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    Tytuł:
    Zagadka z kluczem. Dziwny przedmiot z XIX-wiecznych amatorskich wykopalisk w Kwiatkowie, pow. turecki
    A puzzle with key. An artefact from the nineteenth-century amateur excavations conducted in Kwiatków, Turek district
    Autorzy:
    Piotrowska, Magdalena
    Czarnecka, Katarzyna
    Smółka-Antkowiak, Emilia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28328276.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    kultura przeworska
    okres rzymski
    zamek kasetki
    Roman Period
    Przeworsk culture
    lock of wooden casket
    Opis:
    Zabytek będący przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu to zagadkowy przedmiot – skomplikowane okucie nie mające analogii w materiałach kultury przeworskiej. Brak ścisłych analogii powoduje, że określenie jego funkcji nie jest oczywiste, ale wydaje się, że mógł to być element mechanizmu zamykającego drewniana skrzynkę. Znalezisko pochodzi z amatorskich badań prowadzonych w Kwiatkowie, pow. Turek, przez Seweryna Tymienieckiego pod koniec XIX wieku. Jest to znalezisko luźne z powierzchni cmentarzyska. Na archiwalnych rycinach zabytek przedstawiony jest jeszcze w całości – obie jego części połączone są nitami. Obecnie jego stan zachowania jest znacznie gorszy. Wymiary prostokątnych elementów domniemanego okucia zamka to 5,5 x 4,5 cm. Jedna z płytek posiada centralnie umieszczony, czworokątny otwór o wymiarach 1,5 x 1 cm, Przy krótszej krawędzi drugiej płytki znajdują się dwa otworki o średnicy około 0,3 cm (rozstaw – 0,4 cm). Według zachowanych ilustracji archiwalnych na tej blaszce była przymocowana, zapewne za pomocą zgrzewania albo lutowania, „kieszonka” wykonana z zagiętej dwukrotnie pod kątem prostym blachy żelaznej. Na jednym końcu jest otwarta, a spłaszczona i zamknięta przy drugim. Byłby to zamek zaciskowy. Rygiel z podwójnym wąsem wprowadzony był pionowo przez otwór w wieku do rynienki, wąsami do ścianki. Krawędź blaszki nad otworkami jest zagięta na około 2 mm. Lekko odchylone wąsy blokowały się na tym zagięciu uniemożliwiając przesunięcie wieka. Klucz musiał być wygięty w taki sposób, żeby po wprowadzeniu przez kwadratowy otwór w okuciu zewnętrznym, mógł dosięgnąć zębami otworków w wewnętrznym okuciu i poprzez nie docisnąć wąsy do trzpienia. To powodowało zwolnienie blokady umożliwiając wyciągnięcie rygla i otworzenie skrzynki. Zamek skrzynki z Kwiatkowa mógł być swoistą hybrydą – odmianą zamka typu Kietrz z pewnymi elementami charakterystycznymi dla zamka typu Wetzendorf. Skuteczność zaproponowanego sposobu działania omawianego mechanizmu została potwierdzona w wykonanej przez W. Rutkowskiego rekonstrukcji skrzynki z takim zamkiem. Materiały z Kwiatkowa to znaleziska luźne, zbierane dość przypadkowo i nie ma wśród nich ani rygla ani klucza, które mogłyby być elementami omawianego zamka. Klucze o kształcie odpowiadającym hipotetycznej rekonstrukcji zostały znalezione na cmentarzyskach w Gronówku, pow. leszczyński oraz w Wiktorowie, pow. zgierski. Brak kontekstu odkrycia zabytku oraz analogii utrudnia wyciągnięcie wniosków na temat jego datowania. Określenie chronologii możliwe jest w ramach całości materiału zabytkowego pozyskanego z cmentarzyska w Kwiatkowie, którego chronologia przypada głównie na fazy B1, B2 i C1 okresu rzymskiego.
    The artefact which is the subject of this article is an enigmatic object – a piece of sophisticated fitting that has no analogies in the materials of the Przeworsk culture. Due to the lack of exact analogies, a clear determination of its function seems not easy, but it is possible that the artefact represents an element of the metal lock for a wooden casket. The find comes from an amateur research conducted by Seweryn Tymieniecki at Kwiatków, Turek County, at the end of the 19th century. It is a stray find collected from the area of the cemetery. The archival illustrations show the artefact in its entirety – its both parts are connected with rivets (Fig. 2, 3). Unfortunately, its state of preservation has dramatically deteriorated over time (Fig. 4).</br> <br>The dimensions of the rectangular elements of the alleged lock mounting are 5.5×4.5 cm. One of the plates has a centrally located, square hole measuring 1.5×1 cm. At the shorter edge of the other plate, there are two holes with a diameter of about 0.3 cm (spacing – 0.7 cm). According to the preserved archival illustrations, the plate was fitted (probably by welding or soldering) with a small “pocket” (slide) made of iron sheet bent twice at right angles. It is open at one end, flattened and closed at the other. It resembles lock with barbed bolt. The double barb bolt was inserted vertically through the opening in the lid into a groove, with the barbs directed to the wall. The edge of the plate above the holes is folded over about 2 mm (Fig. 4). Slightly tilted barbs blocked on the fold, preventing the lid from being moved. The key had to be bent in such a way that, when inserted through the square hole in the outer fitting, it could reach the holes in the inner fitting with its teeth and through them it pressed the barbs against the bolt. This released the lock allowing the bolt to be pulled out and the box to be opened (Fig. 5). The lock for the Kwiatków casket could be a kind of hybrid – a variant of the Kietrz lock with some elements characteristic of the Wetzendorf lock (Fig. 7). The effectiveness of the proposed method of operation of the discussed mechanism was confirmed in the reconstruction of the box with such a lock. The materials from Kwiatków represent random, stray finds and they do not include a bolt or a key that could be an element of the analysed lock. However, keys of a shape corresponding to the hypothetical reconstruction of the lock were found in the cemeteries from Gronówko, Leszno County, and from Wiktorów, Zgierz County (Fig. 9). The lack of context for the discovery of the artefact as well as the lack of straight parallels make it difficult to draw conclusions concerning its dating. Its chronological determination is possible within the framework of the entire collection of artefacts obtained from the cemetery at Kwiatków, which is dated to phases B1–C2, however, most of the finds came from phase B2/C1 of the Roman Period.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2022, LXXIII, 73; 253-263
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    W środku paradnej tarczy. Ciekawy grób z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Czersku, pow. piaseczyński
    Inside a parade shield. An interesting grave from the Przeworsk culture cemetery in Czersk, distr. Piaseczno
    Autorzy:
    Czarnecka, Katarzyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584896.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    kultura przeworska
    okres rzymski
    uzbrojenie
    obrządek pogrzebowy
    Przeworsk culture
    Roman Period
    weaponry
    burial rite
    Opis:
    An urn grave 93 from cemetery of the Przeworsk culture was furnished with opulent set of arms: a sword, two spearheads and shield fittings, all ritually destroyed according to burial custom of the Przeworsk culture. A shield-boss, of type Jahn 7, has broken spike. Bronze rivets, coated with silver sheet are flattened. Inside the boss were stored small objects, a not rare phenomenon in the Przeworsk culture. A shield grip, of type Jahn 8, has rectangular bronze plates covered with thin layer of silver, with small silver studs, and decorative rosettes. Crests separating rivet plates from a handle are covered with silver sheet, and decorated with filigree plait. A big number of iron U-shaped edge mountings, elaborately destroyed, allows a cautious reconstruction of a shield-form – it should be rectangular/oval. An evidence, that shields of such shape were used in the Przeworsk culture, could be finds of miniature shields (e.g. Siemiechów, grave 46). Some analogies are also outside the Przeworsk culture, e.g. preserved in situ shield from grave 19 in Hunn, Norway. Grave 93 is dated to phase B2 of the Roman Period. All finds have no traces of fire, so they weren’t put on the pyre but were deposited directly in grave pit. A shield was disfigured. Edge mountings were irregularly dispersed in grave pit, some pieces were inside shield boss. They must be torn away from the shield planks. A shield boss was deposited more then 40 cm apart from the grip. The urn were placed in the middle.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 35-44
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Kurkach, pow. działdowski, stan. III
    Przeworsk Culture Cemetery at Kurki, Działdowo County, Site III
    Autorzy:
    Woźniak, Marcin
    Grabarek, Artur
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048923.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    kultura przeworska
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    północne Mazowsze
    cmentarzysko
    Przeworsk Culture
    Roman Period
    northern Mazovia
    cemetery
    Opis:
    In 2009 and 2011, artefacts from destroyed graves from the Roman Period (Fig. 3) were accidentally discovered in the village of Kurki, Działdowo County (Fig. 1, 2). Archaeological excavations at the site took place in 2009 and 2011. They covered an area of about 500 m2 (Fig. 4, 5). A total of 33 archaeological features were discovered, including five graves from the Roman Period. The graves discovered at Kurki can be attributed to the Przeworsk Culture. They are all cremation burials. Feature 1 (Fig. 6) is a pit cremation burial with remains of a funeral pyre and several vessels (whole or in fragments) lying close to an urn covered (?) with another vessel. Such graves are commonly encountered in the region. Features 23 (Fig. 10, 11), 30 (Fig. 12) and presumably 10a (Fig. 9) are pit graves, with bone material scattered in the pits together with remnants of a funeral pyre. In feature 2 (Fig. 7, 8), human remains were located at the bottom of the pit and covered with three vessels placed upside down. Such an arrangement is characteristic of the graves of the Przeworsk Culture from northern Mazovia. Adult individuals were buried in features 1 and 2, and an older child or adolescent (9–15 years) was interred in feature 23; the sex and age of the person from feature 30 could not be determined. In the case of one grave (10a), osteological material could not be classified. Burnt animal bones were also recorded in two graves (2, 23). Grave goods were fairly modest. Clay vessels (whole or in fragments), usually secondarily burnt, were found in all graves. They mostly represent forms typical of the early Roman, northern Mazovian pottery of the Przeworsk Culture. They find numerous analogies at neighbouring cemeteries, e.g. at Niedanowo, Nidzica County, and Gródki, Działdowo County. Among the less typical forms, a footed cup (Fig. 6:3), a bowl with a low shoulder (Fig. 6:5), and a ribbed bowl imitating Roman glass vessels (Fig. 10:3) are worth mentioning. Other artefacts were registered in two graves only: lumps of melted glass, most probably from a melted glass vessel (Fig. 6:7), were found in the cinerary urn from feature 1, and an iron handle of an organic container was discovered in feature 30 (Fig. 12:4). The examined graves come from phases B1b–B2. The cemetery at Kurki belongs to the local Nidzica-Działdowo settlement cluster of the Przeworsk Culture (Fig. 13). Several sites of this group, most often cemeteries, are known in the vicinity. Most of them are poorly explored archaeologically or studied on a small scale; some are purely accidental discoveries (Kurki – Fig. 14; Rutkowice – Fig. 15).
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 369-383
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Uwagi na temat rozplanowania przestrzennego cmentarzyska w Michałowicach. Możliwości interpretacji funkcji obiektów rowkowych
    Some remarks on the spatial arrangement of the Michałowice cemetery. Interpretation of the function of groove-type feature
    Autorzy:
    Zagórska-Telega, Joanna
    Pikulski, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584773.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    kultura przeworska
    okres wpływów rzymskich cmentarzysko
    obiekty rowkowe
    Przeworsk culture
    Roman Period
    cemetery
    groove-type features
    Opis:
    Spatial arrangement and development of cemeteries have long attracted the interest of archaeologists. One of the questions asked was whether the cemeteries developed in a planned manner and within a fixed space or, on the contrary, did they expand successively when necessary. The excavations conducted on the Przeworsk culture cemetery at Michałowice can perhaps provide new data for this discussion. The mentioned cemetery yielded 20 groove-type features characterised by a regular, rectangular shape. All these structures were oriented according to the four cardinal directions and arranged close to each other in rows along the north-south line. Along with groove-type features, an inhumation grave and cremation burials were discovered, both within the area encompassed by the arms of the grooves and outside it, and forming no detectable clusters. Based on the hitherto studies it can be assumed that groove-type features themselves were not graves, nor were they enclosures around the burials of high-ranking individuals. Their function was rather to delimit the area where the deceased belonging to one family or clan were buried, being a kind of “family quarters”. The burials proper might have been very shallow or even put on the surface, thus being prone to damage. At the same time, the arrangement of groove-type features in Michałowice around an empty central area seems planned rather than coincidental. It is also very likely that all these features were used simultaneously and over a longer period of time.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 69-79
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej z Grzebska na północnym Mazowszu
    Cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture at Grzebsk, Northern Mazovia
    Autorzy:
    Andrzejowski, Jacek
    Rakowski, Tomasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/551161.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Barbaricum
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    kultura przeworska
    cmentarzyska
    archeologia archiwalna
    Roman Period
    Przeworsk Culture
    cemeteries
    archival archaeology
    Opis:
    In June 1927, two artefacts – an iron shield boss and a fragment of a small clay bowl – were donated to the National Museum in Warsaw; both were found under unknown circumstances at Grzebsk, Mława County. The shield boss can now be found in the collection of the Polish Army Museum, where it was moved as a deposit of the National Museum before 1939, while the bowl appeared – quite unexpectedly – in the pottery storage of the Iron Age Department of the State Archaeological Museum (PMA) in Warsaw, where it was ‘discovered’ in 1988. It is not quite clear how it found its way to the PMA; what is known is that this must have happened no later than in 1980. According to notes on the catalogue cards of both artefacts, drawn up still in the National Museum, they were found in a grave “covered with a flat stone, with smaller stones around it”, together with “a clay idol, which crumbled after unearthing, an iron sword, and a couple of spurs”. The grave marks an otherwise unknown cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture. We do not have any details about its location other than it was (is?) probably situated on the grounds of the former estate in the village of Grzebsk. The catalogue cards and inventory book of the National Museum list the artefacts as donated by Damian Gniazdowski, however, a different name – Wacław Gniazdowski – can be found in the delivery book of the Museum. The latter is true, as we know that Damian took possession of the Grzebsk estate no earlier than in 1889 and no later than in 1892, then sold the manor farm in 1902 or 1903, and moved with his family to Łępice, Pułtusk County, where he died in January 1922. The grave would have been discovered between 1889/1892 and 1902/1903, thus Damian’s son Wacław, born in 1894, must have recounted the description of the grave that he heard from his father. The small bowl from Grzebsk (Fig. 1) is typical of Przeworsk Culture pottery from the Early Roman Period and corresponds to type VI/1 in the classic typology by Teresa Liana; its unpreserved base could have been convex or concave, possibly – although this would have been completely unique – flat. Similar bowls are common at cemeteries in northern and eastern Mazovia, for example, Niedanowo 2, Nidzica County, Modła 2, Mława County, or Kamieńczyk 2, Wyszków County. Their chronology at the three cemeteries falls within the horizon of phase B1 and the older stage of phase B2. The characteristic star-like ornament on the body connects the bowl from Grzebsk with a group of vessels considered – with reservations – as more or less distant imitations of ribbed Roman glass bowls. Our specimen can be regarded – after Morten Hegewisch – as a “creative plagiarism”. The shield boss (Fig. 2:a.b) belongs to conical forms corresponding to interregional types Bohnsack 8, Jahn 5, and Zieling I1a, typical of the end of the Late Pre-Roman Period and the beginning of the Roman Period. Its surface, especially on the flange, is heavily corroded. Nevertheless, there are visible remains of so-called fire patina, attesting that the object was at some point on a funeral pyre. Only one rivet with a slightly convex, circular head has been preserved, however, rivet holes indicate that the boss was originally attached to a shield with twelve regularly spaced rivets (Fig. 2:c). Such a large number of rivets indicates that the boss should be counted among the older conical forms of Late Pre-Roman shield bosses of the Przeworsk Culture corresponding to type Bochnak 15 and dated to phases A3 and A3/B1, i.e. the end of the 1st century BC and very beginning of the 1st century AD. This fits with dating of other north-Mazovian graves with shield bosses type Bochnak 15, e.g. from Lemany, Pułtusk County, Legionowo, Legionowo County, and possibly also from Niedanowo 1, Nidzica County and Łysa Góra at Gródki, Działdowo County. The small iron nail stuck in the head of the preserved rivet is an interesting element (Fig. 3). Similar to the rest of the artefact, it is covered with fire patina, which indicates its original, ancient provenance. It may indicate an unusual manner of repairing the shield, probably following damage it sustained in a fight. Such a solution, consisting of hammering in another rivet, or a nail as it may be, instead of replacing the damaged rivet, may indicated the ad hoc nature of the repair or lack of access to a specialised workshop. The location of the cemetery remains unknown. It was certainly situated within Damian Gniazdowski’s estate. It is probably what a primary school teacher from Grzebsk referred to in 1926 as a “pagan cemetery” on the grounds of the manor farm, already in the possession of the Rudowski family, where “pots with ashes” were being unearthed. It may be the site registered during field walking in 1998 within the limits of a large gravel pit in the northern part of the village of Grzebsk (Fig. 4, 5). Potsherds and damaged graves in the walls of the gravel pit were discovered there – the site was identified as a Przeworsk Culture cemetery from the “Roman Period”. During verification of the site in 2018, traces of graves in the gravel pit could no longer be observed, however, fragments of characteristic sepulchral pottery of the Przeworsk Culture from the Early Roman Period were found in the gravel pit itself and its immediate vicinity. More information about this site can only be obtained through archaeological excavations. However, we will probably never know whether the cemetery that yielded the artefacts described here and the cemetery discovered in 1998 are one and the same.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 211-218
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Relikty cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej z Błonia, pow. warszawski zachodni
    Relics of a Przeworsk Culture Cemetery in Błonie, Warsaw West County
    Autorzy:
    Woźniak, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/551149.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    kultura przeworska
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    cmentarzyska
    Mazowieckie Centrum Metalurgiczne
    Przeworsk Culture
    Roman Period
    cemeteries
    Mazovian Centre of Metallurgy
    Opis:
    In the middle of April 1969, an urn cremation grave from the Roman Period (Fig. 2) was discovered by accident in Błonie, now Warsaw West County (Fig. 1). Several days later, a rescue excavation was carried out in the area of the find, during which four trenches with a total surface area of 130 square metres were opened. Another burial from the Roman Period, two settlement features from the Neolithic and the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age, and three modern graves were registered within their limits (Fig. 3). In 1974, 1985, and 2015, fieldwalking surveys took place in the vicinity of the site. The material discovered at this time was interpreted as traces of a multicultural settlement and, in the Roman Period, also a place of iron production. These assumptions were confirmed by excavations that took place in recent years and were prompted by the intense residential development in the area of the site. However, no Przeworsk Culture graves were found during the excavations. The accidently discovered grave 1 is an urn cremation burial of an individual at the age of infans II/iuvenis. In addition to burnt bones, an iron axe (Fig. 4:1), fragments of a melted glass vessel (Fig. 5), and pieces of a burnt multilayer antler comb (Fig. 4:2) were found inside the urn. The clay vessel that served as a cinerary urn was made on a potter’s wheel (Fig. 4:3). Specimens of similar morphology are known from other Przeworsk Culture sites occupied in the Late Roman Period. The closest analogies, both territorially and stylistically, come from sites located not far from Błonie, on the Middle and Lower Bzura River. The iron axe corresponds to the Żarnowiec type. Objects of a similar shape are found in different parts of barbarian Europe, where they are dated within the range of the Late Roman Period. The slender specimen from Błonie, with a rectangular shaft-hole, finds its best parallels in the territory of the Przeworsk Culture in central Poland. It is not easy to date grave 1 based on local artefact forms. The destroyed glass vessel is the most problematic. The better preserved fragments suggest that it was a mould-blown cup decorated with vertical and fairly shallow grooves (Fig. 5). I am not aware of any such specimen found in the territory of Poland. The most similar vessels are found mainly at Roman cemeteries in the area of present-day Cologne, where they were also most likely made. They are usually dated to the 4th century AD. They are quite diverse – some differ from the specimen from Błonie by having narrower grooves; all have concave bottoms. Out of these specimens, the closest analogies are finds from the vicinity of Hambach, Lkr. Düren (Fig. 6:1), Cologne-Neußer Straße (Fig. 6:2), and Krefeld-Gellep, Lkr. Krefeld (Fig. 6:3), characterised by grooves of a similar size. Vessels with vertically ribbed bodies could have also been made in other regions, e.g. in the late Roman (phases C2–C3) glass workshop in Komarìv, Černìvcì Province, on the Dniester River. Unfortunately, we do not know of any glasses from that workshop that are decorated in the same manner as the preserved fragment from Błonie. In conclusion, grave 1 from Błonie should be dated to no earlier than phase C2, and most probably to phases C2–D. Grave 4 (Fig. 7) is a destroyed urn burial. Burnt bones of a child at the age of infans I, sherds of two smaller clay vessels, and a lump of melted glass were found inside the urn. Burnt bones, a fragment of a glass bead, and a spindle whorl (Fig. 7:1), all scattered by ploughing, were found within a 25 cm radius of the urn. The clay vessels found in grave 4 (Fig. 7:2–4) are forms typical of the Przeworsk Culture. They appear in phase B2 and are most often encountered in assemblages from the Late Roman Period. The assemblage from Błonie should most probably be dated to that later stage. The cemetery in Błonie together with neighbouring settlements formed a settlement complex (Fig. 1). A settlement, located several hundred metres to the east and registered at site AZP 57-63/1, was in use at the same time. The complex is a part of the Przeworsk Culture settlement cluster, where signs of intense iron production have been registered (The Mazovian Centre of Metallurgy). Only a small number of cemeteries is known from this region, which led to a theory that local iron production was isolated to the settlement base usually placed within the Przeworsk Culture settlement clusters situated several dozen kilometres to the west, on the Lower and Middle Bzura River. However, this hypothesis resulted from research focused on examination of the local metallurgy. Over a dozen cemeteries are known from the area of the metallurgical centre; they are usually poorly explored and unpublished. An analysis of the material from these sites is necessary to better understand the character of the local settlement of the Przeworsk Culture population. The cemetery in Błonie is also relevant to another research aspect, i.e. the nature of the late Roman settlement of the Przeworsk Culture in the area in question. In light of established findings, at the end of the Early Roman Period and the beginning of the Late Roman Period, the local settlement structures underwent a kind of regression, which is believed to be associated with a decline in large-scale iron production. The results of the latest archaeological research only partly support these findings. Some of the settlements were in fact abandoned at the beginning of the Late Roman Period. On the other hand, the well-examined sites founded near the end of the Early Roman Period do not demonstrate symptoms of a settlement crisis in phases C and D. What is different is the nature of these sites, as they do not show signs of the intense metallurgical activity known from the Early Roman Period.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 225-238
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Grodzisk Mazowiecki, stan. X – cmentarzysko kultury grobów kloszowych i kultury przeworskiej
    Grodzisk Mazowiecki, site X – a Cemetery of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk Cultures
    Autorzy:
    Kaczyński, Bartłomiej
    Woźniak, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048846.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    okres halsztacki
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    cmentarzysko
    kultura grobów kloszowych
    kultura przeworska
    Mazowsze
    Early Iron Age
    Hallstatt Period
    Roman Period
    cemetery
    Cloche Grave Culture
    Przeworsk Culture
    Masovia
    Opis:
    Site X, located in the centre of present-day Grodzisk Mazowiecki, was discovered at the beginning of 1959 during construction works carried out in the area of a former Jewish cemetery (Fig. 1, 2). As a result of accidental discoveries and one-day rescue excavations, a total of nine ancient graves (1–5, 7–10) were registered. Another one (6), located in a secondary deposit, was discovered about 50 m to the east in 1988 during earthworks at one of the factory buildings (Fig. 2). Artefacts from the cemetery are currently stored in three institutions, i.e. the Grodzisk Mazowiecki Cultural Centre, the Museum of Ancient Mazovian Metallurgy in Pruszków and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. Due to the accidental nature of the discoveries, their only documentation are notes from archaeological interventions and entries on the artefact inventory cards drawn in 1959 (Fig. 4). The lack of sketches and field descriptions does not make it possible to reconstruct the location of the graves and significantly hinders analysis of the funeral rite. The long-term storage of the unstudied material negatively affected its condition – some of the artefacts and documents were lost. This study covers those artefacts that could be identified and combined into grave assemblages. The phase of use of the cemetery in the Early Iron Age is represented by six features: two cloche graves (Fig. 7, 10), three cloche or urn graves (Fig. 5, 6, 8) and one urn grave (Fig. 9). In most cases, the graves contained only pottery. Among the remains of at least 22 vessels, 18 could be typologically identified per the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz30, including ten pots (A1), representing four types and/or variants: I var. b (Fig. 10:2), III var. c (Fig. 7:2), III (Fig. 19:5), V var. c (Fig. 5:1, 6:2, 9:1, 10:1), V (Fig. 6:1, 8:2) VI var. c (Fig. 19:6). Seven bowls (B1) were classified as types: I var. c (Fig. 7:3, 8:4, 9:2, 10:3, 19:4), I var. d (Fig. 8:1), V var. c (Fig. 7:1). There was also one mug (B2) of type I var. b (Fig. 19:3). The vessels represent forms commonly found at Cloche Grave Culture cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia. The vessels with quite rare stamped impressions with a marked centre, made with a straw (Fig. 20), stand out in terms of ornamentation. Decoration on the urn from grave 6, made with polygonal stamps with a marked centre (Fig. 10:2), is completely unique. It was presumably made with lignified stems of field plants. Non-ceramic artefacts: bronze lumps, bronze wire and a fragment of a corroded iron sheet (Fig. 7:4.5), originally probably small items of adornment or tools, were only recorded in three graves (3, 5, 6). Skeletal remains were only preserved in three graves. Anthropological analysis showed that the bones of an adult man were interred in grave 2, of a seven-year-old child and an adult in grave 3, and of an adult woman (?) in ‘grave’ 6. The cloche graves cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is located in the eastern part of the Łowicz-Błonie Plain – an area distinguished by intense settlement of the Pomeranian Cloche Grave circle45. Features of the pottery indicate that the cemetery functioned mainly in phase Ib after M. Andrzejowska53, i.e. approximately at the end of Ha D – the beginning of the so-called older Pre-Roman Period. Four graves are associated with the use of the cemetery in the Roman Period – most likely one pit (grave 7) and three urn burials, including one (grave 9) in which the cinerary urn was covered with another vessel (Fig. 13). The remains of a woman were deposited in grave 8; bones from other graves were not preserved or could not be identified. Grave-goods consisted of 24 non-ceramic objects, including: a bronze brooch (Fig. 13:3), probably a strongly profiled one of the Mazovian variety55; two iron buckles (Fig. 14:3.4.4a), including type D1 after R. Madyda-Legutko57; a bronze strap-end (Fig. 13:4), similar to type 1/6 of group I after R. Madyda-Legutko64; a rectangular bronze belt fitting (Fig. 19:1); remains of an iron razor (Fig. 15:6); three straight iron knives (Fig. 15:3–5); a one-piece antler comb, type Thomas AI68 (Fig. 12:1); (Fig. 12:2); a sandstone whetstone (Fig. 14:5); a double-edged iron sword (Fig. 18:1.1a) of the Canterbury-Kopki72 type or the Canterbury-Mainz variant of the Lauriacum-Hromówka73 type; two iron shield bosses and a bronze shield fitting (lost); four spearheads of types: L/2 (Fig. 18:6.6a), V/2 (Fig. 18:3), II/2 (Fig. 18:2) and XIII (Fig. 18:7) after P. Kaczanowski85–87; aa bow-shaped spur (Fig. 18:5) of type C1b after J. Ginalski95; a chair-shaped spur (Fig. 18:4.4a), similar to type IIc after E. Roman97; remains of a bronze bucket with iron handle of the Östland/Eggers 39–40107 type (Fig. 15:1.2, 16, 17). Of the six clay vessels, five can be typologically identified; they belong to types I/2 (Fig. 14:1), II/1 (Fig. 11:1, 14:2), III (Fig. 13:2) and V (Fig. 12:1) in the classification of T. Liana113. The richest burial at the cemetery, as well as in the area between the Bzura, the Rawka and the Vistula, is grave 10 (Fig. 14–18). It is distinguished by an imported bronze vessel and an exceptionally large number of elements of weaponry (two bosses, four spearheads), testifying to the above-average social position of the deceased. A. Niewęgłowski134 suggested that two warriors were buried in the grave; however, the thesis cannot be verified due to the inability to identify burned bones from this feature. Although isolated graves with larger than standard weaponry sets, including ones containing two shield bosses or several spearheads, are known from Przeworsk Culture cemeteries, they are not frequent. Östland-type vessels are among the Roman bronze vessels most frequently encountered in barbarian Europe. In western Mazovia, imported bronze vessels are relatively rare. The burials from the Przeworsk Culture cemetery are from the Early Roman Period. Grave 10 is dated to stage B2a, grave 9 to phases B2b–B2/C1, grave 8 to phases B2b–C1a, and grave 7 only broadly to phases B1–B2. The cemetery is located within a dense, west-Masovian cluster of Przeworsk Culture settlement, which also included an iron metallurgy centre142. The cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is one of the many Masovian necropoles used by the population of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk Cultures152. Even though the mutual chronological relations of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk assemblages exclude a hypothesis about continuous use of the cemetery by the population of both cultures, it should be remembered that the site has only been partially explored. Unfortunately, the area of the cemetery is currently heavily urbanised and partly overlaps with a former Jewish cemetery, where excavations are forbidden (Fig. 3). This prevents any archaeological research, and thus possible determination of the original range of the cemetery and examination of its structure.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 289-318
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Czy rzeczywiście szata nie zdobi człowieka? Przejawy mody celtyckiej w elementach stroju kobiecego na ziemiach polskich w I w. p.n.e.
    Clothes do not make the man? Celtic influences in women’s fashion in the 1st. century BC in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Stopczyk, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/460053.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Fundacja Pro Scientia Publica
    Tematy:
    archeologia
    kultura lateńska
    ozdoby
    elementy stroju
    kultura przeworska
    kultura oksywska
    archeology
    La Tène culture
    decorations, women’s dress accessories and jewelry
    Przeworsk culture
    Oksywie culture
    Late Pre-Roman Period
    Opis:
    Celem niniejszej pracy jest omówienie wybranych zabytków archeologicznych stanowiących ozdoby i elementy stroju kobiecego z terenów Polski w I w. p.n.e., które stylistycznie nawiązują do zabytków kultury lateńskiej. Rozpatrywane ozdoby i elementy stroju pochodzą z grobów kobiecych odnotowanych na stanowiskach kultur przeworskiej i oksywskiej. W niniejszej pracy podjęta została próba interpretacji analizowanych zabytków oraz zobrazowano kontekst ich występowania. Rozważania zawarte w artykule są przyczynkiem do badań nad znaczeniem złożonych oddziaływań kultury lateńskiej na ziemiach polskich w młodszym okresie przedrzymskim.
    The aim of the article is to present and discuss the La Tène culture influences on the women’s dress accessories and jewellery in the 1st. century BC in Poland. The presented women’s dress accessories and jewelry comes from the women’s graves of the Przeworsk - and Oksywie culures. In the synthesis it will be possible to make some interpretations about significance of selected archaeological materials, especially in the context of local cultures. The outcome of the research will shed light on the so called latinisation of the Polish territories.
    Źródło:
    Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk; 2014, 4; 552-556
    2084-1426
    Pojawia się w:
    Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zbiór fibul z okresu wpływów rzymskich z okolic Ostrowa Lednickiego. Przyczynek do pełniejszego rozpoznania przemian kulturowych w pierwszych wiekach naszej ery w rejonie jeziora Lednica
    A collection of fibulae from the period of Roman influence from the area of Ostrów Lednicki. A contribution to a more complete recognition of cultural change in the first centuries A.D. in the area of Lake Lednica
    Autorzy:
    Wawrzyniak, Mateusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2044612.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    projekt badawczy
    prospekcja terenowa
    jezioro Lednica
    zapinki
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    kultura przeworska
    kultura wielbarska
    a research project
    surface prospection
    Lake Lednica
    pins
    a period of Roman influence
    the Przeworsk culture
    the Wielbark culture
    Opis:
    Trzy lata temu, za wiedzą i przy wsparciu służb konserwatorskich Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy, wspólnie ze Stowarzyszeniem Wielkopolska Grupa Eksploracyjno-Historyczna „GNIAZDO”, rozpoczęto powierzchniową penetrację obszarów położonych wokół jeziora Lednica w ramach Projektu Lednica. Dotychczasowe badania, przeprowadzone przy wykorzystaniu najnowszych technik teledetekcyjnych i pomiarowych, przyniosły rozliczne znaleziska zabytków metalowych o chronologii rozpiętej od epoki brązu po czasy współczesne, w tym dwadzieścia cztery fibule z okresu wpływów rzymskich. Ich analiza formalna stanowi treść niniejszego artykułu.
    Three years ago, with the knowledge and support of the restoration services of the Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica, together with the Wielkopolska Exploratory and Historical Group ‘GNIAZDO’ Association, surface penetration of the areas located around Lake Lednica began, within the Lednica project. So far, the research conducted with the use of the latest remote sensing and measurement techniques has yielded numerous finds of metal relics, with a chronology spanning from the Bronze Age to the present day. The finds include twenty four fibulae from the period of Roman influence. Their formal analysis is the subject of this article.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2021, 20; 9-31
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9

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