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Tytuł:
Selected problems of criminal law as an instrument of social control in relation to youth delinquency
Autorzy:
Martina, Urbanová,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/893040.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-10-09
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
law
criminal law
criminalization
criminal behavior
delinquency
social control
Opis:
Social pedagogy is closely linked to the law as an instrument of social control where criminal law is a result of a certain effort to solve or control social problem. This problem is currently about increasing number of delinquent youths which has its own specifics. The aim of the paper is to point out, with the help of critical legal analysis, the difficulty of effectively solving (controlling) this problem with the help of criminal law, which determines what will be criminalized, what will be decriminalized or outside the interest of criminal law. It turns out that some measures lead to the rise of experts and their power, unintended results, and violation of the principle of innocent until proven guilty.
Źródło:
Papers of Social Pedagogy; 2020, 13(1); 54-66
2392-3083
Pojawia się w:
Papers of Social Pedagogy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zagrożenie terroryzmem w XXI wieku – analiza wybranych determinantów
Terrorist Threats in the Twenty-first Century: Selected Factors
Autorzy:
Wojciechowski, Sebastian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698656.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
zagrożenie terroryzmem
terroryzm
kryminologia
law
constitution
jurisprudence
criminal law
Opis:
Terrorism is one of the biggest problems in today’s world and one that, to a greater or lesser extent, continues to evolve. This evolution is true of many aspects, including terrorist tactics and strategy as well as types of terrorist threats. The global and destructive reach of terrorism is clearly reflected in different comparative studies. For example, data gathered by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) indicate that there were over 150,000 terrorist attacks around the world between 1970 and 2015. These attacks were carried out in over 100 countries, most of them, however, in Afghanistan, Iraq Nigeria, Pakistan, and Syria. In recent years, the force driving the escalation of terrorist activity was initially Al- -Qaeda, followed by the Islamic State. ISIS combines features commonly attributed to terrorist organizations, criminal groups, states, terrorist networks, and military formations. Contrary to the common view, the Islamic State is not a state as defined in international law and practice. Although it has territory, a population, and authorities, it does not have the capacity to pursue international relations and does not meet the criterion of external sovereignty. Only a state fulfilling all of these conditions can rightly be called a state. Thus, in the case of ISIS, we can only talk of certain elements of statehood and not of a state proper, as understood in international law and relations. In 2015, the number of terrorist attacks around the globe dropped by 13% (from 13,463 in 2014 to 11,774 in 2015). A particularly sharp drop occurred in Pakistan (45%), Iraq (28%), and Nigeria (11%), whereas other countries witnessed a surge in the number of attacks. This was the case of Turkey (escalation by 353%), Bangladesh (270%), Egypt (69%) and Syria. Syria presents a particularly complex and alarming picture, with the number of terrorist attacks up by 65%, the number of people killed up by 62%, the number of those injured up by 91%, and the number of those kidnapped and held hostage up by 67%. In 2015, the number of people who lost their lives as a result of terrorism dropped by 14% (from 32,727 in 2014 to 28,328 in 2015). There was a rise in the number of people injured (2%) and kidnapped and held hostage by terrorists (29%). The latter phenomenon is particularly alarming since it indicates renewed terrorist interest in this form of activity. The purpose of the article is to answer the following research questions: What is terrorism? How can it be defined? What are its primary causes and features? What characterizes contemporary terrorist threats? What is the scale of global terrorism today? What led to the emergence and subsequent rapid rise of the Islamic State? How can terrorism be prevented and combated effectively? The author uses his own definition of terrorism. He defines terrorism as a variously motivated and implemented form of political and/or social violence (or threatening such violence) breaching the binding legal order, perpetrated by individuals or groups through different means and methods, leading to physical, psychological, or material damage. This form of violence has a direct target or targets (for example individuals representing a given state) or an indirect target through which the perpetrator wants to achieve his final purpose. This definition draws attention to a couple of important and universal features of terrorism. Firstly, it demonstrates the diversity of its causes (motives), spanning a wide range of factors that drive and escalate the phenomenon. Secondly, it highlights the fact that terrorist acts violate the law, resulting in a broad range of consequences. Thirdly, it stresses that terrorism (as people often mistakenly assume) encompasses not just the actions of groups, but also those of individuals. Fourthly, it points to the multiplicity and diversity of means and methods employed by terrorists. Religious, political, or ethnic reasons are not the sole driving forces behind terrorism, which springs from a combination of many different factors, including cultural, historical, psychological and socio-economic determinants – the latter often underestimated or overlooked. There is frequently a direct or indirect link between terrorism and poverty or other serious socio-economic problems observed in a given territory. This is reflected, inter alia, in the data published in the Global Terrorism Index 2015. This report indicates that in recent years, countries that have seen the steepest increase in the number of deaths due to terrorist attacks are largely poor ones, including Iraq, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Syria, and Somalia. Of course this does not mean that poverty or big social inequalities always lead to terrorism. They can, however, stoke up different extremist attitudes, including ones with ties to terrorism. This state of affairs is known as “fueling terror.” The paper highlights selected aspects of contemporary terrorism. Other important issues include the problem of terrorist financing, the consequences of terrorism, identifying real and potential perpetrators, the evolution of terrorist strategy and tactics as employed by “lone wolves,” suicide bombers, and women and children used to carry out attacks, links between migration and terrorism, etc. A comprehensive discussion of these topics requires a separate and much broader study. Such a study should be prepared by an interdisciplinary team of specialists bringing together not just security, but also legal, psychology, sociology or economic experts. Such a team should include both theorists and practitioners with wide-ranging experience in analyzing, eliminating, and forecasting terrorist threats.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2016, XXXVIII; 29-59
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Jak definiujemy cyberprzestępstwo?
How do we define cybercrime?
Autorzy:
Zbrojewska, M.
Mosorov, V.
Biedron, S.
Panskyi, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/408762.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Lubelska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Lubelskiej
Tematy:
prawo karne
prawo w sieci
cyberprzestępstwo
law
cybercrime
criminal law
Opis:
W dzisiejszych czasach sieci komputerowe oraz oferowane przez nie usługi stały się najprężniej rozwijającą się dziedziną XXI wieku. Ich możliwości nie tylko pozwoliły na łatwiejszy kontakt użytkowników z całego świata, ale również wpłynęły na rozwój innych gałęzi nauki oraz technologii, ułatwiając codzienne życie. Wynalazek, który powstał do celów wojskowych w jednym z najbardziej mrocznych okresów ludzkiej cywilizacji , stał się największym odkryciem XX wieku łącząc miliony ludzi w jedną wielką społeczność. Obecnie każdy może skonstruować swoją własną sieć bądź dołączyć do największej z nich – Internetu za pośrednictwem lokalnego dostawcy internetowego. Niestety, Internet to nie tylko praktycznie nieograniczone źródło informacji, rozrywki, komunikacji oraz pracy. Obok swoich pozytywnych aspektów i udogodnień posiada też liczne zagrożenia, których nieświadomy użytkownik może stać się ofiarą. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu przybliżenie aspektów prawnokarnych i technicznych związanych z szeroko rozumianym zjawiskiem cyberprzestępczości.
Nowadays, computer networks and the services they offer have become the fastest growing area of the XXI century. Their opportunities not only allowed for easier contact with users all over the world, but also influenced the development of other branches of science and technology. The invention, which was created in the purpose of war with the darkest periods of human civilization, has become the greatest discovery of the twentieth century, connecting millions of people in one big community. Today, everyone can build their own network or join the largest of them - the Internet via a local Internet provider. Internet virtually became unlimited resource of information, entertainment, communication and work. Apartment next to their positive aspects and features it has also many threats and unaware user can become a victim of them. This study aims to bring criminal and technical aspects related to the wider phenomenon of cybercrime.
Źródło:
Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska; 2016, 2; 64-68
2083-0157
2391-6761
Pojawia się w:
Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zasada współdziałania przy umyślnym samonarażeniu się jako negatywna przesłanka obiektywnego przypisania skutku z perspektywy przestępstw przeciwko życiu i zdrowiu w polskim i niemieckim prawie karnym
The principle of complicity in intentional self-inflicted injury as a negative premise for the objective attribution of an effect from the perspective of crimes against life and health in polish and german criminal law
Autorzy:
Kiełbas, Dominika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2055709.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-04-20
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Humanitas
Tematy:
prawo
prawo karne
obiektywne przypisanie
law
criminal law
objective imputation
Opis:
Tematem niniejszego artykułu jest zasada współdziałania przy umyślnym samonarażeniu się jako negatywna przesłanka obiektywnego przypisania skutku z perspektywy przestępstw przeciwko życiu i zdrowiu w polskim i niemieckim prawie karnym. W pierwszej kolejności omówiona została zwięźle problematyka negatywnych przesłanek obiektywnego przypisania skutku, co stanowi niezwykle interesujące zagadnienie, zarówno z perspektywy dogmatyki, jak i praktyki prawa karnego. Następnie artykuł przybliża kryterium zasady autonomii ofiary przy pomocy zaczerpniętych z doktryny i judykatury niemieckiej przykładów z obszaru przestępstw przeciwko życiu i zdrowiu oraz analizuje je z perspektywy polskiego kodeksu karnego. Całość pozwala zaznajomić się z omówioną przesłanką i zrozumieć zarówno jej teoretyczną istotę, jak i poznać nieco obrazową egzemplifikację.
The subject of the present article is the principle of complicity in intentional self-inflicted injury as a negative premise for objective attribution of an effect from the perspective of crimes against life and health in Polish and German criminal law. First, the problem of negative prerequisites for objective attribution of an effect is briefly discussed, which is an extremely interesting issue both from the perspective of dogmatics and the practice of criminal law. Then the article brings closer the criterion of the principle of victim autonomy by means of examples taken from the German doctrine and jurisprudence in the area of crimes against life and health and analyses them from the perspective of the Polish Penal Code. The whole allows to get acquainted with the discussed premise and to understand both its theoretical essence and a somewhat illustrative exemplification.
Źródło:
Roczniki Administracji i Prawa; 2021, 4, XXI; 61-69
1644-9126
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Administracji i Prawa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Charakterystyka stanu i zmian rozmieszczenia wybranych przestępstw w Szczecinie z wykorzystaniem geostatystycznej analizy GIS
Analysis of the State and Change in Crime Distribution in Szczecin Using GIS Geostatic Methods
Autorzy:
Sypion-Dutkowska, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698610.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
prawo
konstytucja
praworządność
prawo karne
techniki GIS
law
constitution
jurisprudence
criminal law
GIS Techniques
Opis:
The aim of the article is to analyse the state and change in distribution of three types ofcrime (fights and beatings, domestic crimes, and automobile crime) in Szczecin duringthe years 2006-2010. It posits the following research questions: 1. Which type of crimes displayed a greater susceptibility to a spatial concentration? 2. Are there spaces with a higher intensity (density) of crimes and others free ofcrimes, and where are they? 3. Do spaces with a higher intensity (density) of crimes display spatial stability? The analysis makes use of geo-coded data points for crimes made available by Szczecin City Police Headquarters (crime, street, building number). It made useof geostatic methods with GIS programming, such as: Kernel density estimation;cartogram density maps (determining spaces with low and high crime densities); rangemethods (determining spaces with a lasting presence of the types of crimes found inhigh density spaces); chorochromatic methods (a map presenting only spaces witha persistent presence of the analysed types of crimes). Next, as a measure of the spatial concentration of crime, acknowledging changes in their reach and independent of theirnumber, the analysis found indicators of the concentrations for types of crime, whichenabled the author to provide answers to research questions and formulate conclusions. Maps showing low and high concentrations of fights and beatings revealedsignificant distribution and a certain spatial instability in built-up areas in Szczecin. They occured in the years 2006-2009 in around 20 spaces of varied size: one sprawlingaround the city centre, two or three medium-sized, and dozen or so small points. In theyears 2009-2010, spaces displaying fights and beatings had spread out onto the blockestates lying in the western part of the city, while they had practically vanished from thePrawobrzeże area and the north. In 2010, there were only around 15 spaces displayingthis crime in Szczecin.Maps showing low and high densities of domestic crime display focus and spatialstability in built-up areas in Szczecin. They appear in the years 2006-2009 in onlythree to six (not counting two or three that are completely insignificant) spaces ofvarious size. The largest appears in the city centre as well as neighbouring densely-builtresidential areas. They are all densely-built spaces next to streets from the end of the 19th century, or block estates mainly from the 1970s and 1980s. The second space displayingdomestic crimes encompasses the Majowe and Słoneczne block estates in Prawobrzeże, although its range is gradually decreasing. There is a striking lack of domestic crimesin significant numbers amongst the social problems in the post-industrial Skolwin and Stołczyn settlements. Located just south is Warszewo, where there is a quickly-growingexpansion of new residential developments, and it too is free from domestic crime. Maps showing low and high concentrations of vehicular crime display significantfocus and spatial stability in built-up areas in Szczecin. They appear in 2006 in seven, in 2007-2009 in three, and in 2010 in two (not counting one or two completely insignificant) spaces of various size. The largest, similarly to the case of domesticviolence spots, occur in the city centre and its neighbouring built-up areas. Theyare also all densely-built spaces next to streets from the end of the 19th century, orblock estates mainly from the 1970s and 1980s. The second space showing a lastingpresence of vehicular crime is the location of the Majowe and Słoneczne blocks in Prawobrzeże. Much like in the case of domestic crime, they do not appear amongst thesocial problems counted in the post-industrial estates of Skolwin and Stołczyn. Insteadthey appear slightly south of them in the quickly-growing new residential expansionin Warszewo. In 2006, the most strongly concentrated were fights and beatings, thenslightly less were vehicular crimes, and significantly less was domestic crime. In 2010,the most concentrated were fights and beatings, then domestic crime, and then leastwas vehicular crime. Areas of high density in all the studies of crime are concentrated in Szeczin’s citycentre and neighbouring residential areas and they take up approximately in squarekilometres the respective: one of fights and beatings, through two and a half of domesticcrimes, to around three and half in vehicular crime. The areas all overlap, and oneshared area where all appear spans around one square kilometre. This region also indicates a significant lasting presence. Other types of crime are equally concentrated. The remaining areas of Szczecin are free of a significant intensity of this type of crime. A cause of this state of affairs is most likely the focus and overlapping ofdeterminants of crime, both spatial (communal dwellings, alcohol vendors, commercialbuildings) and social (unemployment, poverty, lifelong helplessness, alcoholism, family dysfunction, lack of social controls, acceptance of criminal behaviour). An additional factor favourable to crime in the centre of every large city is the large flow of peopleand their anonymity. Szczecin’s city centre, however, indicates a significant persistencein the incidence of criminogenic factors. The quarters of Szczecin’s city centre developments located within the “criminalsquare kilometre” between Pope John Paul II Alley, Tkacka Street, Port Gate Square,Kaszubska Street, Mariana Langiewicz Street, Kazimierz Pułaski Street, Bolesław ŚmiałyStreet, July 5th Street, Grey Ranks Square and Wielkopolska Street demand particularoversight by police. Taking the long view, they ought to be revitalised in a mannermore complex than before, resulting in building local community ties, improving thematerial situation of the inhabitants as well as that of the buildings’ technical state,spatial order and visual attractiveness.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2015, XXXVII; 303-326
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Częściowe zawieszenie wykonania kary pozbawienia wolności. Uwagi i propozycje na tle analizy porównawczej stanu przestępczości i obecnej reformy prawa karnego w Polsce i we Francji
Partially Suspended Prison Sentences: Comments and Propositions Against a Background of Comparative Analysis of the State of Crime and the Current Reforms of Criminal Law in Poland and France
Autorzy:
Stępniak, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698608.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
prawo
konstytucja
praworządność
prawo karne
law
constitution
jurisprudence
criminal law
suspended prison sentences
crime
Opis:
This article is devoted to the institution of conditionally suspended sentences, andin particular with a proposal for change in this area. The author formulates thingsdifferently from the changes brought in by the act of 20 February 2015 about adjustingthe law, in the criminal code and other acts. After a discussion of these changes, theauthor presents their own concept for remodelling this institution. This is preceded byconclusions about its current state, structure and the dynamics of crime in Poland andFrance. The author bases their conclusions on an analysis of French solutions in thisregard.According to the author, by comparing the structure and dynamics of recorded crimes and convictions from 2001 to 2010 in France and Poland, they came to theconclusion that the French statistics show a comparatively higher rate of serious crime,particularly ones featuring aggressive or sexual violence. At the same time however,one can observe greater stability in the number of convictions, with economic andfinancial crimes being the only exception. But the larger threat of crime does not influence limitations on the conditions of suspended sentences in a meaningful wayin this country, something that was an important argument during the amendment ofPoland’s penal legislation. It is willingly used by courts, a modern punitive measure, butits construction differs from the Polish solutions in this field significantly. The author discusses this construction in the article. According to French logic, italso provides for the possibility of partially suspended sentences. This is unknown inthe Polish criminal code. It consists of allowing the adjudicating court to decide aboutthe sentence being only partially carried out. It also freely specifies the length of this period, so that it does not exceed the five year limit. This process results in the offenderonly having to undergo part of their prison sentence, while execution of the remainingpart remains conditionally suspended. Comparing this form of suspension, appearing in French legislation next to classicsuspension (i.e. full), with its Polish counterpart now regulated by the newly-editedarticle 69 of the criminal code, the author finds that the French version gives greaterrange and possibility for its use. And this is despite a significantly larger threat ofcrime than in Poland, particularly common crime. Even the process of its applicationis significantly more elastic, since it allows the division of the sentencing process intoa closed part carried out in prison, and an open part carried out in freedom. About whether the suspension should be total or just partial, the French judgedecides according to their own discretion, while the Polish one is tied to a series ofspecific prerequisites, both legal and material. In light of this, it proves Poland putssignificantly greater trust towards the initial legislator.After a theoretical analysis, in a later part of the article the author cites statisticsshowing the practice of partially-suspending sentences in reality. In the years 2005 to2011, a certain growing tendency in use appears in France (of 1.92%). This indicatesa growing significance for this penal measure in the judicature of criminal courts, which implies it works well in practice. In general, the type of suspension most prevalent iswith a given probation period, and therefore the most common of all applicable dutiesand controls (in 2008, there were 26,991 cases, i.e. 82.15% of the general number ofpartial-suspension rulings). Partial suspension in its simplest form is clearly less usedand only makes up 17.85% of the general number of applied partial suspensions (5,844cases in 2008). In contrast, the sum total of both forms of partial suspensions (i.e. thesimplest form and with a probation period) in general rose in use by 14.56% in 2010. Commenting on the above indicators, the author claims the rule of partialsuspension is given with a trial conviction. This results from the necessity ofpreserving a continuity of interactions, including further disciplining of the convictafter completing part of their “factory” punishment depriving them freedom (partieferme) and releasing them into an open environment (partie ouverte). For this purpose,the court lays specified duties upon the convict, and also gives control of them to thepenitentiary service. The educational value of this practice is indisputable. Due to this,it towers over the Polish practice. Partial suspension has become a modern instrumentof criminal policy. In the second part of the article, the author weighs up the possibility of introducingthis type of solution into Polish legislation. A comparison with the French institutionof suspended sentences with the Polish equivalent in the current version of article 69 ofthe criminal code inclines them towards not only the conclusion that it needs revision,but also formulation of ‘de lege ferenda’ postulates as part of this. In the discussion on these, the author indicates arguments for and against partialsuspension of sentences in Polish legislation. According to the author, it is a moremodern solution than the Polish one in its current form. Moreover, the introductionof partial suspension had a positive effect on French criminal policy, making themethods of serving sentences more flexible and dynamic. This is notably its mostimportant advantage over Polish legislation. Another further benefit of utilising partialsuspensions is limiting the placements of convicts placed into penal institutions sincethey are decidedly shorter than the “flow-through” of Polish prisons. Thus the author assesses that they are in favour of this, as well as the Europeanparadigm of penal moderation. Partial suspension of sentences allows an absolutepunishment to be adjusted in the most restrained way, making it humane. It becomespossible to divide it into partly closed (served in a prison) and open (carried out ina free environment). It completely changes not only the character of the punishment,but also its function. It eases problems, the social effects on the convict and their lovedones, yet strengthens the educational effect. This kind of process in administeringpunishment strikes the author as more dynamic than the current one, where servingthe whole of a punishment is a rule of Polish law. The empowerment of the convictedin this process has huge educational value.The author draws attention to the fact that partial suspension is an intermediarymeasure between depriving freedom and those punishments and measures involving liberation. There is a lack of this type of measure mixed into Polish criminal legislation.Their main advantage is that it enriches punitive instruments, allowing flexibilityby increasing the possibility of individualisation in selecting the type and size ofpunishment. Therefore there is a systemic argument for it.Yet another argument for it has a legal-material character. The Polish institutionof suspending sentences is structured too stiffly, which means that the court can onlydecide between suspending the entire sentence and having it served in full. They areextremes, which in modern rational criminal policy ought to be avoided. The nextargument has a criminological character. Neither the Polish nor French literature onthe subject has mentioned research into the effectiveness of imprisonment depending on whether it was carried out in full or in part. Therefore nobody has proven thata punishment served in full is any better. Finally, the existence of partial suspension could rationalise penitentiary policy. This is because it shortens the average period spent serving prison time, making the“flow-through” of convicts in prison more dynamic. This makes it a valuable systeminstrument for opposing their overpopulation. Partial suspension is above all cheaperthan serving a punishment completely in full. The author then discusses several counterarguments about the possibility ofpartially-suspended sentences in Polish legislation. Firstly, we are neither mentally nor doctrinally prepared to abandon the stiff static administration of punishments for a more dynamic process in their application throughthe logical implementation of carrying them out in parts. Another serious barrier is an organisational problem. Introducing partialsuspensions would demand greater dynamism in the work of courts and probation officers, as well as the prison system as a whole. Under Polish conditions, this is notrealistic, since observation of the practice leads to the conclusion that carrying outpunishments in full is easiest, and we prefer that in practice. The convict is placed intoa cell once, without further procedures or changes. Partial suspension would mean theactivities of courts, prison and probation personnel would multiply greatly, and nobodywants this. Consequently, it would increase the resistance of these services, which isa serious barrier to prudent changes.In conclusion, the author invites discussion on the proposed solutions aboutpartially-suspended sentences.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2015, XXXVII; 327-346
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O dopuszczalności prowadzenia czynności operacyjno-rozpoznawczych w jednostkach penitencjarnych
The Acceptability of Conducting Operational-Identification Activities in Penitentiary Units
Autorzy:
Herbowski, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698606.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
prawo
konstytucja
praworządność
prawo karne
law
constitution
jurisprudence
criminal law
penitentiary units
operational-identification activites
Opis:
For many years, a number of concerns in Poland have been raised about thepossibility of conducting operational-identification activities in police custody andpenal institutions by services responsible for public order. Sometimes even alarmingviewpoints have been formulated about the lack of such activities since the end of the1980s. Appearing in connection with this are postulates about renewed adoption ofthese activities in the Polish prison system. However, this testifies above all to a lack offamiliarity with the field of interest in services eligible for operational activities. Thisalso leads to introducing wider scientific analysis which cannot however restrict itselfto only easily accessible aspects of this topic.Besides the supporters of such activities, there are also determined opponents, andtheir counter accusations are very serious. Operational-identification activities carriedout in penitentiary institutions, in their opinion, adversely affect the achievement of thegoals of imprisonment, as well as the course of the criminal process, and even violate therights of the incarcerated. However, the authors of such statements do not support themwith factual arguments. It seems they result to some extent from negative experiencesendured during the communist era. But one cannot compare the circumstancesand conditions under which activities were carried out in penitentiaries before andafter 1989. So there is no question of returning to practices from the communist era.The sources of this attitude should also be sought, amongst others, in the mistakenperception of operational activities carried out by officers of the prison services. It isnot currently possible, as this would result in a lack of confidence of the condemned inpsychologists and educators, and would consequently thwart their rehabilitation efforts. There currently does not exist any legal basis in the executory penal code allowingthe exclusion of imprisoned individuals from the circle of interest of law enforcementagencies which may exhibit an eagerness to use them in the character of sources of personal information. Nor is there a completely voluntary, above all secret, methodof co-operation for those temporarily arrested and imprisoned with national services,that would rely predominantly on conveying information that interests them, thusdiscerning a contradiction in the rules of the performance of a punishment. The reported postulates for introducing limits in the course of completingoperational-identification activities in penitentiary units have a very generalcharacter and indicate only theoretical acquaintance with the issue. It also seemsthey groundlessly assume ill will and non-observance of the rules of law and orderin the activities for their implementation by police and special services. Operationalactivities are sometimes ethically questionable, but also necessary to fight crime effectively, especially the organised variety. Nor can one forget that the activities of lawenforcement agencies seeking to uncover culprits demand making use of others, whoare often less loyal than in the proceedings of criminal methods. Poland’s constitutionallows for the limiting of the use of rights and civic freedoms when it is essential in thedemocratic state for its safety or to maintain public order, be it for the protection of theenvironment, health and public morality, or for the freedom and rights of other people. Operational-identification activities carried out in penitentiary units satisfactorily passso-called tests of legality, appropriateness and necessity as well as fulfilling a statutoryrequirement for a legal basis for authorising interference in the rights and freedoms ofcitizens.It should be explicitly stated that currently there is a lack of any limits linked tothe location of carrying out operational-identification activities. In connection withthis, all authorised services can also carry them out in penitentiary units, both prisonsand detention centres, without the prison services mediating. This mainly results fromduties put into place by legislators for police and special services that protect the formsand methods used in the course of operational-identification activities. Even if thisduty did not exist, operating officers would certainly not be willing to work with prisonservice officers, fearing the unmasking of their undertaken actions. Among the operational methods used by services authorised to carry them out,the greatest collection of knowledge about criminal groups, including their activitiesand plans, can be gained thanks to co-operation with personal sources of information.It is precisely this method that serves in most cases when acquiring information inpenitentiary units. In practice, however, working with informants sitting in detentioncentres and penal institutions has a subsidiary character, since information is onlyacquired when doing it any other way would be very difficult or even impossible. This iscaused above all by essential problems connected to the appropriate selection, drawingup and carrying out of recruitment or the handling of sources. Therefore, operationalwork in penitentiary units does not have the nature of permanent surveillance.The essential benefits associated with obtaining information from incarceratedpeople have also been demonstrated for many years in countries with establisheddemocracies, such as the US and Canada. This is something which has unfortunatelyescaped the attention of Polish critics of such activities.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2015, XXXVII; 347-368
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Indywidualna ocena szczególnych potrzeb ofiary : europejskie standardy a regulacje polskie
An Individual Evaluation of the Specific Needs of Victims: European Standards and Polish Regulations
Autorzy:
Mazowiecka, Lidia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698614.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
prawo konstytucyjne
prawo karne
praworządność
victim of crime
European standards
law
constitution
jurisprudence
criminal law
Opis:
This article is devoted to discussing a new EU law institution which is about theindividual assessment of the specific needs of victims within the framework ofprotection. The issue is important since the institution for individual assessmentshould be implemented in the Polish system of law, but it also happens to invokemany controversies and misunderstandings. Most accurately it became accepted inthe Directive of the European Parliament and Council 2012/29/EU on 25 October2012, establishing minimum standards for the rights, support and protection ofvictims of crimes, thus replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA. Therehad previously been talk about it in two other directives, namely Directive of theEuropean Parliament and Council 2011/36/EU from 5 April 2011 which was aboutpreventing human trafficking and combating it as well as protecting victims, whichreplaced Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA, and Directive of the EuropeanParliament and Council 2011/93/EU from 13 December 2011 on combating sexualabuse, the sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, which replacedCouncil Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA. An instrument closer to individualevaluation was also introduced by the European Council Convention for preventingand combating violence against women and domestic violence on 11 May 2011. Analysis of the regulations contained in these documents proved that victims ofcrimes have to be subjected to individual assessment every single time, the basis ofwhich are their personal qualities, type and character of the crime, as well as theirlocation. A particular weight is attached to ensuring the protection of the personalqualities of the victim. Individual assessment, on the one hand, should get confirmationif the given victim has specific needs, and if so, what kind of protection in criminalproceedings and support they need. On the other hand, it describes concrete means ofprotection and support as foreseen in the articles of the above-mentioned documents.So it is therefore best to adapt these means to specific needs.The discussed international documents prescribe always recognising a child asa person of specific needs, defining them as any person under 18 years of age. It alsoindicates that a person whose age cannot be confirmed, but for whom there are reasonsto believe they are a child, should be considered a child. For children that are victims ofcrimes, they also anticipate a wider catalogue of measures than for adult victims withspecific needs. An analysis of Polish law regulations has been made against a background ofsolutions accepted in international law acts. The analysis included in its particularscovers issues such as the problem of informing the victim about their entitlement torights, professional preparation of people who have contact with them on a professionalbasis, confirmation of special protection measures for the victims in criminal proceedings, appointment of procedural curators for harmed minors to preventconflicts of their interests with those of people who have parental custody or care overthem. Also referenced were solutions introduced by the act from 28 November 2014 about protection and aid for victims and witnesses, as well as the “Blue Card” procedurecarried out during interventions in situ undertaken in relation to family violence. Also discussed were the questionnaires prepared by the Ministry of Justice tocarry out the evaluations of specific needs of victims – this is part of the scope of thespecialist help they are meant to provide non-governmental organisations supportingvictims as well as within the scope of sharing special means for protection during criminal proceedings. It turned out that a significant majority of Polish legal normsand practices do not conform to international standards in the discussed field. With fullcertainty, institutions of individual assessment have not yet been implemented in Polish legislation, while the achieved undertakings appear insufficient. One can even say thatthey have only been pretending to aim to implement them. A specific objection is thefailure to achieve any activities aimed at ensuring a uniform standard of protectionfor all children. So children are held using current regulations under which the levelof their protection is dependent on their age and the type of criminal victimisationexperienced. Nor was there a separate category of victim with special needs in terms of protection. So special protection methods are still only given to victims of crimesof a sexual nature, as classified in articles 197 to 199 of the Criminal Code. In place ofthis, regulations ought to be introduced enabling specific methods of interrogating allvictims with special protection needs. Nor does it take into account the will of victimsabout the use of certain measures that they agree with subjectively
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2015, XXXVII; 253-278
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cumulative legal classification and the statute of limitations
Kumulatywna kwalifikacja prawna a przedawnienie karalności w prawie karnym
Autorzy:
Lachowski, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1360739.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-06-30
Wydawca:
Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
prawo
prawo karne
kumulatywna kwalifikacja prawna
przedawnienie karalności
law
criminal law
cumulative legal classification
barring punishment by the statute of limitations
Opis:
The issue of the relation between the cumulative legal classification and barring punishment by the statute of limitations in criminal law is seldom a subject of broader considerations in literature. It concerns a situation in which provisions laying down different sanctions concur, and for one of the offences specified in them the limitation period has lapsed. This raises a question whether the provision specifying that act should be referred to in the grounds for sentencing or whether it should be eliminated. Two extreme opinions on the issue were developed in the practice of law enforcement, which inspired the First President of the Supreme Court to file a motion to the Supreme Court to adopt a resolution that shall make case law uniform. The Supreme Court adopted a resolution concerning the case I KZP 7/18 on 20 September 2018. The article aims to solve the problem in a different way from the one the Supreme Court proposed in its resolution.
Zagadnienie relacji pomiędzy kumulatywną kwalifikacją prawną a przedawnieniem karalności w prawie karnym jest rzadko przedmiotem szerszych rozważań w literaturze. Chodzi o sytuację, w której zbiegają się ze sobą przepisy operujące różnymi sankcjami, a w stosunku do przestępstwa opisanego w jednym z nich upłynął już termin przedawnienia karalności. Rodzi się pytanie, czy przepis typizujący ten czyn należy powoływać w podstawie skazania, czy też trzeba go pominąć. W praktyce wymiaru sprawiedliwości wykształciły się dwa skrajne stanowiska w tym zakresie, co skłoniło Pierwszego Prezesa Sądu Najwyższego do złożenia wniosku do SN o podjęcie uchwały w tym przedmiocie, która ujednolici orzecznictwo. Uchwała zapadła przed SN w dniu 20 września 2018 r. w sprawie I KZP 7/18. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest próba rozwiązania zasygnalizowanego problemu w sposób odmienny od tego, który zaproponował SN w swojej uchwale.
Źródło:
Ius Novum; 2019, 13, 2; 106-123
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:
Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przedawnienie roszczeń w sprawach o ochronę dobrego imienia
Limitations of claims in the case of reputation protection
Autorzy:
Górski, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/484342.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii
Tematy:
law
civil law
criminal law
personal rights
limitation of crime
statute of limitation
defamation
insult
prawo
prawo cywilne
prawo karne
dobra osobiste
przedawnienie
zniesławienie
zniewaga
Opis:
Running of a period in protection of reputation is crucial both for potential perpetrators and injured parties. Journalists often ponder on how long they are liable for articles written in the past and injured parties ask themselves how much time they have for a lawsuit or a private prosecution. This paper discusses certain issues concerning limitation of claims related to protection of reputation from the perspective of civil law and criminal law both substantive and procedural.
Kwestia upływu czasu w sprawach o ochronę dobrego imienia jest niezwykle istotna zarówno dla potencjalnych sprawców, jak i poszkodowanych. Dziennikarze zastanawiają się, jak długo mogą odpowiadać za napisany w przeszłości artykuł, natomiast osoby poszkodowane zadają sobie pytanie, ile mają czasu na wytoczenie powództwa, czy też złożenie prywatnego aktu oskarżenia. Prezentowany artykuł omawia wybrane problemy dotyczące przedawnienia roszczeń związanych z ochroną dobrego imienia w ujęciu prawa cywilnego i karnego, tak materialnego, jak i procesowego.
Źródło:
Studia Medioznawcze; 2014, 4 (59); 29-40
2451-1617
Pojawia się w:
Studia Medioznawcze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Timeless Quest for Truth in a World of Doubt: Re-Examining Modes of Proof in the Medieval Era
Autorzy:
Amon, Isaac
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1831435.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
law
criminal procedure
compurgation
ordeal
truth
Opis:
This article presents a brief overview of historical methods of legal proof prior to and soon after the Norman Conquest of England in October 1066. Through an examination of the rituals of compurgation and the ordeal, which were techniques designed to discover truth prior to the establishment of the inquisition in medieval Europe and the common law jury trial in England, the human quest for intellectual conviction has been indelibly with us since the days of antiquity. And, whichever method to ascertain truth is ultimately utilized – compurgation or ordeal, inquisition or cross-examination, trial by judge or by jury – the law’s enduring search for certainty amidst a world of doubt owes much to the history and times of William the Conqueror.
Źródło:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2020, 11; 141-158
2450-0976
Pojawia się w:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On instability and other deficiencies of law in general and exemplified by Polish criminal procedure law
O NIESTABILNOŚCI I INNYCH WADACH PRAWA OGÓLNIE ORAZ NA PRZYKŁADZIE POLSKIEGO PRAWA KARNEGO PROCESOWEGO
Autorzy:
Rogacka-Rzewnicka, Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1391006.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-30
Wydawca:
Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
prawo
legislacja
niestabilność prawa
deprecjacja prawa
proces karny
law
legislation
instability of law
law depreciation
criminal proceedings (trial)
Opis:
The article discusses the issue of cardinal deficiencies of legislation from a broad historical perspective. It is an attempt to demonstrate that the sphere of enacting law is burdened with many risks and, regardless of the epoch, there are threats the number of which has been continually increasing in history. The considerations lack optimism, which is already suggested by the title, but also the presented reality. The current level of imperfection of law exceeds the level of historical examples and results in dangerous consequences such as social depreciation of law. The criminal procedure law is used in the article to serve as an example of disadvantageous phenomena in the sphere of legislation.
Niniejsze opracowanie podejmuje problematykę kardynalnych wad legislacji w szerokiej perspektywie historycznej. Jest ono próbą wykazania, że sfera stanowienia prawa jest obarczona wieloma ryzykami i bez względu na epokę występują zagrożenia, których liczba nieustannie w historii narasta. W tych rozważaniach brak jest miejsca na optymizm, co sugeruje już sam tytuł, ale przede wszystkim opisywana rzeczywistość. Obecny poziom niedoskonałości prawa przewyższa skalą historyczne przykłady, prowadząc do groźnego skutku, w postaci społecznej deprecjacji prawa. Za egzemplifikację niekorzystnych zjawisk w sferze legislacji posłużył przykład prawa karnego procesowego.
Źródło:
Ius Novum; 2017, 11, 2; 97-111
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:
Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Socio-Juridical Characteristics of Terrorism in the Laws of Azerbaijan
Społeczno-prawne cechy terroryzmu w prawie azerbejdżańskim
Autorzy:
Kazimli, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/98556.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego
Tematy:
terrorism
terror
anti-terrorism
criminal activity
law
terroryzm
antyterroryzm
działalność przestępcza
prawo
Opis:
The autor in this paper presents the phenomena of the present terrorism, determine it’s forms and pictures it’s scale. He also refers to issues such as principal causes generating terrorism and lawful aspect of combating terrorism in Azerbaijan, including normative regulation of the anti-terrorist activity and the criminal lawful content of the cerrorism and criminal responsibility for the terrorism.
Autor w niniejszym artykule przedstawia zjawiska współczesnego terroryzmu, określa jego formy i obrazuje jego skalę. Odnosi się on również do takich kwestii, jak główne przyczyny terroryzmu i zgodne z prawem aspekty zwalczania terroryzmu w Azerbejdżanie, w tym normatywne uregulowanie działalności antyterrorystycznej oraz kryminalno-prawne treści terroryzmu i odpowiedzialność karna za terroryzm.
Źródło:
Przegląd Nauk o Obronności; 2017, 2, 4; 81-90
2450-6869
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Nauk o Obronności
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problemy prawne i dylematy etyczne w badaniach autoetnograficznych w pedagogice resocjalizacyjnej
Legal Problems and Ethical Dilemmas in Autoethnographic Research in Resocialization Pedagogy
Autorzy:
Ciechowska, Magdalena
Kusztal, Justyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/15836823.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
authoetnography
social rehabilitation
law
ethical problems
criminal code
researcher’s code of ethics
Opis:
The aim of this article is to present and analyze the legal problems and ethical dilemmas of researchers studying difficult ways of life. There are a lot of questions about the ethical, acceptable and legal ways of research and in relation to the participants of the research. The practical aim of this article is to answerthe question what we should do when we face different ethical dilemmas in our studies. A special difficult situation occurs to the researcher – pedagogue of social rehabilitation, because by conducting research on the phenomena of social exclusion or social pathology they describe and analyze situations related to crime, para-criminal behaviors, addictions, and provide profound diagnosis of disorders or therapy. During scientific research, the scholar penetrates the difficult situations, faces ethical dilemmas and encounters legal problems. Legal awareness and ethical responsibility are the guarantees of the pedagogue’s safety but above all the safety of the respondents. Although the article is not a complete and comprehensive study, it responds to the needs of researchers who themselves have to answer many questions about legal issues and solve many ethical dilemmas in the process of collecting and developing data.
Źródło:
Studia Edukacyjne; 2021, 61; 159-180
1233-6688
Pojawia się w:
Studia Edukacyjne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
PRAWO DO PRYWATNOŚCI JEDNOSTKI A PROCES KARNY
RIGHT TO TO AN INDIVIDUAL’S PRIVACY AND A CRIMINAL TRIAL
Autorzy:
SIOSTRZONEK-SERGIEL, ADRIANNA
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/550673.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu i Przedsiębiorczości w Ostrowcu Świętokrzyskim
Tematy:
prywatność
proces karny
prawo
ochrona prawa
privacy
criminal trial
law
protection of the rights
Opis:
Poniższy artykuł dotyczy problemu pogwałcenia prawa do prywatności, które może pojawić się w procesach karnych. Podkreślono, iż istnieje sprzeczność interesów – publicznego i prywatnego. Ten pierwszy przejawia się w utrzymaniu porządku publicznego, zapobieganiu przestępczości i karaniu przestępców, przy jednoczesnym zapewnieniu informacji publicznej dotyczącej postępów i wyników toczących się procesów karnych. Drugi rodzaj prawa – prawo prywatne, wyrażone jest w prawie do ochrony życia prywatnego i rodzinnego, honoru i dobrego imienia, a także w prawie do podejmowania decyzji dotyczących życia prywatnego. Konfrontacja tych dwóch interesów często prowadzi do zrzeczenia się jednego z nich, ponieważ w każdym kraju ustawodawstwo właściwie równoważące prywatny interes przed interesem publicznym musi zdecydować, czy i w jakim zakresie zapobiegać zakłócaniu prywatność osób. Rozważania należy zacząć od zdefiniowania „prawa do prywatności”. Problemem badawczym podjętym w niniejszym badaniu była próba określenia „prawa do prywatności” wraz ze wskazaniem obszarów ryzyka. W tym celu autor odniósł się do prawa międzynarodowego. Różnorodność tego prawa nie nakłada konieczności omówienia prawa do prywatności oddzielnie dla każdego międzynarodowego systemu prawodawczego. W związku z tym, prawo do prywatności w systemie prawnym Narodów Zjednoczonych, Rady Europy, czy Unii Europejskiej zostało oddzielnie komentowane. W ten sposób lista elementów prawa do prywatności powinna być "skonfrontowana" z przepisami regulującymi postępowanie karne w celu uzyskania odpowiedź na pytanie, w jaki sposób poszczególne elementy prawa do prywatności mogą być naruszone w postępowaniu karnym i tym samym, który z tych obszarów wymaga szczególnych środków ochrony. Należy podkreślić, iż sposoby ochrony przeciwko pogwałceniu prawa do prywatności powinny wynikać z przepisów prawa oraz powinny być jasne i jednoznaczne. Jednostki, których prawo do prywatności zostało pogwałcone powinny wykorzystać wszelkie środki prawne w celu obrony przed tym pogwałceniem.
The present article addresses the issue of infringement of the right to privacy that can occur in criminal proceedings. It is noted that there is a clash between two interests, public and private interest. This former manifests itself in the maintenance of public order, crime prevention and punishment of their perpetrators, whilst ensuring the public information on the progress and results of the ongoing criminal proceedings. The latter interest - private, is expressed in right to the protection of private and family life, honor and good name and the right to make decisions about one’s personal life. The confrontation of these two interests often leads to relinquishing one of them because in each country the legislature properly balancing the private interest against the public interest has to decide whether and to what extent prevent interference in the privacy of individuals. Thus, the direction and scope of concessions are problematic concessions. The starting point for the considerations in this regard must be defining the content of the "right to privacy". The research problem which was approached in the present study was an attempt to fulfill the concept of "right to privacy" with individual designations indicating risk areas. To obtain a collection of such designates which are universal of nature, the author referred to achievements of the international law. Heterogeneity of this law has imposed the need to discuss the right to privacy separately for each of the legislative centers of the international system. Therefore, the right to privacy in the legal system of the United Nations, the Council of Europe the European Union was separately discussed. In this way a list of elements of the right to privacy should be "confronted" with the rules governing criminal proceedings in order to subsequently obtain the answer to the question of how the individual elements of the right to privacy may be violated in the criminal proceedings and thus, which of these areas require special protection measures. It should be emphasized that measures to protect against violations of the right to privacy should result from the act and should be clear and unambiguous. The more the law provides for such measures, the more real the enforcement of rights and interests becomes. An entity whose personal rights were violated should use the maximum possible legal means of defense against such violation.
Źródło:
Acta Scientifica Academiae Ostroviensis. Sectio A, Nauki Humanistyczne, Społeczne i Techniczne; 2014, Nr 4(2); 7-29
2300-1739
Pojawia się w:
Acta Scientifica Academiae Ostroviensis. Sectio A, Nauki Humanistyczne, Społeczne i Techniczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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