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    Tytuł:
    Ostrogi krzesłowate w okresie wpływów rzymskich – stan i potrzeby badań
    Chair-shaped Spurs in the Roman Iron Age – The State and Prospects of Research
    Autorzy:
    Smółka-Antkowiak, Emilia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/682027.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    młodszy okres przedrzymski
    ostrogi
    ostrogi krzesłowate
    Celtowie
    Trewerowie
    Germanie nadłabscy
    kultura wielbarska
    kultura przeworska
    ostrogi kabłąkowe
    Roman Iron Age
    early Pre-Roman Iron Age
    spurs
    chair-shaped spurs
    Celts
    Treveri
    Elbe Germanic
    Wielbark culture
    Przeworsk culture
    bow-shaped spurs
    Opis:
    In the Roman Iron Age can be observed the development of spurs production by the barbarian communities in Central Europe. Spurs were disseminated by Celts, then were gladly used and modified by local people. Their initial form were certainly bow-shaped spurs. But there were also chair-shaped spurs, which were derived from bow-shaped form. Through the work of numerous researchers we have more and vaster, but still incomplete knowledge about these monuments. With a high degree of certainty we can talk about development of forms of these monuments. Their development from bow-shaped forms perfectly shows spurs with three circular plates, so called Dreikreisplattensporen. First items of this type come from the fifth / fourth decade of the first century BC, which makes them the oldest form of rivet spurs. Their genetic zone is connected with area occupied by the Celtic tribe of Treveri. They are therefore not, as previously thought, germanic, but celtic product. However, thanks to the Elbe Germanic these spurs disseminated in the area covered by the settlement of tribes belonging to the Germanic circle of civilization. However, must be noted that in Treveri area at the same time we have to deal with three wholly distinct communities – Terveri (Celts), Suebi (Germans) and Romans. So it is not obvious who had the idea to initiate production of rivet spurs. Detailed analysis of these early forms of spurs, could bring measurable effects for our understanding of real origin of this monuments. It could also help to point trails which these monuments were further redistributed into the Germanic zone, and thus also the areas of the Polish lands. From the land occupied by the Przeworsk culture, there are two specimens of so called Dreikreisplattensporen, from Korytnica, grave 4 and Zakrzewo, grave 14. They can be classified as a Geoblingen-Thür type by Bockius. They are found mainly in Treveri area, but similar also occur in the area of the Grossromstedt culture. Here are considered as the imitation rather than Celtic import. The issue of provenience of these spurs is still unresolved. In the Roman Iron Age significantly increased the number and diversity of chairshaped spurs produced in the Germania Magna. Their development during this period is no doubt related to the germanic communities, which inhabited the area extending along an axis running from the Jutland Peninsula to the Elbe River basin, where these monuments are the most common. An interesting phenomenon is the presence of imitation parts of chair-shaped spurs observed in the bow-shaped spurs. Such similarity is visible between the chair-shaped spurs with highly separate prick and bow-shaped spurs of Wielbark culture. In conclusion, currently, despite the existence of several separate classifications of chair-shaped spurs, using them is significantly hampered. These difficulties are due to e.g. no longer current findings. This is caused by increase of data base or deficiencies such as the presentation of incomplete catalog. Difficulties in classifying stem not only from restrictions on the use of existing typologies, but also from a large variety of chairshaped spurs. Correct classification of these monuments, the ability to precisely determine their chronology and the creation of their full catalog is the basis for comprehensive research, covering the entire area of distribution of chair-shaped spurs. They would give the opportunity to lead the direction of the distribution of spurs; trails, which reach among others on the Polish lands. This research would show the directions of interregional contacts. Next step would be thinking of which social processes led to the dissemination of this type of findings on the Elbe and southern Scandinavia areas and further spreading of such spurs in the East. 
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    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica; 2016, 31
    0208-6034
    2449-8300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Drobne przedmioty szklane – analiza archeologiczna żetonów do gry z okresu wpływów rzymskich z terenu Polski
    Small Glass Objects – Archaeological Analysis of Counters from the Roman Iron Age from Poland
    Autorzy:
    Krzyżanowska, Marta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048838.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    szklane żetony do gry
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    kultura przeworska
    kultura wielbarska
    kultura luboszycka
    szkło rzymskie
    lass counters
    Roman Iron Age
    Wielbark Culture
    Przeworsk Culture
    Luboszyce Culture
    Roman glass
    Opis:
    Roman glass counters found in Poland have not yet been studied in full. They are known from 44 or 45 archaeological sites (Table 1 – see: https://doi.org/10.36154/wa. 71.2020.06 [suppl. file]), mainly cemeteries. Most of them are concentrated in central Poland (Fig. 2). Glass counters are disks with plano-convex section and rounded edges. Their underside is usually flat, less often slightly concave, with a smooth or pitted surface (Fig. 1). Counters are analysed within several chronological ranges, i.e., phases B1–B2, B2/C1–C1a, C1b–C2, and C2/D–D1, and in the case of less well-dated finds – Late Roman Period or Roman Period; the former also includes counters from assemblages dated broadly to phase C1. Due to literature and museum query, it was possible to establish that there are 386 or 390 glass counters known from Poland. This imprecise number is a results from the inaccurate data in literature, concerning lost artefacts (131 specimens in total). The search also allowed verifying the actual number of counters against published information – some of the examples turned out to be melted beads or vessel fragments. Out of 386 counters, 277 were preserved in their entirety, 70 were fragmented; in 39 cases, it was impossible to determine their state of preservation and thus their shape (Table 1). 193 counters were found at Przeworsk Culture sites, 186 at Wielbark Culture sites and three at Luboszyce Culture sites; in the case of three counters, it was not possible to determine their cultural affiliation. Most counters come from phases C1b–C2. It has been assumed that a set consists of at least three counters found in one assemblage, regardless of whether they were made of glass or other material (clay, amber, bone, flint). Out of 59 grave finds with glass calculi, sets appeared in 29 features. The sets could be small (three to six counters) or large (seven or more counters). In the remaining cases, grave finds consisted of one or two specimens (Fig. 4). Glass counters can be analysed on three levels: colour, size and (possible) method of production. 174 counters were made of opaque glass (147 monochromatic and 27 mosaic) and 179 of translucent glass (155 monochromatic and 24 mosaic); for 33 counters, it was not possible to determine their colour and transparency. Black (125) and white (120) counters are the most numerous; the term black is used conventionally, as such counters are actually made of dark green, dark purple or dark brown glass, which, however, can only be seen in transmitted light and only in well-preserved copies finds. The counters from phases B1–B2 are the most diverse in terms of colour. For the other chronological ranges, this variety is no longer present – most colours do not appear at all or are only represented by a small number of counters (Table 2).The counters can be divided into two groups of small (with diameter of up to 14.5 mm) and large (with diameter measuring from 15 mm) specimens. The diameters of glass calculi found in Poland range from 10 to 36 mm; most of them are classified as large (Fig. 6). The method of manufacturing glass counters can be inferred from written sources and findings based on specialist analyses. In the case of counters from Poland, the (possible) production method could not be determined for as many as 184 specimens. The others were mostly made by placing a small bulb of molten glass. These are mainly monochromatic specimens, usually with an uneven, slightly pitted bottom surface. Only 34 counters were made by re-melting a piece of glass (also from broken glass vessels) (Fig. 8); most of them – as many as 24 – are mosaic specimens (Fig. 7). In archaeological literature glass counters are predominantly interpreted as game accessories. This was undoubtedly the basic function of counters, but we do not know to what extent they were actually adapted and their function adopted by the ‘barbarian’ communities. Only in eight (?) cases in total, glass counters occurred in assemblages together with other game accessories such as boards, dice or marbles.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 251-268
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Grodzisk Mazowiecki, stan. X – cmentarzysko kultury grobów kloszowych i kultury przeworskiej
    Grodzisk Mazowiecki, site X – a Cemetery of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk Cultures
    Autorzy:
    Kaczyński, Bartłomiej
    Woźniak, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048846.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    okres halsztacki
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    cmentarzysko
    kultura grobów kloszowych
    kultura przeworska
    Mazowsze
    Early Iron Age
    Hallstatt Period
    Roman Period
    cemetery
    Cloche Grave Culture
    Przeworsk Culture
    Masovia
    Opis:
    Site X, located in the centre of present-day Grodzisk Mazowiecki, was discovered at the beginning of 1959 during construction works carried out in the area of a former Jewish cemetery (Fig. 1, 2). As a result of accidental discoveries and one-day rescue excavations, a total of nine ancient graves (1–5, 7–10) were registered. Another one (6), located in a secondary deposit, was discovered about 50 m to the east in 1988 during earthworks at one of the factory buildings (Fig. 2). Artefacts from the cemetery are currently stored in three institutions, i.e. the Grodzisk Mazowiecki Cultural Centre, the Museum of Ancient Mazovian Metallurgy in Pruszków and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. Due to the accidental nature of the discoveries, their only documentation are notes from archaeological interventions and entries on the artefact inventory cards drawn in 1959 (Fig. 4). The lack of sketches and field descriptions does not make it possible to reconstruct the location of the graves and significantly hinders analysis of the funeral rite. The long-term storage of the unstudied material negatively affected its condition – some of the artefacts and documents were lost. This study covers those artefacts that could be identified and combined into grave assemblages. The phase of use of the cemetery in the Early Iron Age is represented by six features: two cloche graves (Fig. 7, 10), three cloche or urn graves (Fig. 5, 6, 8) and one urn grave (Fig. 9). In most cases, the graves contained only pottery. Among the remains of at least 22 vessels, 18 could be typologically identified per the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz30, including ten pots (A1), representing four types and/or variants: I var. b (Fig. 10:2), III var. c (Fig. 7:2), III (Fig. 19:5), V var. c (Fig. 5:1, 6:2, 9:1, 10:1), V (Fig. 6:1, 8:2) VI var. c (Fig. 19:6). Seven bowls (B1) were classified as types: I var. c (Fig. 7:3, 8:4, 9:2, 10:3, 19:4), I var. d (Fig. 8:1), V var. c (Fig. 7:1). There was also one mug (B2) of type I var. b (Fig. 19:3). The vessels represent forms commonly found at Cloche Grave Culture cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia. The vessels with quite rare stamped impressions with a marked centre, made with a straw (Fig. 20), stand out in terms of ornamentation. Decoration on the urn from grave 6, made with polygonal stamps with a marked centre (Fig. 10:2), is completely unique. It was presumably made with lignified stems of field plants. Non-ceramic artefacts: bronze lumps, bronze wire and a fragment of a corroded iron sheet (Fig. 7:4.5), originally probably small items of adornment or tools, were only recorded in three graves (3, 5, 6). Skeletal remains were only preserved in three graves. Anthropological analysis showed that the bones of an adult man were interred in grave 2, of a seven-year-old child and an adult in grave 3, and of an adult woman (?) in ‘grave’ 6. The cloche graves cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is located in the eastern part of the Łowicz-Błonie Plain – an area distinguished by intense settlement of the Pomeranian Cloche Grave circle45. Features of the pottery indicate that the cemetery functioned mainly in phase Ib after M. Andrzejowska53, i.e. approximately at the end of Ha D – the beginning of the so-called older Pre-Roman Period. Four graves are associated with the use of the cemetery in the Roman Period – most likely one pit (grave 7) and three urn burials, including one (grave 9) in which the cinerary urn was covered with another vessel (Fig. 13). The remains of a woman were deposited in grave 8; bones from other graves were not preserved or could not be identified. Grave-goods consisted of 24 non-ceramic objects, including: a bronze brooch (Fig. 13:3), probably a strongly profiled one of the Mazovian variety55; two iron buckles (Fig. 14:3.4.4a), including type D1 after R. Madyda-Legutko57; a bronze strap-end (Fig. 13:4), similar to type 1/6 of group I after R. Madyda-Legutko64; a rectangular bronze belt fitting (Fig. 19:1); remains of an iron razor (Fig. 15:6); three straight iron knives (Fig. 15:3–5); a one-piece antler comb, type Thomas AI68 (Fig. 12:1); (Fig. 12:2); a sandstone whetstone (Fig. 14:5); a double-edged iron sword (Fig. 18:1.1a) of the Canterbury-Kopki72 type or the Canterbury-Mainz variant of the Lauriacum-Hromówka73 type; two iron shield bosses and a bronze shield fitting (lost); four spearheads of types: L/2 (Fig. 18:6.6a), V/2 (Fig. 18:3), II/2 (Fig. 18:2) and XIII (Fig. 18:7) after P. Kaczanowski85–87; aa bow-shaped spur (Fig. 18:5) of type C1b after J. Ginalski95; a chair-shaped spur (Fig. 18:4.4a), similar to type IIc after E. Roman97; remains of a bronze bucket with iron handle of the Östland/Eggers 39–40107 type (Fig. 15:1.2, 16, 17). Of the six clay vessels, five can be typologically identified; they belong to types I/2 (Fig. 14:1), II/1 (Fig. 11:1, 14:2), III (Fig. 13:2) and V (Fig. 12:1) in the classification of T. Liana113. The richest burial at the cemetery, as well as in the area between the Bzura, the Rawka and the Vistula, is grave 10 (Fig. 14–18). It is distinguished by an imported bronze vessel and an exceptionally large number of elements of weaponry (two bosses, four spearheads), testifying to the above-average social position of the deceased. A. Niewęgłowski134 suggested that two warriors were buried in the grave; however, the thesis cannot be verified due to the inability to identify burned bones from this feature. Although isolated graves with larger than standard weaponry sets, including ones containing two shield bosses or several spearheads, are known from Przeworsk Culture cemeteries, they are not frequent. Östland-type vessels are among the Roman bronze vessels most frequently encountered in barbarian Europe. In western Mazovia, imported bronze vessels are relatively rare. The burials from the Przeworsk Culture cemetery are from the Early Roman Period. Grave 10 is dated to stage B2a, grave 9 to phases B2b–B2/C1, grave 8 to phases B2b–C1a, and grave 7 only broadly to phases B1–B2. The cemetery is located within a dense, west-Masovian cluster of Przeworsk Culture settlement, which also included an iron metallurgy centre142. The cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is one of the many Masovian necropoles used by the population of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk Cultures152. Even though the mutual chronological relations of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk assemblages exclude a hypothesis about continuous use of the cemetery by the population of both cultures, it should be remembered that the site has only been partially explored. Unfortunately, the area of the cemetery is currently heavily urbanised and partly overlaps with a former Jewish cemetery, where excavations are forbidden (Fig. 3). This prevents any archaeological research, and thus possible determination of the original range of the cemetery and examination of its structure.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 289-318
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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