Temat: grab - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Wzory do okreslania miazszosci grubizny dla modrzewia, osiki, grabu, topoli i lipy
Autorzy:: Wroblewski, L.
Zasada, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/822757.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2001
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:: Carpinus
dendrometria
topola osika
lesnictwo
Larix
lipa
Populus tremula
miazszosc drzew
wzory empiryczne
Tilia
topola
modrzew
Populus
grab
drzewa lesne
Źródło:: Sylwan; 2001, 145, 11; 71-79
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:: Sylwan
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Wpływ konkurencji na przyrost grubości drzew w wyżynnych lasach mieszanych o złożonej budowie
Effect of competition on the diameter growth of trees in mixed upland forests with complex structure
Autorzy:: Śmigielski, A.
Socha, J.
Maciejewski, Z.
Pach, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989022.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:: lesnictwo
Roztoczanski Park Narodowy
drzewostany naturalne
drzewostany mieszane
drzewa lesne
grab
buk
jodla
przyrost drzew
przyrost grubosci
wskazniki konkurencyjnosci
competition indices
natural stands
roztocze national park
Opis:: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of competition on diameter growth of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) in forests with complex structure. For each tree we calculated set of 20 competition indexes in 4 variants for determining the scale of the competitors influence. The use of such a set of indices, allowed to describe accurately the competition between trees in the specific conditions for the particular tree species. Given species belong to the group of shade−tolerant trees. The species composition of the tree stands and their structure are the results of long−lasting natural processes, which is different than in the majority of Polish forests. The empirical material collected in the years 1993 and 2003 in four sample plots of 0.5 ha each located in natural stands of the Roztocze National Park in south−eastern Poland. The relationships between the competition and the growth were analysed using generalized additive models. This method allows to extend of the standard linear model, by taking into account non−linear function of each variable. One of the option of quantifying competition processes is the use of competition indices. The competition situation of an individual tree was described using distance−independ and distance−depend indices. Each of analysed species reacts differently on competition. Among the three analyzed species, the best competition index CI15 explained 48.3% of the variation diameter growth of European beech (tab. 2). The competition index CI3 explained only 26.1% of the variation diameter growth of European hornbeam (tab. 2). It turned out to be the worst result for the described species. The competition index CI14 explained 31.1% of the variation diameter growth of silver fir (tab. 2). Additional use of DBH in the models, increased values of the coefficient of determination, and extended the possibilities to use the developed models.
Źródło:: Sylwan; 2017, 161, 05; 365-378
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:: Sylwan
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Analiza porownawcza pokroju drzew kilku wybranych gatunkow wystepujacych w Bialowieskim Parku Narodowym
Autorzy:: Giel, M.
Glapa, M.
Szewczyk, J.
Szwagrzyk, J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/820489.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2001
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:: brzoza brodawkowata
pokroj
Carpinus betulus
lipa drobnolistna
analiza porownawcza
Quercus robur
lesnictwo
Puszcza Niepolomicka
Bialowieski Park Narodowy
dab szypulkowy
Pinus sylvestris
Tilia cordata
Betula pendula
sosna zwyczajna
grab
allometria
drzewa lesne
Źródło:: Sylwan; 2001, 145, 07; 31-42
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:: Sylwan
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Wpływ ogłowienia i przerzedzenia na wzrost grabu (Carpinus betulus L.) w młodniku dębowym (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.)
Influence of decapitating and thinning on growth of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) in the oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) thicket
Autorzy:: Andrzejczyk, T.
Brzeziecki, B.
Szeligowski, H.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979514.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:: lesnictwo
hodowla lasu
drzewostany mieszane
drzewostany grabowo-debowe
mlodniki
grab pospolity
Carpinus betulus
zabiegi pielegnacyjne
przerzedzanie
oglawianie
wzrost roslin
przyrost wysokosci
przyrost piersnicy
interspecific competition
pre−commercial thinning
decapitating
mixed stand
Opis:: The aim of this study was to quantify 4−year growth and increment of 11− to 15−year−old, artificially regenerated hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) playing the role of the tending (nursery) species in the oak stand of the same age, after the silvicultural treatments aimed at reducing its competition against the oak. The study included three types of experimental treatments: decapitating of all hornbeam trees (OG), schematic reduction of hornbeam density (R50, removal of every second hornbeam in a row) and control (K, without treatment). The trial stand is located in Rogów (51.827023° N, 19.922315° E) and was established in 2004 on a moderately fertile site. The experiment was carried out in the spring 2013 (9 years after planting). Height and breast height diameter (dbh) of trees were measured every two years. During the study period, the height increment of decapitated trees was significantly larger than in R50 and K variants, while the dbh increment of trees in R50 variant was significantly larger than in K and OG variants. The height increment of hornbeam in R50 and OG variant and the dbh increment in R50 variant were positively correlated with height and diameter of trees before the treatment, while the dbh increment after decapitating was negatively correlated with tree dimensions before treatment. The decapitating treatment reduced the competitive ability of hornbeam more effectively than the schematic thinning removing 50% of hornbeam trees. After 4 years in the first case, oaks were on average 1 m higher than hornbeams, and in the second case, there was an opposite situation. In order to improve the effectiveness of the thinning treatment, a selective cutting should be performed (removal of the largest hornbeams), and in order to slow down the regeneration of hornbeams after decapitating, the treatment should be carried out during the top of the growing season.
Źródło:: Sylwan; 2019, 163, 03; 179-187
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:: Sylwan
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Wpływ osłony bocznej drzewostanu na wzrost dębu bezszypułkowego (Quercus petraea) i grabu pospolitego (Carpinus betulus) w fazie uprawy
Effect of lateral shelter on a height growth of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) in young growth phase
Autorzy:: Andrzejczyk, T.
Dzwonkowski, M.
Pawłowski, M.
Działak, R.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/990860.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2014
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:: lesnictwo
hodowla lasu
uprawy lesne
dab bezszypulkowy
Quercus petraea
grab pospolity
Carpinus betulus
wzrost roslin
przyrost wysokosci
oslona boczna
sciana lasu
oak silviculture
hornbeam
height growth
mixed stands
mixture form
Opis:: We investigated annual height increment of sessile oak and common hornbeam planted on clear−cut in respect to the distance to the adjacent mature Scots pine stand. The study area was divided into 3 zones (I−III) each of 20 m width. The four analyzed treatments were defined on a basis of a mingling form: W1 – a monoculture of oak (control plot), W2 and W3 – two types of row mixture, W4 – single tree mixture. Two years after planting an annual height increment of both tree species was significantly higher in the zone I (adjacent to the mature pine stand from the SW side) than in two other zones. The same significant differences were also found at the other inventories. Although hornbeam was on average higher than oak, a growth inhibition of oak by hornbeam was not significant. The annual height increment of both species was correlated with the precipitation in June and July.
Źródło:: Sylwan; 2014, 158, 10; 723-732
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:: Sylwan
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Wplyw pokarmu na rozwoj chrzaszczy chrabaszcza kasztanowca [Melolontha hippocastani F.] [Coleoptera, Melolonthidae]
Effect of food on development of the Melolonta hippocastani F. beetles [Coleoptera, Melolonthidae]
Autorzy:: Woreta, D.
Sukovata, L.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/45430.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2010
Wydawca:: Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:: lesnictwo
szkodniki roslin
owady
pokarm
pedy ulistnione
dab szypulkowy
Quercus robur
grab pospolity
Carpinus betulus
brzoza brodawkowata
Betula pendula
olsza czarna
Alnus glutinosa
chrabaszcz kasztanowiec
Melolontha hippocastani
owady dorosle
przezywalnosc
dlugosc zycia
samice
plodnosc
Źródło:: Leśne Prace Badawcze; 2010, 71, 2; 195-199
1732-9442
2082-8926
Pojawia się w:: Leśne Prace Badawcze
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Wpływ grabu (Carpinus betulus L.) na wzrost i przeżywalność dębu (Quercus robur L.) w fazie młodnika
Effect of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) on growth and survival of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) during the thicket stage
Autorzy:: Andrzejczyk, T.
Brzeziecki, B.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985865.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:: lesnictwo
hodowla lasu
drzewostany mieszane
mlodniki
drzewa lesne
grab pospolity
Carpinus betulus
oddzialywanie na rosliny
dab szypulkowy
Quercus robur
wzrost roslin
przyrost wysokosci
przyrost piersnicy
artificial regeneration
carpinus
interspecific competition
mixing form
mixed−stand
quercus
silviculture
Opis:: Growth and mortality of oak (Quercus robur L.) in young mixed stands with various admixture of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) in the period of 9−13 years after planting were examined. The trial stand is located in central Poland (51.827023° N, 19.922315° E). It was established in 2004 on a moderately fertile site. Four experimental variants with different participation of oak (O) and hornbeam (H) were established: W1 – an oak monoculture (control variant, 100% O), W2 – a mixed stand consisting of two rows of oak and one row of hornbeam (67% O, 33% H), W3 – a mixed stand consisting of one row of oak and one row of hornbeam (50% O, 50% H), W4 – a mixed stand characterized by a single tree mixture, with three oaks and one hornbeam alternately occurring in each row (75% O, 25% H). During the first two years of the study period the height increments of oak trees were significantly larger in the study variants with hornbeam (the biggest in W3 variant), while during the next two years, the largest values of height increments occurred in the control variant (W1). Through the second part of the study period, the most pronounced, negative effect of hornbeam on the dbh increment of oak trees took place in the W3 variant. During the first nine years after planting the survival rate of oak trees in the variants with hornbeam were similar (82−94%) as in the control variant (85%). However, during the next four years, three times more oaks died in W3 variant (16,5%) than in other variants (5−7%). In general, the results obtained suggest that in order to create mixed oak stands with hornbeam as a nursery species, the share of hornbeam should not exceed 20−25% of all planted trees. The above value appears to be acceptable from the point of view of the negative competitive effects of hornbeam on oak trees during the initial stages of stand development.
Źródło:: Sylwan; 2018, 162, 12; 989-997
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:: Sylwan
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Wieloletnia dynamika starodrzewów w zagospodarowanej części Puszczy Białowieskiej: gatunki ekspansywne i ustępujące
Long-term dynamics of old-growth stands in the managed part of the Bialowieza Forest: increasing and declining tree species
Autorzy:: Drozdowski, S.
Brzeziecki, B.
Żybura, H.
Żybura, B.
Gawron, L.
Buraczyk, W.
Zajączkowski, J.
Bolibok, L.
Szeligowski, H.
Bielak, K.
Widawska, Z.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1008501.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:: lesnictwo
Puszcza Bialowieska
starodrzew
dynamika drzewostanu
drzewa lesne
swierk
grab
jesion
olsza
dab
lipa
brzoza
klon
sosna
wiaz
zageszczenie drzew
piersnicowe pole przekroju
piersnice drzew
gatunki ekspansywne
gatunki ustepujace
stale powierzchnie obserwacyjne
badania dlugoterminowe
old−growth forest
permanent plot
long−term trend
population density
population dynamics
tree species
Opis:: In the paper, an assessment of tree population dynamics in the old−growth stands of the managed part of the Białowieża Forest is presented. Data from five permanent sample plots with a total size of 9.3 ha and six inventories that cover the period 1949−2006, were used. Depending on the dynamic status, determined on the basis of changes in a number of individuals per hectare, basal area and quadratic mean diameter, three major groups of tree species were distinguished: 1) an increasing group, containing only hornbeam and lime; 2) a stable group, involving alder and spruce and 3) a declining group consisting of oak, ash, maple, pine, birch, elm and aspen.
Źródło:: Sylwan; 2012, 156, 09; 663-671
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:: Sylwan
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Struktura gleb w wybranych lasach miejskich Wrocławia
Structure of soils in selected urban forests of Wroclaw
Autorzy:: Wacławowicz, R.
Babelewski, P.
Pancerz, M.
Tendziagolska, E.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/987150.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:: lesnictwo
lasy miejskie
Wroclaw
Las Osobowicki
Las Redzinski
Las Mokrzanski
dab szypulkowy
Quercus robur
buk zwyczajny
Fagus sylvatica
grab pospolity
Carpinus betulus
gleby lesne
struktura gleb
wskaznik rozpylenia gleby
wskaznik zbrylenia gleby
wskaznik struktury gleby
srednia wazona srednica agregatow
wlasciwosci chemiczne
soil structure index
cloddinness
pulverization
mwda
chemical properties of soil
Opis:: The objective of the research was to assess the soil structure parameters (the index of cloddiness, of pulverization, of soil structure and the mean weighted diameter of soil aggregates – MWDa), as well as the selected chemical soil properties (pH, the content of organic carbon, total nitrogen and available potassium and phosphorus) in the three urban forests in Wrocław (SW Poland) depending on the occurrence of tree species (Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus). Soil samples were collected under the crown of each tested tree taxons, from three different sites, in three replications, separately in every forest. The soil was taken from two layers: 0−20 cm and 20−40 cm. The structure and weight of mechanically solid soil aggregates were determined using dry separation method. The content of total nitrogen was determined with Kjeldahl method, while phosphorus and potassium – with Egner−Riehm method. Organic carbon was determined with the use of elementary carbon analyser Behr C−50 IRF. The pH was determined by poten− tiometric method in 1M solution of KCl. The results were statistically analysed using the ANOVA. The correlation coefficient between the mean weighted diameter of soil aggregates and the content of organic carbon in the soil was calculated. The tree species occurring in the urban forests of Wrocław affected the soil structure parameters as well as changed the chemical properties of the soil. In both Mokrzański and Rędziński Forests the significantly higher index of soil cloddiness was observed under hornbeam crowns than in the oak and beech surroundings. In the Osobowicki Forest the highest index of cloddiness was determined on the soil with the oak. In general, higher values of index of soil structure and the mean weighted diameter of soil aggregates were noticed for the hornbeam sites than the oak and the beech ones. There was a significant positive corre− lation between the MWDa and the content of soil organic matter (r=0.711, Y=0.4569·x+1.6523). The differences in the content of organic carbon depending on tree species were observed in the Rędziński Forest, while in content of total nitrogen also in the Mokrzański Forest. The highest content of organic carbon and nitrogen was noticed in the soil under the hornbeam. The species of trees affected the content of phosphorus and potassium in the soil, but there was no unambiguous direction of changes.
Źródło:: Sylwan; 2017, 161, 07; 592-599
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:: Sylwan
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Inwentaryzacja drzew starych i drzew gatunkow ginacych w Puszczy Bialowieskiej
The stock-taking of old trees and threatened tree species in the Bialowieza Primeval Forest
Autorzy:: Korczyk, A.F.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/45823.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:: Carpinus betulus
lipa drobnolistna
lesnictwo
dab szypulkowy
gatunki ginace
Pinus sylvestris
jodla pospolita
grab pospolity
Ulmus glabra
Abies alba
sosna zwyczajna
drzewa lesne
wiaz gorski
zasoby genowe
Quercus petraea
Quercus robur
jesion wyniosly
Picea abies
drzewa stare
klon pospolity
Tilia cordata
dab bezszypulkowy
Fraxinus excelsior
inwentaryzacja lasu
Puszcza Bialowieska
Acer platanoides
swierk pospolity
Źródło:: Leśne Prace Badawcze; 2008, 69, 2; 117-126
1732-9442
2082-8926
Pojawia się w:: Leśne Prace Badawcze
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Zagrożone gatunki drzew Białowieskiego Parku Narodowego (Rezerwat Ścisły)
Threatened tree species of the Bialowieza National Park (the Strict Reserve)
Autorzy:: Brzeziecki, B.
Keczyński, A.
Zajączkowski, J.
Drozdowski, S.
Gawron, L.
Buraczyk, W.
Bielak, K.
Szeligowski, H.
Dzwonkowski, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1007075.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:: lesnictwo
hodowla lasu
Bialowieski Park Narodowy
rezerwaty scisle
Obreb Ochronny Orlowka
stale powierzchnie obserwacyjne
sklad gatunkowy
drzewa lesne
grab
lipa
swierk
olsza
brzoza
dab
sosna
jesion
klon
wiaz
topola osika
zageszczenie populacji
liczebnosc
struktura grubosci
gatunki dominujace
gatunki zagrozone
diameter distribution
dynamic status
large−scale inventory
long−term trend
natural forest
permanent plot
population density
population dynamics
strict protection
Opis:: An assessment of the current dynamic status of tree species occurring in the Strict Reserve of the Białowieża National Park is presented. On the basis of long−term trends and analysis of large−scale inventory data, the three major groups of trees are distinguished: 1) ‘safe’ group, containing hornbeam and lime, 2) ‘presently safe, but declining in a long−term run’ group, involving spruce, birch and alder, and 3) ‘threatened and highly threatened’ group, consisting of oak, pine, ash, maple, elm and aspen.
Źródło:: Sylwan; 2012, 156, 04; 252-261
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:: Sylwan
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Symulacja dynamiki drzewostanów sosnowych polskiej i ukraińskiej części Roztocza w warunkach zmian klimatu
Simulation of Scots pine stand dynamics under climate change conditions in the Polish and Ukrainian parts of Roztocze
Autorzy:: Kozak, I.
Czekajska, P.
Kozak, H.
Stępień, A.
Kociuba, P.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1318626.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:: lesnictwo
Roztocze [geogr.]
Polska
Ukraina
drzewostany sosnowe
dynamika drzewostanu
gatunki lasotworcze
sosna zwyczajna
Pinus sylvestris
gatunki domieszkowe
buk zwyczajny
Fagus sylvatica
jodla pospolita
Abies alba
swierk pospolity
Picea abies
grab pospolity
Carpinus betulus
czynniki klimatyczne
suma temperatur efektywnych
roczna suma opadow
zmiany klimatyczne
symulacja komputerowa
modele symulacyjne
model FORKOME
Scots pine
beech
fir
spruce
FORKOME computer model
Roztocze
prognosis
Opis:: The study was conducted in the Polish (Roztoczanski National Park) and Ukrainian (Rava-Rus'ka Landscape Reserve and Yavorivskyi National Park) parts of the Roztocze region. In each of these locations three research areas were established in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands under similar ecological conditions. The purpose of this study was to carry out a survey of possible scenarios for pine stand dynamics in the Polish and Ukrainian parts of Roztocze using the FORKOME model. A control scenario was compared with four other climate change scenarios (warm dry and warm humid; cold dry and cold humid) for a period of covering the next 100 years. Using the control scenario, the FORKOME model predicted that for the next 100 years pine stands will dominate in terms of biomass and number of trees. The warm-dry and warm-humid climate scenarios resulted in slightly reduced biomass of pine stands. However pine would still maintain its dominance, although with a noticeable increase in beech and fir biomass. Nevertheless, in term of the number of trees during the second half of the simulation, it is beech and fir that dominate stand 1 in Roztoczanski National Park. Under the climate cooling scenario (cold dry and cold humid), the biomass of pine and spruce would increase during the next 100 years. Pine trees that would dominate in terms of their numbers, although the number of spruce individuals also tends to increase. The results presented in the paper indicate that the FORKOME model is very useful when investigating different climate changes scenarios in the Roztocze region.
Źródło:: Leśne Prace Badawcze; 2013, 74, 3; 215-226
1732-9442
2082-8926
Pojawia się w:: Leśne Prace Badawcze
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Odnowienie naturalne drzew w Puszczy Białowieskiej
Natural regeneration of trees in the Bialowieza Forest
Autorzy:: Brzeziecki, B.
Andrzejczyk, T.
Żybura, H.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985949.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:: lesnictwo
Puszcza Bialowieska
odnowienia naturalne
drzewa lesne
topola osika
Populus tremula
brzoza brodawkowata
Betula pendula
brzoza omszona
Betula pubescens
olsza czarna
Alnus glutinosa
sosna zwyczajna
Pinus sylvestris
dab szypulkowy
Quercus robur
jesion wyniosly
Fraxinus excelsior
klon pospolity
Acer platanoides
wiaz gorski
Ulmus glabra
swierk pospolity
Picea abies
lipa drobnolistna
Tilia cordata
grab pospolity
proces dorastania
ekosystemy lesne
dynamika lasu
active approach
deer browsing
long−term study
multifunctional forest management
natural recruitment
nature conservation
silvicultural treatment
strict protection
tree competition
tree diversity
Opis:: Since several years already, a massive infestation of bark beetle has taken place in the Białowieża Forest, decimating a local Norway spruce population. In consequence, many open areas appeared, practically deprived of trees and other forest vegetation. The existence of such areas has a very negative impact on multiple values of the Białowieża Forest: natural, social, economical and landscape−aesthetic values. The local forest administration prepared a strategy aimed at active restoration of diverse woodland communities typical for the Białowieża Forest in all places, where bark beetle infestation wiped up the spruce stands. Those plans were criticized by representatives of the environmental organizations who blamed the foresters for transforming the Białowieża Forest into ‘plantation’ and claiming that such measures are inconsistent with the existing forest management and protection plan. The postulate of environmentalists is that the recovery of woodland communities should proceed completely naturally. Taking into account the above mentioned controversies, in this paper we examine the issue of natural regeneration in the Białowieża Forest in detail. In particular, we try to determine to which extent this method of forest reproduction enables re−establishment of compositionally diverse woodland communities, distinguished by a high level of biological diversity and able to provide a wide range of commodities and benefits important for today’s society. Based on an extensive literature review we show that a combination of different (abiotic and biotic) factors, influencing establishment and subsequent growth of seedlings and saplings in the Białowieża Forest has long been strongly unfavorable for many tree species. In this regard, one should particularly emphasize the negative role of large herbivores, especially red deer, which is present in the Białowieża Forest since the end of 19th century, when it became a private hunting ground for Russian tzars. The devastating effect of deer browsing on natural regeneration is a well−documented phenomenon and widely recognized problem in the forestry practice. The fencing of young forest generation against game pressure is an indispensable measure, needed to secure the continuous existence of several tree species (first of all those palatable and vulnerable to browsing). Very strong arguments for an active approach to the described problem delivers also a long−term study on natural forest dynamics conducted since 1936. It shows that under conditions of strict protection the regeneration capacity of the Białowieża tree species is very variable. These differences lead to the compositional simplification and impoverishment of many tree stands, with numerous negative consequences for local biodiversity. We underline that an active management strategy is a basic prerequisite for maintaining a diverse character of the Białowieża stands and their ability to provide all important ecosystem services on a sustainable basis. Such a strategy should include, beside of the phase of establishment, also the subsequent developmental stages of new forest generations. The general goal of such a strategy should be to secure a possibly high diversity of tree composition and to enable the development of tree species representing a full range of life−history strategies and playing different successional roles: from typical pioneer species, through intermediate, to climax species.
Źródło:: Sylwan; 2018, 162, 11; 883-896
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:: Sylwan
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki