.
The process of transformation of dot elements into specific thematic maps, which present the distribution of a particular feature using a choropleth or isopleth method depends on a proper size of reference space units and the criteria of aggregation of data into clases. In the paper 44 spatial distribution of 300 points have been analyzed according to the division of P area into 100 squares, which were later subdivided into 400. Two methods of grouping into density classes (the number of dots in reference area) have been applied. The first follows the natural breaks and the second bases on the classes of equal range. All 88 density patterns (before and after subdivision) have been aggregated into classes. 7 groups have been established according to the number of classes: "3-3", "4-4", "5-5", "4-3", "3-4", "5-4", and "5-3". statistic characteristics have been determined within each group. Relative entropy has been used as an especially important measure of diversity (of density in a group). Comparison of indicator levels before and after the subdivision of each area has been used to analyze the relation of area size and the reduction of the density range. Through the application of the method of the least squares for the two most numerous groups of aggregation (to 3 and, separately, to 4 classes of density) it was possible to establish a type of linear dependence between the density range and the level diversity. In the case of aggregation into three classes it has been proved, that the condition ot the same level of diversity is: xmax{100}=3 razy xmax{400} For onstance, when before the division of reference areas the diversity range of density was 0-18 and after the division 0-6, then (see fig. 6): h1(18)=h1'(6)=0,60 Finally, some interesting correlation indicators between average characteristics have been determined. Interdependence between the vakue of the indicator of relative change of density range and the compensation of the range of dot elements due to the subdivision of reference areas is a significant result of the analysis. Although presented conclusions can only be treated as empirically obtained results, the number and variety of examples allows to accept their usefulness for generalization procedures necessary in initial preparation of important types of thematic maps.
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 3, 3; 175-184
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Koncepcja Mapy topograficznej Polski w skali 1:50 000
Concept of the Topographic map of Poland at the scale of 1:50 000
Autorzy:: Ostrowski, W.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204358.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2002
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: kartografia
mapa
mapa topograficzna
Polska
cartography
map
topographic map
Polen
Opis:: W artykule omówiono etapy opracowania koncepcji mapy topograficznej 1:50 000 wydanej w latach 1995-2002 przez GUGiK, a także podstawowe założenia tej koncepcji. Przy omówieniu treści i formy graficznej mapy zwrócono szczególną uwagę na nowy sposób ujęcia zabudowy.
The first Polish topographic map in civilian version at the scale of 1:50 000 was prepared in "1965 system" by re-arranging and re-editing of the sheets of military 1:50 000 map in "1942 system". It was published in the years 1977-1982. In 1993 as a result of an order from the Surveyor General of Poland, preparation of a completely new concept of a topographic map in 1:50 000 was started. The first, initial instruction to this map was issued in 1995; its final version, which included the experience gathered during the editing of the first several dozen sheets appeared in 1998. The 1:50 000 map in its contents and graphic form refers to a map in 1:10 000, the preparation of which started in 1994. The new concept of a 1:50 000 map accounted for its multi-purpose character. An analysis of a range of contents and graphic forms in topographic maps of Western countries was conducted; the new concept also referred to Polish graphic tradition between the World Wars. Between 1995, when the publication started, and 2002, 589 sheets were published, which cover 60% of Poland's area. The forst 48 sheets of the Mazowsze region were edited in "1942 system", which bases on Krasowski elipsoid; all the following sheets were edited in "1992 system", basing on a GRS-80 ellipsoid.The map is printed on standard sheets of 580x470 mm. Every sheet includes the explanation of all the symbols and most abbreviations with Polish and English explications. On the new map the number of applied signs has been significantly reduced (in comparison to the previous map). At the same time its contents has been extended to include new, important elements, e.g. industrial and store areas, but stations, marked tourist routes, border checkpoints, bethymetry of lakes, border zones. However the biggest changes regarded methods of presentation of buildings. To show their variety a functional criterion has been applied. Industrial and governmental buildings have been differentiated from other buildings and built-up areas. Dwellings (including farm dwellings) have been differentiated according to their density and buildings' size. Compact multifamily dwellings, dense multifamily dwellings, dense single family dwellings have been shown as three different types of built-up area, while disperse dwellings have been marked with separate symbols for particular buildings or farms. The 1:50 000 map was printed in unified six color version (black, dark brown, blue, green, red, light brown). Application of dark brown to dwellings and roads was particularly important for the graphic picture, because it relieved the map and increased its graphic capacity, e.g. it made it possible to clearly mark government and industrial buildings. Consistent use of green for agriculture and vegetation and light brown for surface relief also improved the graphic quality of the map. In comparison to the previous map, the new 1:50 000 map has more precise drawing, which has been achieved with wider use of colors and patterns as well as the reduction of the size of symbols, their simplification, and reduction of line width. The map was met with positive reactions of its reviewers and users; its authors also got. The Awars of the Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration. After the reorganization of the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography in the beginning of 2002, the publishing of further sheets was abandoned; it was decided, that the remaining area would be covered with a military map prepared in V Map Level 2 technology complying with NATO standards, and adapted for civilian use.
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2002, T. 34, nr 4, 4; 261-272
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Problem datacji map Polski Gerarda de Jode z drugiej połowy XVI wieku
Remarks on map dating - maps of Poland by Gerard de Jode from the second half of the 16th century
Autorzy:: Łuczyński, J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204228.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2006
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: Gerard de Jode
mapa
Polska
datacja mapy
filiacja map
De Jode Jode
map
Polska
distortion grid
synoptic chart
hydrographic network
map dating
map filiation
Opis:: Artykuł dotyczy analizy treści map Polski Gerarda de Jode ukazujących się w jego atlasach i samoistnych z drugiej połowy XVI wieku. Badania przeprowadzono stosując trzy metody analityczne: graficzną-analizę siatki zniekształceń; porównawczą analizę treści hydrograficznej oraz lingwistyczną - stosując tablice synoptyczne. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na uściślenie datacji poszczególnych map oraz ustalenie zależności filiacyjnych.
The article analyzes the contents of maps of Poland published by Gerard de Jode, one of the three famous atlas publishers of the 16th century. Three methods of contents analysis were applied: graphic - distortion grid, comparative - hydrographic contents were analyzed and linguistic - filiation relations of particular maps were established with the use of synoptic charts. Until now the map dated 1576, with a visage of king Stefan Batory was considered to be the first map of Poland published by Gerard de Jode. The second was presumably published in Gerard de Jode's first atlas Speculum Orbis Terrarum of 1578. The third was to be the map with a visage of king Sigismund III Vasa in his third atlas, published posthumously in 1593. The conducted research, based mainly on the analysis of water network - rivers, lakes and the Baltic coastline, established, that the first map was actually published in the atlas of 1578 (the area of Prussia was drawn basing on the map of Prussia by Heinrich Zell, edited by Abraham Ortelius, 1570). The map published second was dated 1576, which marks the beginning of the reign of king Stefan Batory (whose visage was placed on the map). This is evident in the contents of the map in the area of Prussia, which is characteristic for the map of Prussia by Kasper Henneberger of 1576. It can be assumed that it was published between 1578 and 1586 (death of king Stefan Batory). The third of Gerard de Jode's maps is the map of Poland published in the atlas of 1593, with the same contents, but with a visage of a new king, Sigismund III Vasa. Unlike his competitor, publisher Abraham Ortelius, Gerard de Jode introduced numerous updates to his maps using the most recent sources available at the time. Abraham Ortelius added new maps to his atlases, but did not update the already existing ones.
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2006, T. 38, nr 2, 2; 133-144
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Czytelność kartogramów prostych i złożonych - badania eksperymentalne
Effectiveness of one-variable and two-variable choropleth maps - an experimental research
Autorzy:: Leonowicz, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204457.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2006
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: kartogram prosty
kartogram złożony
czytanie map
mapa
czytelność
zależność zjawisk geograficznych
one-variable choropleth map
two--variable choropleth map
map reading
geographical relationship
effectiveness
Opis:: W artykule omówiony został eksperyment przeprowadzony z udziałem użytkowników map, którego celem było porównanie kartogramów prostych i złożonych pod względem czytelności informacji o rozmieszczeniu zjawisk oraz informacji o zależności zjawisk. Uzyskane wyniki świadczą o tym, że kartogramy złożone są dobrze czytelną formą prezentacji zależności zjawisk, co weryfikuje dotychczasowe poglądy kartografów.
Two-variable choropleth method allows to present two different quantitative variables on the same map. The purpose of such mapping technique is to visualize geographic relationship. Readers' perception is considered to be an important limitation of two-variable choropleth maps. The negative opinion about the effectiveness of this form of presentation is based on maps published in the 1970s by the U. S. Bureau of the Census. Poor readability of Census maps results from an inappropriate graphic representation and it was evidenced experimentally (J. Olson 1981). In order to check improperly designed two-variable chorpleth maps can be well understood by their readers, an experimental test was conducted, in which the effectiveness of one-variable and two-variable solution was compared. It was checked if one-variable maps are more appropriate to show spatial distribution and if two-variable maps make the geographic relationship easier to interpret. The participants were 128 students of geography at Warsaw University. They performed different typical map-reading tasks on one-variable and two-variable choropleth maps. The students were divided into two groups. Each student performed the test twice, each time using a different type of maps - the first group worked with one-variable maps first, the second group worked with two-variable maps first. In order to design comprehensive two-variable maps a complementary color scheme, proposed by J.R. Eyton (1984), was used and number of classes was limited to 9 (3x3). The maps created for experiment looked like the actual census maps. The test consisted of six tasks. The students were asked to extract from maps information about distributions (tasks Rp1, Rp2, Rp3) and variables relationship (tasks Zp1, Zp2, Zp3). Questions were asked about specific as well as about general information; they referred to individual enumeration units, regions and whole maps. As a test result the percentage of correct responses was calculated. At the end of the experiment students expressed their opinions and preferences about both types of maps. The results of this experiment verify opinion about poor readability of two-variable choropleth maps. Students were more accurate in reading spatial distribution on one-variable maps (especially the general pattern) and in reading spatial relationship (at every level of perception) on two-variable maps. They found two-variable maps a little bit more difficult to interpret but this form of presentation seemed more unusual and interesting. They found also that one-variable solution is more appropriate to read distribution and two-variable solution - to read variables relationship. These results showed that two-variable maps, if properly designed, can be quite properly interpreted by map readers and can be useful in visual exploration of geographical data, especially when the relationship between phenomena is crucial.
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2006, T. 38, nr 1, 1; 5-23
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Generalizacja danych topograficznych o szczegółowośći 1:10 000 do skali 1:50 000. Cz. 2
Generalization of topographic data from 1:10 000 into 1:50 000. Part 2
Autorzy:: Iwaniak, A.
Chybicka, I.
Ostrowski, W.
Paluszyński, W.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204351.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2004
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: mapa
mapa topograficzna
baza danych
generalizacja kartograficzna
map
topographic map
generalization
Opis:: W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono znaczenie generalizacji w procesie budowy Krajowego Systemu Informacji Geograficznej oraz teoretyczne zasady generalizacji sieci dróg i zabudowy dla skali 1:50 000. W drugiej części opisano narzędzia informatyczne do automatyzacji procesu generalizacji oraz implementacje bazy wiedzy dotyczącej reguł generalizacji w środowisku programowym DynaGEN. Poprawność opracowanej bazy wiedzy zweryfikowano przez przeprowadzenie dwóch eksperymentów. Pierwszy eksperyment dotyczył generalizacji warstw tematycznych Bazy Danych Topograficznych (BDT) sieci transportowej i zabudowy w obrębie podwar-szawskiej miejscowości Łomianki. Drugi eksperyment polegał na generalizacji warstwy tematycznej sieci transportowej w okolicach Kowalewa Pomorskiego.
The most advanced software for generalization of digital data available on the market today is that by Laser Scan. The company participated in the AGENT The most advanced software project, which was described in the first part of the article. What resulted from the project was Clarity, a very advanced map generalization system. What differentiated Laser Scan from then contemporary software, was the fact that it accounted for the contextuality of generalization, i.e. the same objects can be generalized differently depending on the objects surrounding them. It was possible because of application of a unique object technology, where each object could be generalized in many ways depending on the context. The DynaGEN system by Intergraph is an alternative generalization software. It is less expensive and has significantly more practical applications. It uses the same generalization algorithms, but cannot do alternative operations. Therefore one can either generalize small areas in an interactive way, or generalize automatically with later manual corrections. Similarly to Laser Scan, it requires software configuration and also the construction of knowledge base. The second part of the article presents an implementation of the knowledge base containing the rules of generalization in DynaGEN environment. The accuracy of the arranged knowledge base had been verified by two experiments. The first one involved generalization of thematic levels of Topographic Database of the road network and buildings within the town of Łomianki near Warsaw. The second one consisted in generalization of the road network in the area of Kowalewo Pomorskie in Northern Poland. The knowledge base prepared in DynaGEN system contained two sets of rules. The first one included the rules applied automatically and which, in limited sequence, are used for the initial preparation of data. The second set contained the rules describing basic types of interactive generalization processes supervised by a cartographer, which were vital for the application sequence. The generalization of a road network consists of two stages. The first one involves an analysis and initial data processing. Its range includes a construction of a hierarchical model of a road network and the connection of road segments within the whole area. The second, main stage of the generalization of a road network involves selection and simplification of paved roads, dirt roads and paths. Generalization of built-up areas is performed in one step, without initial data processing. The prepared knowledge data describes the process of generalization of topographic data from 1:10000 into 1:50 000. It provides universal material which can be implemented in various software environments.
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2004, T. 36, nr 4, 4; 266-273
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Struktura mapy w ujęciu pragmatycznym
Map structure in pragmatic approach
Autorzy:: Zarycki, T.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204331.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2004
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: mapa
język mapy
pragmatyka językoznawcza
przekaz kartograficzny
map
language of map
Opis:: Autor rozwija wcześniej zarysowaną próbę reinterpretacji teorii przekazu kartograficznego z punktu widzenia pragmatyki językoznawczej. Porównanie mapy z językiem naturalnym rozszerzone zostaje na obszar wewnętrznej struktury obu form komunikacji.
The article develops a previously outlined attempt to reinterpret the theory of cartographic presentation from the point of view of linguistic pragmatism. A comparison of a map and natural language in deep sense, which corresponds to pragmatic analysis ie extended to include the inner structure of both forms of communication. For this purpose the term of Macrostructure is adapted which describes representations of texts on higher levels of abstraction. Macrostructure is in other words a hierarchy of more and more generalized summaries of the text. Summarizing is compared to map generalization. Macro-operations described by T. van Dijk's theory: deletions, generalizations and constructions used for generating the macrostructure of the text are referred to the process of creation of a generalized map, which represents the macrostructure of the map proper, Reading a map always implies generalization, similar as reading a text implies its summary. Considerations of map macrostructure are also related to a cartographic term of "levels of map reading", and especially S. Bonin's division into "maps to be read" and "maps to be perceived". In the final section of the article it is suggested , that from a theoretical point of view the macrostructure of a map and text can both be subjective in similar way. Their creation can also have an aspect of "acting through maps", i.e. changing social reality rather than only describing it. If so, they would resemble pragmatically described "speech acts".
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2004, T. 36, nr 2, 2; 75-81
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Zależność mapy od kontekstu
The dependence of the map from the context
Autorzy:: Zarycki, T.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204449.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2001
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: mapa
kartografia
typologia map
Opis:: W artykule rozważono użyteczność pojęcia kontekstu w rozumieniu pragmatyki językoznawczej z punktu widzenia teorii komunikacji kartograficznej. Na podstawie zależności map od kontekstu proponowana jest typologia map.
The author presents the meaning of the notion of context in the contemporary linguistic pragmatics. He also stresses the fact, that the context can be an important theoretical device anables us to fully understand the interdependence between the map and its users. It is often difficult to define the context in the process of cartographic communication, as a single map can be used in many situations. Therefore, we propose to incorporate the term of the "series of possible contexts" into cartography. The paper also includes the considerations on the optimum way of defining the context. Then, the differentiation between the inner and outer context is introduced. The next part of the paper presents an attempt to the classification of maps based on the degree of their dependence on the context. THis dependence also defines the possibility of selecting the new information from the known, and as a result, the possibility of projecting the process of map reading. The suggested classificationincludes the following four categories: "maps-signs", "single-purpose maps", "thematic maps" and "multipurpose maps". The first two categories are often to be the maps sensu stricto. This includes the category of "maps-signs" which include new information only in a wider context, and "maps-instructions" often considered to be simple diagrams not meeting the criteria of "real maps". The autor is of the opinion that those maps should not be excludedfrom the scope of interest of theoretical cartography. Besides the above classification, the author also proposes a more general division into "standalone" and "supplementary" maps.
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2001, T. 33, nr 1, 1; 3-9
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: A review on eye movement analysis in map reading process: the status of the last decade
Autorzy:: Krassanakis, Vassilios
Cybulski, Paweł
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/145330.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: kartografia
mapa
czytanie mapy
cartography
eye tracking
eye movement analysis
map reading
map perception
Opis:: Eye tracking constitutes a valuable tool for the examination of human visual behavior since it provides objective measurements related to the performed visual strategies during the observation of any type of visual stimuli. Over the last decade, eye movement analysis contributed substantially to the better understanding of how visual attention processes work in different types of maps. Considering the clear need for the examination of map user reaction during the observation of realistic cartographic products (i.e. static maps, animated maps, interactive and multimedia maps), a critical amount of experimental studiem were performed in order to study different aspects related to map reading process by the cartographic community. The foundation of these studies is based on theories and models that have been developed in similar research domains (i.e. psychology, neuroscience etc.), while the research outcomes that produced over these years can be used directly for the design of more effective and efficient maps. The aim of the present article is to summarize and present the current panorama of the existing eye tracking studies in cartographic research appeared over the last decade. Additionally, methodological contributions (including analysis tools) of cartographic society in the field of eye movement analysis are reported, while existing challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
Źródło:: Geodesy and Cartography; 2019, 68, 1; 191-209
2080-6736
2300-2581
Pojawia się w:: Geodesy and Cartography
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Niktóre problemy kartografii środowiska przyrodniczego Polski
Autorzy:: Siwek, J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204455.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2001
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: kartografia
mapa
mapa środowiska
opracowanie map
Opis:: W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono w zwięzły sposób polskie mapy środowiska przyrodniczego, w drugiej zaś główne problemy związane z ich opracowaniem.
A rapid development of the process of mapping the natural environment started in Poland after the World War II. During the first period, which lasted until the late 1960s, the majority of ganeral maps were prepared at the scale of 1:300,000. This includes two series of geologic maps (A - superficial deposits and B - without quarternary deposits), two hydrogeologic series (A - subsurface water (first level), B - deep horizon water-bearings), soil map, geologic-energeering map, map of raw materials as well as the magnetic and gravimetric maps. At the same time, a series of detailed, 1:50,000-scale maps based on terrain research was initiated. The series included the following maps: geological, geomorphological and hydrographic. The oldest and most important of these three - the Detailed Geological Map of Poland has been published since 1954, and now covers over 40 per cent of the Polish territory. The hydrographic map is also continued (although intermittently) - it now covers 30 per cent of the country. The geomorphologic map was discontinued after a small number of sheets had been put out. During the second period (1970s and 1980s) the focus was on the preparation of general maps designed as synthetic sources of knowledge on the environment of Poland. This included the soil, hydrographic, geomorphologic and geological maps at 1:500,000. Finally, the third period started in 1990s. During this time three new series at 1: 50,000 were initiated - hydrogeological, ecological and geological-economical (with vital ecological contents). Also, the geological and hydrographic maps were continued. Two new versions of 1:200,000-scale geological maps appeared as well as the map of potential vegetation at 1: 300,000 (fig. 1). The current problems of the cartography of natural environment in Poland to the large extent result from the past. During the 45 years of the socialist economy numerous distorted base maps were used. As a result,topographic maps are distorted and not uniform. The attempts to improve their quality consist in the process of transferring the thematic contents to the correct topographic base. This process must be performed especially in the areas, for which digital databases are created. The general maps also have a differing and not always correct topographic base. This is a result of the lack of a general-reference map that would be reliable and easily-accessible. The lack of uniformity is also reflected by the different divisions into sheets used on maps (fig. 4). The out-dated maps should also be considedred to constitute a vital problem in environment cartography. This is especially true in the case of the 1:50,000-scale maps (the geologic map in particular). The maps in smaller scales do not need updating so often, both becouse of their scale and their character (synthesis). The loss of their actuality is more often the result of progress in the branch of science they refer to. Owing to the fact that over 20 years have passed since most of the 1:500,000-scale were published, it might be beneficial to prepare their new versions, which should however be preceded by a broad discussion on their concepts. Eventually, the computer technology used to prepare 1:50,000-scale maps since the mid 1990s presents certain problems. Apart from its numerous advantages, it also has some noticeable drawbacks, which can clearly be seen when the offset printing process is supplemented by plotting, which degrades the graphic form of maps.
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2001, T. 33, nr 2, 2; 106-113
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Współczesna użyteczność map
Modern map use
Autorzy:: Krzywicka-Blum, E.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/130129.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2003
Wydawca:: Stowarzyszenie Geodetów Polskich
Tematy:: mapa
zastosowania
praktyka
map
application
practice
Opis:: W artykule przedstawiony został przegląd współczesnych funkcji użytkowych map w nawiązaniu do relacji wskazanych przez Domańskiego, z wyróżnieniem topologicznych i geometrycznych własności modeli kartograficznych. Zwrócono uwagę na fakt, że postać mapy powinna być ściśle dostosowana do przeznaczenia mapy i uwarunkowań percepcji. Rozwój technik pozyskiwania i przetwarzania danych wywarł znaczący wpływ na proces opracowania map i ich formę. Bardzo interesujące wyniki uzyskano łącząc obrazy satelitarne z symboliką kartograficzną. W pracy omówione zostały najnowsze przykłady różnych map tematycznych z uwzględnieniem ich funkcji użytkowych.
cartographic modeling have been distinguished: geometrical and topologic ones; each of them determines suitable relations between objects. The form of presentation has to be precisely planned according to the limitations of the map perception and – to the main purpose of given map. During last period the map making process was considerably changed by technical device of data transformation and making of interesting results of linkage satellite image with cartographic symbolisation system. Some examples of new type of thematic maps have been analysed in the paper from the users point of view.
Źródło:: Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji; 2003, 13a; 109-117
2083-2214
2391-9477
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:: Sposoby ujęcia danych a poprawność map opracowanych metodą kartogramu
Data character and correctness of choropleth maps
Autorzy:: Tomaszewska, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204173.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2009
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:: kartogram
dane
poprawność
mapa
choropleth map
correctness
maps
Opis:: W artykule krytycznie podsumowano dorobek kartografii w zakresie stosowanych podziałów sposobów ujęcia danych, przedstawiono propozycję typologii danych uwzględniającą najczęściej stosowane przez kartografów kryteria i na jej tle oceniono poglądy kartografów na poprawność kartogramów w zależności od sposobu ujęcia danych wykorzystanych do ich opracowania.
Choropleth is currently one of the most commonly used methods of cartographic presentation. However, the rules of application of this method have not been clearly established yet. One of the controversial issues is the character of data. Using the criterion of presentation data can be divided into 'raw' data, not related to any other data (i.e. absolute) and data in the form of a fraction, related to other data (i.e. relative). The method of presentation also determines further divisions of relative data used in cartographic literature. Division into the two categories (absolute and relative data) is widely accepted by cartographers, but the way they interpret relative data varies. It is visible in various terminology used for relative data by particular authors and various elements that it refers to (B.D. Dent 1996; K. Kocimowski, J. Kwiatek 1976; M. Kraak, F.-J. Ormeling 1998; J. Pastawski (ed.) 2006; L. Ratajski 1973, 1989; A.H. Robinson 1953; A.H. Robinson 1995; K.A. Saliszczew 1976; Slocum et al. 2009; W. Witt 1967, E. Wonka 1979, J.K. Wright 1995).The criteria used for classification of the character of data are not sufficient for establishing a specific definitive and exclusive logical division of the character of data (W. Marciszewski 1988). The author suggests a typological approach. When determining types the author proposes to keep the division into absolute and relative data (obtained by referring one set of data to another). On the other hand one has to recognize the aspect of data processing by mathematical-statistical operations and classify them as processed and unprocessed. Using the two criteria presented above the author proposes to determine four main data types: absolute unprocessed (e.g. the number of births), absolute processed (e.g. average number of births in the years 2000-2005), relative unprocessed (e.g. relation of births to deaths), relative processed (variation of the relation of births to deaths). The above considerations concerning the typological approach to the character of data can be presented as a scheme (fig. 1). Since some data types can not be classified as either purely relative or absolute, the sets overlap (gray area). This approach creates two intermediate types: data which can be considered either absolute processed or relative unprocessed (e.g. the number of cars per family in Warsaw treated as the total number of cars related to the number of families, or as an average number of cars per family) and data which can be classified either as absolute processed or relative processed (e.g. increase of the average number of cars per family in Warsaw in the last decade). Therefore six categories can be established. Cartographers agree, that the most proper method of map elaboration using the choropleth method is the one which uses relative data applied to the entire area of enumeration units, shown on a map of e.g. population density (B.D. Dent 1996; G.F. Jenks 1976; G.F. Jenks, F.C. Caspall 1971; F.J. Monkhouse 1970; F.J. Monkhouse, H.R. Wilkinson 1971; J.-C. Muller 1983,1985; M.-J. Kraak, F. Ormeling 1998; J. Pasławski 1991, 2003; J. Pravda 1983, 2004, T.A. Slocum et al. 2009). This group of the character of data - presented on the scheme as a dense dot pattern (fig. 2) - constitutes only a part of two basie types representing relative data. Method of elaboration of a choropleth basing on such data and its correct interpretation (linked to the size of basie fields) is presented in fig. 3. For choropleth map design cartographers also accept the use of other relative data: amounts related to a part of the area of enumeration units (e.g. share of wheat sown area in the total sown area), amounts related to the total population of a unit (e.g. share of population aged 1595 in total population), amounts related to a part of the population of a unit (e.g. percentage of working individuals) and amounts referred to other elements (e.g. number of inhabitants per pharmacy), (among others: D.J. Cuff, K.R. Bieri 1979; G.F. Jenks 1976; M.-J. Kraak, F. Ormeling 1998; L. Ratajski 1989; A.H. Robinson et al. 1988, 1995; K.A. Saliszczew 2001). The group of data which the article describes as relative (related to elements other than the total area of the enumeration unit) refers to two, previously discussed basie types (blue color) and two intermediate types (gray color). Its range is shown in sparse dot pattern (fig. 2). The reader interpreting the choropleth prepared basing on the data referring to elements other than the total area of the enumeration unit should be aware that the values of the presented indicator can be unconnected to the area of those units, and that the indicator's value is also affected by the data in its denominator, though such information is often not provided (fig. 4). Most cartographers are convinced that absolute data should be presented in the form of proportional symbols. Specialist who deny the possibility of applying absolute data for preparation of choropleth maps point out interpretative difficulties resulting from different size of reference units (D.J. Cuff, K. R. Bieri 1979; B.D. Dent 1996; G.F. Jenks 1976; A.H. Robinson, R. Sale, J. Mor-rison 1988; T.A. Slocum et al. 2009). When reading a choropleth map prepared using absolute data one should overlook the size of enumeration units (fig. 5), as in the case of choropleth presentations basing on relative data (referring to other elements than the enumeration unit). It should be pointed out that in the case of such presentation the values are not affected by any other data, which makes interpretation easier. It should be reminded that some data classified as relative data can be at the same time classified as absolute data. Therefore it is difficult to accept a notion that absolute data can not be used for choropleth maps. Considering the arguments presented by cartographers and the rangę of ambiguity concerning the classification of the character of data, one should recommend the use of relative data (referring to the whole enumeration unit) for preparation of choropleth maps. However, bearing in mind how common choropleth maps are, such recommendation is unlikely to change cartographic practice. What is more, application of other than relative data (refering to the whole area) for choropleth maps may have certain advantages e.g. basing on a choropleth it is easy, on the general level of map reading, to separate regions characterized by a certain value. Further theoretical considerations concerning the correetness of choropleth maps should also account for the results of empirical research on the preferences and skills of such maps' users.
Źródło:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2009, T. 41, nr 3, 3; 209-220
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Pojawia się w:: Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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