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Tytuł:
Przesłanki optymalnego wyboru rębni w lasach polskich Karpat
Preconditions for optimal choice of the cutting system in the Polish Carpathian forests
Autorzy:
Twaróg, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1026517.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
Karpaty
rebnie
lasy gorskie
lesnictwo
gory
mountain stand
carpathians
forest function
forest types
silvicultural objectives
cutting systems
stand conversion
Opis:
The author provides arguments for not using clear cuts in the mountains, limiting the large−scale shelterwood system and recommends the Swiss irregular shelterwood, and, under certain conditions, the shelterwood−group and irregular group−strip systems. He presents types of forest stands in the ownership of the State Forests Holding in Polish Carpathians (beech, fir, spruce, pine and alder forests), silvicultural objectives and felling systems favouring the attainment of these objectives.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2003, 147, 02; 30-38
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcja kwalifikowania drzewostanów do przebudowy
The concept of classifying the forest stands for conversion
Autorzy:
Łopiński, L.
Stępień, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1015678.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
kryteria kwalifikacji
drzewostany
przebudowa drzewostanow
lesnictwo
forest stand conversion
silviculture objective
forest stand stability
stock level
forest functions
conversion urgency
Opis:
The paper presents a set of criteria helpful in assessment of the conversion need. Variant I assumes the analysis of the multifunctional forest redevelopment need i.e. with no priority function. Variant II allows typing the forest stands that need conversion based on the possibility of playing a recreational, protection and productive function. The presented classification of forest stands based on the conversion need and its urgency was conducted on the basis of data from the forest inventory.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2008, 152, 05; 34-43
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dokładność określania pierśnicowego pola przekroju drzewostanów bukowych na podstawie powierzchni próbnych
The accuracy of estimates of basal area in beech stands using sample plots
Autorzy:
Ochał, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1016133.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
drzewostany bukowe
dendrometria
piersnicowe pole przekroju
dokladnosc pomiaru
lesnictwo
powierzchnie probne
sample plot
sampling
stand basal area
beech stand
poland
Opis:
The paper presents the results of the research on the accuracy of estimates of basal area in beech stands using sample plots. The accuracy of estimates of the analysed characteristic was evaluated on the basis of variation coefficient value of the sums of tree basal areas on sample plots. The coefficient value was empirically determined for sample plots of various size, as well as for the secondary populations differing in plot number. The research was conducted in three beech stands of age class III, IV and VI growing in the territory of the Krzeszowice Forest District.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2007, 151, 11; 10-21
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ocena rębni gniazdowej na podstawie drzewostanów uszkodzonych w lasach nizinnych Polski
Evaluation of the group cutting system on the basis of damaged forests in lowland Poland
Autorzy:
Łukaszewicz, J.
Niemczyk, M.
Dmyterko, E.
Bruchwald, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989687.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
przebudowa drzewostanow
rebnie gniazdowe
rebnie czesciowe gniazdowe
drzewostany nizinne
uszkodzenia drzewostanow
czynniki abiotyczne
czynniki biotyczne
group cutting system
sawtimber stand
demaged stand
Opis:
The paper compares the proportion of damaged stands managed under group cutting system (group clear cutting and group shelterwood cutting) with the analogous stands where cuts had not been performed. The empirical material came from the database of the State Forests Information System and covered all forest districts located in Polish lowlands. To evaluate the group cutting a test of differences between the fractions of the elements distinguished in the population was used. The first population involved sawtimber stands in which no group cuts had been performed in the past decade. The number of damaged stands was determined for this population and their percentage share was established. A similar procedure was applied to the second population of stands in which the group cutting was employed. A damaged stand was assumed to be one in which the volume of windbroken and windfallen trees and deadwood harvested in the past 10 years exceeded the volume set in the given formula (1). The performed analysis shows that after several years, the proportion of damaged stands in which gaps were established is significantly higher (57.2%) than in the stands without cut patches (32.9%). Stands with patches demonstrate a significant, statistically greater susceptibility to damage from abiotic and biotic factors. The proportion of damaged stands managed under the group shelterwood cutting (60%) is larger than that under the group clear cutting (55.4%). Spruce is the most vulnerable to damage, while alder − the least vulnerable. On average, the higher proportion of damaged forests, mainly pine and oak forests is in the territory of the Bialystok Regional Directorate of the State Forests (RDSF) (tab. 2) being lower in the territory of the Warsaw RDSF where damaged pine stands are more frequent (tab. 3). In areas with a high probability of damage to stands group cut should be limited, and in spruce stands – totally abandoned. Time regimes should also be established applying the group cutting by shortening the period of reconstruction of the entire forest stand.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2015, 159, 01; 3-12
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ekologiczne konsekwencje hodowli drzew w różnym zagęszczeniu I. Wzrost i rozwój drzewostanu
Ecological consequences of silviculture at variable stand densities. I. Stand growth and development
Autorzy:
Jagodziński, A.M.
Oleksyn, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1012013.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
wzrost drzewostanu
wiezba drzew
zageszczenie poczatkowe
drzewostany
lesnictwo
zageszczenie roslin
rozwoj drzewostanu
stand density
spacing
tree competition
tree biometry
stand growth and development
review
Opis:
The main goal of this review was to characterize ecological consequences of growing trees at variable stand densities. We found that the majority of studies were focused on biometry, productivity and mortality of trees, and wood quality and its economic value, while the influence of stand density on biomass allocation, abiotic and biotic factors, chemistry of different tree organs, diversity and biomass of understory plants, ecophysiology of trees and microclimate conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, light conditions, etc.) were only occasionally addressed. Stand growth and development trajectories are clearly modified by stand density, however the strength of influence depends on the phase of stand development. Lower seedling densities in nursery conditions lead to increases in their height and diameter, thus influencing seedling quality used in afforestation. The positive influence of higher density on diameter and height of trees in younger stages of stand development may be a result of higher probability of seedlings being planted in more favorable microhabitats, improvement of microclimate conditions, earlier crown closure that reduces interspecific competition for nutrient and water resources. Moreover, stand density clearly influences branch diameter and length, and thus knot size. Higher stand density results in earlier crown closure and higher tree mortality, leading to vertical and horizontal changes in stand structure (DBH, height and crown dimensions of trees). In the denser stands slender and flexible trees with small, narrow crowns dominate, and most of the trees belong to the 3rd class according to Kraft' classification of tree social positions in the stand. The influence of stand density on stand structure may lead to changes in biomass partitioning and thus merchantable wood production and nutrient retention in particular tree organs.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2009, 153, 02; 75-85
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcja oceny stanu drzewostanów na podstawie wybranych cech taksacyjnych
A concept of stand condition assessment based on selected taxation characteristics
Autorzy:
Łopiński, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1015624.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
cechy taksacyjne
drzewostany
zapas rosnacy
kryteria
stabilnosc
realizacja celu hodowlanego
przebudowa drzewostanow
lesnictwo
stand conversion
silvicultural objective
stand stability
standing stock volume
forest functions
Opis:
The obligatory method of classifying stands for conversion requires adjustment to the needs of pro−ecological, multifunctional forest management. The study presents a set of criteria that can be useful for the reliable evaluation of stand condition. The proposed method was used to evaluate the fulfilment of the silvicultural objective, stand stability, as well as the status and volume of growing stock. Indicators used to assess these characteristics together with defined significance levels (weights) are an original element of the study. The indicators were selected in such a way as to describe a given characteristic in the context of conversion needs, which is the aim of the presented analysis of stand condition.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2008, 152, 06; 14-21
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Struktura wieku i zagrożenie zgnilizną drewna starych drzewostanów sosnowych
The age structure and the wood rot of old pine stands
Autorzy:
Bernadzki, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1026722.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
drzewostany sosnowe
Pinus
zgnilizna drewna
drzewostany stare
sosna
struktura wiekowa
lesnictwo
drzewa lesne
pine
regeneration period
two−generation stand
multi−generation stand
wood rot
Opis:
In 31 oldest pine stands situated in central and eastern Poland the age within one stand ranged between 8 and 155, on average 10−40 years. These were the stands characterised with the continuity of the regeneration process, but also two−generation stands in which the generation gap between the two generations was 60−120 years. Multi−generation stands were uncommon and the regeneration process had a „wavy pattern”. The likelihood of wood rot occurrence in trees at the age of 200 years as calculated on the basis of a 690−tree sample (age between 84 and 235 years) is 60% on average, and on more fertile sites it exceeds 70%.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2003, 147, 05; 3-12
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dynamika i główne kierunki zmian w drzewostanach zagospodarowanej części Puszczy Białowieskiej
Dynamics and main direction of change in forest stands constituting the managed part of Bialowieza Forest
Autorzy:
Bruchwald, A.
Dmyterko, E.
Brzeziecki, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985942.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Puszcza Bialowieska
drzewostany gospodarcze
dynamika drzewostanu
siedliska lesne
struktura drzewostanu
sklad gatunkowy
struktura wiekowa
miazszosc drzewostanow
przyrost miazszosci
abiotic and biotic threats
forest age structure
low−productivity stands
stand productivity
stand volume
stand stability
species composition
wind risk model
Opis:
The paper describes current (in years 2007−2017) changes of basic parameters of forest stands that constitute the managed part of Białowieża Forest (ca. 53,000 ha), divided into three forest districts: Białowieża (12,600 ha), Hajnówka (19,700 ha) and Browsk (20,400 ha). The investigated tree stands represent different phases of ecological succession, modified by silvicultural treatments and other human activities. The course of the succession processes is varied, depending, first of all, on local site conditions, consisting mainly of fresh sites (ca. 60%) – particularly fresh broadleaved forest, and encompassing exceptionally high fraction of wet and swamp sites (40%) – especially wet broadleaved forest site type. Most stands represent the intermediate, highly productive phase of succession, with spruce and oak as the dominant tree species. In particular, such stands are common in Białowieża and Hajnówka forest districts. Recently, the share of the mentioned stands is declining, most intensely in the Browsk Forest District. In 2017 alone, 430 ha of highly productive forest stands disappeared from the Białowieża Forest. The process of decay involved mixed stands; besides of spruces which were killed by a current bark beetle infestation, also many oaks, pines, birches, alders as well as rare and valuable minor tree species (such as ashes and maples) died. Dying spruce and, more often, oak stands are often replaced by low−productive hornbeam trees, occupying earlier lower stand strata in such stands. The resulting hornbeam stands are often distinguished by low crown closure and low productivity. Tree stands occurring in the Białowieża Forest are among the most endangered by wind damage stands in Poland. It means that in case of strong winds, several trees will be broken and/or uprooted. The intensity of such phenomena will be further increased by the high tree volume of stands as well as by the presence of many gaps in forest canopy, caused by a massive mortality of spruce trees. In general, one may expect that in the nearest future many stands occurring in the Białowieża Forest, built by different tree species, will be subject to a massive decay. The list of factors contributing to this process is long and involves, among other things, recurring droughts during the growing season, unfavorable changes in ground water table and increased frequency of strong winds. All these factors negatively influence the health status of trees, which further favours the development of parasitic fungi and insects. In consequence, there is a high probability that many areas in the Białowieża Forest will, for a long time, retain a treeless character and/or will be occupied by low−productive and single species hornbeam stands.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2018, 162, 11; 897-906
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ocena potrzeb przebudowy drzewostanów w zależności od dominującej funkcji lasu
Evaluation of stand conversion needs depending on the dominant function of forest
Autorzy:
Łopiński, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1013162.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lasy ochronne
przebudowa drzewostanow
lesnictwo
ocena
las wielofunkcyjny
potrzeby przebudowy
lasy gospodarcze
stand conversion
silvicultural objective
stand stability
standing stock level
forest functions
conversion urgency
Opis:
The scope of the study embraces an analysis of conversion needs of the multifunctional forest, that is a forest without a designated priority function (Variant I) and enables selection of stands requiring conversion because of the possibility of their playing recreational, protective and productive functions (Variant II). Stand classification with regard to stand conversion and its urgency was performed on the basis of forest inventory data. The developed concept was verified on the selected stands in the Ostrów Mazowiecka Forest District. The adopted system proved useful for making the evaluation of conversion needs more objective, taking into account the specifics of the forest's primary function.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2008, 152, 08; 17-24
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ redukcji konkurencji brzozy brodawkowatej na wzrost dębu bezszypułkowego w fazie młodnika
Effect of reducing silver birch competition on growth of sessile oak during the thicket stage
Autorzy:
Andrzejczyk, T.
Milewski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985742.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
hodowla lasu
drzewostany mieszane
brzoza brodawkowata
Betula pendula
konkurencyjnosc
mlodniki
dab bezszypulkowy
Quercus petraea
wzrost roslin
betula pendula
interspecific competition
mixed−stand
quercus
stand treatment
Opis:
Naturally regenerated silver birch is one of the most abundant competitor for planted seedlings in central Poland. The effect of the interaction between planted oak seedlings and naturally regenerated birch was studied in 14−17−years−old sessile oak stand. The experiment was established at stand age of 14−years. At that time, there were around 4000 oaks and 10000 birches per hectare. A sample of dominant individuals of oak were selected and one of three treatments were applied to each individual. The treatments included: (i) removal of all naturally regenerated trees in a radius of 1 m (W1), (ii) removal of all naturally regenerated trees in a radius of 2 m (W2) and (iii) untreated control (K). Breast height diameter and height of selected oaks were measured during three years following the experiment establishment. The release of competition resulted in greater diameter and height growth. The diameter growth was increasing with an increment of free space from oak and was the greatest in the W2 treatment. The increment of height growth was similar regardless of the treatment radius. In practical forestry, silver birch can be recommended as admixture in pure oak stands with low survival rate as replacement for dead oaks. However, a minimum distance of 2 m between oak and birch should be kept.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2019, 163, 06; 452-459
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ekologiczne konsekwencje hodowli drzew w różnym zagęszczeniu III. Stabilność drzewostanu, fitoklimat i różnorodność biologiczna
Ecological consequences of silviculture at variable stand densities. III. Stand stability, phytoclimate and biodiversity
Autorzy:
Jagodziński, A.M.
Oleksyn, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1011879.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
wiezba drzew
zageszczenie poczatkowe
drzewostany
roznorodnosc biologiczna
mikroklimat
lesnictwo
ekologia lasu
stabilnosc drzewostanu
zageszczenie roslin
stand density
spacing
tree competition
forest ecology
stand stability
microclimate
biodiversity
review
Opis:
The main goal of this review was to characterize ecological consequences of growing trees at variable stand densities. We analyzed the influence of stand density on its mechanical and biological stability, diversity and biomass of understory plants and microclimate conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, light, etc.). Higher stand density results in higher susceptibility to wind and snow damage, due to changes in height to diameter ratio (tree slenderness). The mechanical stability of stands may be promoted by silvicultural activities such as light thinning applied before growth stagnation. In addition, the reduction of stand density during stand development may increase biomass allocation to coarse roots that stabilize trees in the soil. High tree density may increase stand susceptibility to pathogens and insects and thus increase tree mortality. Trees growing at higher density (with higher intraspecific competition) may allocate less assimilates for defense against herbivorous insects and pathogens. The effect of tree density on stability of multi−species stands is inconclusive, since such studies were only occasionally undertaken. Since tree density influences light conditions (mainly before canopy closure), there is a negative relationship between stand density and herbaceous species diversity and biomass. Based on the published data, we summarized consequences of silviculture at different stand densities and proposed future directions of research needed to fill the gaps in current knowledge. Understanding the long−term ecological consequences of variable stand densities is essential for development of sustainable and stable forest ecosystems.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2009, 153, 04; 219-230
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Potrzeby przebudowy drzewostanów w Lasach Państwowych
The needs related to the reconstruction of stands in the State Forests
Autorzy:
Czuba, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1018668.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
drzewostany gospodarcze
przebudowa drzewostanow
Panstwowe Gospodarstwo Lesne Lasy Panstwowe
lesnictwo
forest management plan
adjustment of stands to site conditions
managed forest type
complete stand
conversion
partial stand conversion
Opis:
The paper presents a division of the State Forests stands by the degree of adjustment of species composition of stands to site conditions. An assumption was made that the stands whose species composition is not adjusted to the occupied biotope should be urgently rebuilt, especially those featuring low stability.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2006, 150, 12; 33-38
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Biomasa i roczna produkcja drzewostanów dębowych Puszczy Niepołomickiej
Biomass and annual production of oak stands in the Niepolomicka Forest
Autorzy:
Orzeł, S.
Ochał, W.
Forgiel, M.
Socha, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1018550.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
drzewostany debowe
Puszcza Niepolomicka
lesnictwo
biomasa
produkcja biomasy
oak stand
biomass
annual biomass production
Opis:
The paper presents the results of the study on biomass volume and annual production of oak stands in the Niepołomicka Forest. The analysis was based on the material collected from 59 circular sample plots where oak accounted for more than 50% of the volume of the tree layer. In the total biomass of the tree layer amounting to about 225.3 t·ha–1, the biomass of the shrub layer (underbrush) is about 2.3 t·ha–1. In the tree layer biomass (about 223 t·ha–1), wood makes up on average 86.4%, bark – 12% and assimilatory apparatus – 1.6%. The share of wood in the biomass increases with the increase of stand age, while that of bark and assimilatory apparatus declines. The proportion of these elements in the dry mass production (on average 9.8 t·ha–1·year–1) is somewhat different. Almost 35% of its volume is assimilatory apparatus whose share increases with stand age. The increment of bark is about 9%, while of wood it is 56% of the annual biomass production of the stands under analysis and slightly decreases with stand age.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2006, 150, 05; 30-43
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O przebudowie drzewostanow z roznorodnoscia biologiczna w tle
Forest conversion in the context of biodiversity
Autorzy:
Rykowski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1009192.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
gospodarka lesna
przebudowa drzewostanow
regulacja prawna
Zasady hodowli lasu
przebudowa calkowita
przebudowa czesciowa
gospodarczy typ drzewostanu
roznorodnosc biologiczna
stand conversion
biodiversity
economic stand type
disturbance
spontaneous transformation
succession
forest of reference
Opis:
Paper presents the issue of stand conversion and refers it to political and technical regulations. Different objectives and forms of stand conversion in the context of silviculture concepts were characterized. Stand economic type as a target and tool of traditional forest management practice in Poland was discussed. Paper presents examples of spontaneous stand conversion as a result of biotic or abiotic disturbances. On the background of these analyses, the need to test some scientific hypotheses has been presented. The necessity to create the network of the reference forest areas as pattern of natural conversion of forest ecosystem in changing environment to learn from and follow them by forest management practice.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2010, 154, 04; 219-233
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zagrożenie lasu przez wiatr na przykładzie nadleśnictw Puszczy Białowieskiej
Risk of wind damage to stands on the example of selected forest districts in the Bialowieza Primeval Forest
Autorzy:
Bruchwald, A.
Dmyterko, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1008781.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Puszcza Bialowieska
nadlesnictwa
Nadlesnictwo Browsk
Nadlesnictwo Bialowieza
Nadlesnictwo Hajnowka
lasy
zagrozenia lasu
wiatry
uszkodzenia drzewostanow
ryzyko uszkodzenia
modele ryzyka uszkodzenia
stand damage risk model
stand damage risk factor
wind
białowieża primeval forest
Opis:
Stand damage risk model was applied to three forest districts located in the Białowieża Primeval Forest: Browsk, Hajnówka and Białowieża. For this purpose, information contained in the database of the State Forests Information System was used. The obtained values of the stand damage risk factor allowed assigning each stand to one of the six risk classes. Higher class indicates higher damage risk to stands. The share of the stand area was calculated for each class. The weighted average of the areal shares of stands in the two highest damage risk factor classes was used as a measure of wind damage risk to forests. The values of this measure for individual forest districts were as follows: Browsk – 27.3%, Hajnówka – 33.0%, Białowieża – 38.3%. The degree of risk to these forests ranges from average to high, which is mainly because of large proportion of the high, old−growth spruce stands. Forest stands of the Białowieża Primeval Forest with a high risk factor are threatened by damage in the event of strong winds in this area.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2012, 156, 10; 750-764
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
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Biblioteka Nauki
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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 115

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