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Wyszukujesz frazę "Lighting" wg kryterium: Temat


Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 15
Tytuł:
Strategies influencing energy efficiency of lighting solutions
Autorzy:
Pracki, P.
Wiśniewski, A.
Czyżewski, D.
Krupiński, R.
Skarżyński, K.
Wesołowski, M.
Czaplicki, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/201458.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
lighting technology
interior lighting
road lighting
floodlighting
energy efficiency
Opis:
Lighting technologies developed significantly in the last decade. New LED light sources, dedicated luminaires and improved lighting control techniques gave rise to new possibilities in improving energy efficiency of lighting solutions. The article is an overview of interior, road and exterior architectural object lighting design strategies. It also presents design considerations that directly impact lighting conditions and energy eff iciency. Practical examples of the application of basic design strategies, accompanied by the obtained energy results, are also depicted. Issues discussed in the article may be useful in researching and designing interior and road lighting, as well as f loodlighting. They can also be useful in planning and implementing strategies aimed at improving lighting conditions and energy efficiency of lighting solutions.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2020, 68, 4; 711-719
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Concept and implementation of adaptive road lighting concurrent with vehicles
Autorzy:
Zalewski, S.
Pracki, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/200253.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
lighting technology
road lighting
lighting control
light emitting diodes
Opis:
The paper presents the authors’ concept of an adaptive road lighting that is concurrent with vehicles moving on roads. The lighting system is based on luminaires with light emitting diodes. The authors describe the operation of the adaptive road lighting system and point out benefits and limitations of the solution. The theoretical considerations are supported by an analysis of the installed and working system that was implemented at Bożeny street in Poznan, Poland. The system was also evaluated by the residents living near the street.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2019, 67, 6; 1117-1124
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impact of room and luminaire characteristics on general lighting in interiors
Autorzy:
Pracki, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/201481.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
lighting technology
interior lighting
energy efficiency
Opis:
General lighting is the most common way of illuminating interiors and the source of electricity consumption in buildings. This fact forces the search for lighting solutions effective both for people and the environment. In this study the impact of room and luminaire characteristics on general lighting conditions and energy efficiency in interiors is considered. In rooms of different sizes and reflectances, seventeen luminaire types with various light distributions were arranged in uniform layouts. The levels of average illuminance, uniformity and normalised power density related to two horizontal working planes were calculated. The impact of working plane reduction, room index and reflectances, lighting class and luminous intensity distribution of luminaire on the considered parameters was investigated. The use of the reduced working plane resulted in the increase in the average illuminance (7.7% on average), uniformity (33% on average) and normalised power density (23% on average). The impact of the room index and lighting class on the average illuminance and normalised power density was significant while the impact of the luminaire luminous intensity distribution and room reflectances was low. The normalised power density levels of the general electric lighting in interiors, with luminaire luminous efficacy of 100 lm/W, are in the following range: 1.08‒3.42 W/m2 per 100 lx. Based on these results a normalised power density level of 2 W/m2 per 100 lx is recommended for designing and assessing the new general electric lighting systems in buildings.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2020, 68, 3; 447-457
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of residential lighting in Poland: results from a winter term survey
Autorzy:
Pracki, Piotr
Aslanoglu, Rengin
Kazak, Jan K.
Ulusoy, Begüm
Yekanialibeiglou, Sepideh
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2173716.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
lighting technology
interior lighting
residential lighting
daylighting
artificial lighting
survey
technologia oświetleniowa
oświetlenie wewnętrzne
oświetlenie mieszkań
światło dzienne
oświetlenie sztuczne
badania ankietowe
Opis:
In 2020, an international project on residential lighting started and was implemented in four countries (Poland, Sweden, UK and Turkey). This article presents the results of a survey carried out in Poland, in the winter term between November 2020 and January 2021. A total of 125 Polish residents (59 women, 65 men, one person did not wish to specify gender) participated in the survey. A variety of data was collected on the respondents and their assessments as well as on their satisfaction with day- and artificial lighting in residential living spaces. The results from questionnaires were analyzed with STATISTICA 13.3. Descriptive statistics and Spearman rank order correlations were adopted to identify the light-related aspects, lighting patterns, and respondents’ perception of day- and artificial lighting conditions in living areas. The results revealed that satisfaction with daylighting in the living area, both in summer and winter, was significantly correlated with daylighting level, daylighting uniformity, sunlight exposure and view-out. The results also revealed that satisfaction with artificial lighting was significantly correlated with artificial lighting level, artificial lighting uniformity and color rendering. The results provide valuable information on lighting and factors that influence the luminous environment in residential living spaces.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2022, 70, 6; art. no. e143107
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The influence of different photometric observers on luxmeter accuracy for LEDs and FLs lamps measurements
Autorzy:
Fryc, Irena
Tabaka, Przemyslaw
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/174062.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
lighting technology
photometry
illuminance
Opis:
Age-dependent changes in human eye spectral sensitivity play an important role in contemporary lighting research. Nowadays lighting designing practices take into account the fact that an illuminance level perceived by a given observer depends also on his age. According to recommendations of the International Commission on Illumination CIE presented in the document 227:2017, users age should be taken into account in lighting design of public buildings. The natural consequence of this approach in designing should be the fact that the age of a user also should be considered when verification of lighting installation photometric parameters is performed. According to recommendations of latest CIE documents, verifications of illuminance levels are performed by luxmeters whose spectral sensitivity matches the CIE standard photometric observer V(λ) function. At present there is a lack of papers describing how the accuracy of illuminance measurements could be affected by the fact that with age there are changes in human eye spectral sensitivity and it differs from V(λ) function. To fill this gap we present in this article results showing how applying of different photometric observers influence the luxmeter accuracy. The calculations were performed for LED and FL light sources measured by class B and class C luxmeters. These results indicate that a luxmeter error f1 strongly depends on correlated color temperature of a lamp under measurement and spectral sensitivity of applied photometric observer.
Źródło:
Optica Applicata; 2019, 49, 2; 345-354
0078-5466
1899-7015
Pojawia się w:
Optica Applicata
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Calculations of energy savings using lighting control systems
Autorzy:
Wiśniewski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/200771.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
light management systems
LED lamps
LED modules
LED luminaires
lighting technology
interior lighting
energy efficiency
Opis:
The development of technology and design of light management systems remains dynamic. Among all the benefits offered by these systems, the most valuable might definitely be the possibility of saving energy consumption. Knowing the value of energy savings is the key factor that users need to know before deciding to use a lighting management system (the type of light management system). For this purpose, it is useful to simulate the operation of the lighting control system, for example in the DIALux program. Such simulation helps evaluate potential savings in electricity consumption using the proposed lighting control system. In the DIALux program, it is possible to change the luminous flux value of luminaires. In such a case, it becomes possible to semi-simulate the light management system’s operation as we don’t receive actual information on reducing installed power of the lighting system during reduction of the luminous flux value of luminaires. This article shows what type of technical data are important to use for the DIALux program to properly and accurately simulate light management systems and to receive accurate data on energy saving. It also presents the results of photometrical and electric parameter measurements (Φ – luminous flux, P – power, PF – power factor, THDi – total harmonic distortion of current). The article discusses the power control characteristics obtained on the basis of these measurements and explores the source of differences between simulation of energy saving calculations and real measured energy savings. An existing lighting control system installed in an office reception area was used to compare calculations with the real value of energy consumption reduction. The impact of electronic power and control systems on electrical network parameters is also an important problem mentioned in this article. It also explores the effect of power regulation of LED luminaires and LED modules on the value of the power factor and total harmonic distortion (current) value (THDi).
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2020, 68, 4; 809-817
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Designing the optical system with a real time lighting effect control
Autorzy:
Kubiak, Kamil
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1818249.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Stowarzyszenie Elektryków Polskich
Tematy:
lighting technology
optical systems design
luminance calculations
Opis:
In the paper, an effective way to design asymmetrical optics for a uniform vertical surface illumination was presented. Assessment of the obtained distribution of luminance (illuminance) on the illuminated surface is done almost at the same time as designing the optical system elements. Advantage of the final application of the presented method in 3D will be independence from the implementation of time-consuming simulations in order to verify the already designed optics. Understanding the method and its application is simple and intuitive. Observing the luminance distribution, created on the illuminated surface almost at the same time as its design, allows to see the effect of adding the next elements of the optical system on this distribution.
Źródło:
Opto-Electronics Review; 2020, 28, 2; 99--105
1230-3402
Pojawia się w:
Opto-Electronics Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Methods for designing and simulating optical systems for luminaires
Autorzy:
Żagan, W.
Zalewski, S.
Słomiński, S.
Kubiak, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/200462.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
lighting technology
optical systems design
luminance modelling
LID calculations
Opis:
This paper presents modern methods for designing optical systems for luminaires in the context of long years of light sources development. It shows that the development of technology for producing increasingly precise optical systems has led to an evolution in the construction of luminaires with increased efficacy and utilizing more efficiently the features of a specific family of light sources. Methods for designing and modelling optical systems with the use of mathematical curves as well as advanced the free-forming method are described. The paper also shows methods for modelling light sources features, especially luminance ones, designed to make precise simulation calculations required in any luminaire design process. Knowledge of luminance distributions of light sources and precise luminance distributions of optical systems for luminaires raises the design process to a very high level, enabling positive modern light source features, such as high luminance and their small dimensions, to be used consciously while minimizing negative ones, such as discomfort glare, caused by luminaires. The paper presents the results of simulation calculations and laboratory measurements for a selected case of luminaire equipped with a discharge lamp of maximum luminance exceeding 30 million cd/m2.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2020, 68, 4; 739-750
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Historia techniki świetlnej w Polsce
History of the light in Poland
Autorzy:
Zajkowski, M.
Kusznier, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1201665.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Napędów i Maszyn Elektrycznych Komel
Tematy:
technika świetlna
historia techniki
lighting technology
history of technology
Opis:
The article presents the most important events in the development of lighting technology. In the next part discusses the development history of research centers, the most deserved characters and the current state lighting technology in Poland.
Artykuł przedstawia najważniejsze wydarzenia w rozwoju techniki świetlnej. W dalszej części opracowanie omawia historię ośrodków naukowych, najbardziej zasłużone postacie oraz stan obecny techniki świetlnej w Polsce.
Źródło:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe; 2016, 4, 112; 153-162
0239-3646
2084-5618
Pojawia się w:
Maszyny Elektryczne: zeszyty problemowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Energooszczędne systemy oświetlenia obiektów architektonicznych w aspekcie zagrożenia środowiska naturalnego
Energy-efficient lighting systems architectural objects in terms of environmental hazards
Autorzy:
Siedlecki, B.
Czaplicka, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/104725.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Rzeszowska im. Ignacego Łukasiewicza. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
technologia oświetlenia
architektura
środowisko naturalne
lighting technology
architecture
environment
Opis:
Współczesny rozwój technologii oświetlania obszarów miejskich pozwala na zaprojektowanie percepcji architektury zarówno w skali urbanistycznej jak i poszczególnych obiektów. Niestety rzadko wykorzystuje się wiedzę i potencjał specjalistów w tej niedocenianej dziedzinie projektowania a może nawet twórczości. Brak dostosowania rodzaju, mocy i kierunku strumienia światła powoduje zarówno oślepienie użytkowników przestrzeni miejskiej jak i powstanie stref niedoświetlonych, czyli niebezpiecznych w aspekcie społecznym. Artykuł stanowi „głos w dyskusji” nad potrzebą intensyfikacji wprowadzenia do zagadnień planowania przestrzennego problematyki związanej z oświetleniem budynków, zabytków, ulic i innych elementów przestrzeni miejskiej, zwracając równocześnie uwagę na istotę problematyki zanieczyszczenia środowiska światłem sztucznym.
Modern lighting technology development of urban areas allows projects perception of architecture both in the urban as well as individual objects. Unfortunately, rarely uses the knowledge and potential of specialists in the field of design undervalued and might even work. No adjustment of the type, strength and direction of the light beam will both dazzle users of urban space and the formation of zones of shadows, which is dangerous in the social aspect. The article is "in discussions" on the need to intensify the introduction to the issues of urban planning issues related to the lighting of buildings, monuments, streets and other public space, while paying attention to the essence of the problems of environmental pollution with artificial light.
Źródło:
Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury; 2017, 64, 4/II; 501-510
2300-5130
2300-8903
Pojawia się w:
Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Advanced modelling and luminance analysis of LED optical systems
Autorzy:
Słomiński, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/200561.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
lighting technology
luminance distribution
luminance modelling
LED
optical systems design
Opis:
Designing, optimizing and analyzing optical systems as part of the implementation process into production of modern luminaires require using advanced simulation and computational methods. The progressive miniaturization of LED (light emitting diode) chips and growth in maximum luminance values, achieving up to 108 cd/m2, require constructing very accurate geometries of reflector and lens systems producing complex luminous intensity distributions while reducing discomfort glare levels. Currently, the design process cannot function without advanced simulation methods. Today’s simulation methods in the lighting technology offer very good results as far as relatively large conventional light sources such as halogen lamps, metal halide lamps and high pressure sodium lamps are concerned. Unfortunately, they often fail in the case of chip-on-board LED light sources whose luminous surface dimensions are increasingly often contained inside a cube of the side length below 1mm. With the high sensitivity of such small chips and lenses with dimensions ranging from a just a few to between 10 and 20 mm, which is presented in this paper, modern luminance distribution measurement methods, luminance modelling and ray tracing methods should be used to minimize any errors arising from incorrectly projecting the design in the final physical model. Also, very importantly, focus should be directed towards reducing a chance of making a mistake while collimating the position of the light source inside the optical system. The paper presents a novel simulation calculation method enriched with an analysis of optical system sensitivity to a light source position. The results of simulation calculations are compared with the results of laboratory measurements for corresponding systems.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2019, 67, 6; 1107-1116
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Selected metrology problems implied by the application of LED technology in lighting
Wybrane problemy metrologiczne implikowane stosowaniem technologii LED w oświetleniu
Autorzy:
Błaszczak, U. J.
Zając, A. S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/408716.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Lubelska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Lubelskiej
Tematy:
light emitting diodes
measurement
lighting technology
diody elektroluminescencyjne
pomiary
technika świetlna
Opis:
High power LEDs replace traditional light sources in all possible lighting applications, causing significant problems in assessing the quality of lighting. This issue is not limited only to the construction aspects of the measuring equipment, but also has a cognitive dimension. The article presents an overview of the current state of knowledge on color rendering and evaluation of discomfort glare in relation to the widespread use of LEDs in lighting. Some selected parameters developed copyright sources with LED sets. Basic limitations in UGR measurement were indicated
Diody świecące dużej mocy zastępują klasyczne źródła światła właściwie we wszystkich możliwych aplikacjach oświetleniowych, co powoduje znaczne problemy w ocenie jakości oświetlenia. Zagadnienie to nie sprowadza się wyłącznie do aspektów konstrukcyjnych aparatury pomiarowej, lecz także ma wymiar poznawczy. W artykule przedstawiono przegląd aktualnego stanu wiedzy na temat oddawania barw oraz oceny olśnienia przykrego w odniesieniu do powszechnego stosowania diod LED w oświetleniu. Omówiono wybrane parametry opracowywanych autorskich źródeł z zestawami LED. Wskazano podstawowe ograniczenia w technice pomiarów UGR.
Źródło:
Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska; 2016, 3; 6-11
2083-0157
2391-6761
Pojawia się w:
Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of selected parameters of compact fluorescent lamps during their long-term operation
Autorzy:
Tabaka, Przemyslaw
Rózga, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/220694.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
lighting technology
compact fluorescent lamp
energy efficiency
light source
luminous flux
Opis:
This article is focused on considerations based on experimental studies concerning changes of selected parameters of identical compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) intended for use in buildings during their operation. The studies constituted a long-term experiment whose goal was an evaluation of selected operating parameters of the CFLs in terms of meeting the requirements set out in the specified regulations as well as the issue of marking the lamps with the energy efficiency class. The measurements were performed with the authors’ experimental setup consisting of original equipment designed and made especially for the purpose of the measurements. The studies covered registration of the luminous flux as well as selected electrical parameters such as active power, current and the power factor during the so-called “start-up time” and operation time equal to 100 h, 500 h, 1000 h, 2000 h, etc. with a 1000 h step. The studies were finished with the moment of natural burnout of the CFLs tested. The results showed that the biggest drawback of CFLs is lack of preservation of the required time to reach 60% of the stabilized luminous flux just after short time of lamp operation. Similarly when assessing the conformity of the parameters declared by the manufacturer that have been verified, it can be stated that they are true only at the initial stage of lamp operation.
Źródło:
Metrology and Measurement Systems; 2020, 27, 3; 541-557
0860-8229
Pojawia się w:
Metrology and Measurement Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Floodlighting luminaire for homogeneous illumination
Autorzy:
Kubiak, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/115666.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Fundacja na Rzecz Młodych Naukowców
Tematy:
lighting technology
illumination
floodlighting
luminaires
luminaire design
technologia oświetleniowa
oświetlenie
iluminacja
oprawy oświetleniowe
projektowanie opraw
Opis:
The main subject of the research is a proposition of a luminaire optical system which allows us to illuminate building facades in a more uniform way than it is today in the case when luminaire location is close and asymmetric to the illuminated object. Firstly, the paper introduces and explains the term of floodlighting and presents luminaires that are used in floodlighting. The author casts doubt on floodlighting luminaires quality especially related to luminous intensity distributions. Certain problems arising from illuminating objects by using improper luminaires are presented and discussed. As an attempt to improve the situation, the author shows his innovative concept of the luminaire optical system. Finally, to verify the proposed luminaire optics, the author has made a comparison of his conception with two other luminaires.
Źródło:
Challenges of Modern Technology; 2015, 6, 1; 6-10
2082-2863
2353-4419
Pojawia się w:
Challenges of Modern Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Digital luminance photometry in the context of the human visual system
Autorzy:
Słomiński, Sebastian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2173705.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
human vision
luminance distribution measurements
glare
lighting technology
widzenie ludzkie
pomiar rozkładu luminancji
blask
technologia oświetleniowa
Opis:
Almost all solutions in modern lighting systems are based on LED technology. Luminance and obvious ease of control are the key characteristics of this light source. At the same time, luminances at the level of 108 cd/m2 are a significant advantage of LED in design applications, where high luminous intensity amplification is important. However, in general and in road lighting applications, LED luminaires represent a source of potential discomfort glare. Unfortunately, lighting technology’s metrology lags behind LED parameter development and optimization. The results of luminance measurements of the same luminaires, made with a luminance camera and meters with a measuring field, differ. The differences even appear for the same imaging luminance measuring devices with different lenses. This article presents the results of experiments and detailed analyzes related to modern digital luminance photometry based on the use of digital image sensors. Luminance tests were conducted on multi-source research models of luminaires. Traditional luminance measuring equipment with a measuring field was used in the experiment. The research was also supplemented with the measurements made using CCD/CMOS luminance cameras with selected components where the angular field of view of each pixel was a 0.45 min arc corresponding to the highest average human sight parameters. The results confirm that the average luminance value for multi-source luminaires depends on the measurement system configuration. It has been proposed to standardize the angular field of view parameters of all measurement systems, where the measurement aims to obtain a value that directly relates to human visual impressions (e.g. glare).
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2022, 70, 5; art. no. e143103
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 15

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