Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "MAP" wg kryterium: Temat

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 30
Tytuł:
Prezentacja zależności zjawisk metodą kartogramu złożonego
Presentation of phenomena relation using the method of two-variable choropleth map
Autorzy:
Leonowicz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204360.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
kartogram
mapa
map
cartography
choropleth map
Opis:
Artukuł poświęcony jest ocenie możliwości zastosowania metody kartogramu złożonego do przedstawiania zależności zjawisk. Omówione zostały zagadnienia metodyczne związane z opracowywaniem kartogramów złożonych. Zwrócono uwagę na problem czytelności tych map.
Presentation of information about geographic environment in a form of the maps of single phenomena does not always allow for a correct interpretation of relations between them. Simultaneous reading and comparing of several maps is often too difficult for perception of an average reader. Therefore one should look for more synthetic presentation methods, which instead of elementary information - about phenomena distribution, would present transformed information - e.g. about their relations. A two-variable choropleth map can be such a method. Its main feature is, that it presents values of two geographic phenomena within an areal units on map. The article discusses main methodic aspects of two-variable choropleth map elaboration. These are: choise of phenomena to be presented, preparation of a statistical scattergram, which is the basis for class intervals selection, and classification method. The author also presents principles, which should govern the process of planning a graphical solution suitable for the presentation of two variables. A color legend of a two-variable choropleth map used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in the seventies is an example of such a solution. Poor readability of maps prepared with it suggests that further modifications of this legend are needed. Functioning of two-variable choropleth maps are the main source of limitations of this method. It is impossible to present phenomena distribution and relations at the same time. Thus a two-variable choropleth map should be seen as a compromise. Poor legibility of maps prepared with this method is a source of serious doubts. It has been proved through experimental research (H. Weiner, C.M. Francolini 1980, J. Olson 1981). The reading process can be improved through limiting the number of classes, application of proper graphic solutions and developing a clear legend. Reader's experience with such maps also plays an inoportant role. There necessary, the presentation method should be explained.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2002, T. 34, nr 4, 4; 273-285
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Konstrukcja skal wartości w legendach map
Composition of value scales in map legends
Autorzy:
Czerny, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204443.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
legenda mapy
cartography
map
map legend
Opis:
Autor analizuje graficzne skale wartości stosowane w legendach map: kartogramów, kartodiagramów i map izoliniowych; stara się wyjaśnić różne sposoby konstrukcji legend ilościowych przedstawień kartograficznych i ocenić ich poprawność.
Twenty years ago Polish Cartographic Review published articles on the composition of legends on choropleth and isopleth maps as well as graduated symbol maps (J. Pasławski 1982, I. Frączek 1983). They proposed a set of optimal legends, the number of which can limit the freedom of designing maps, e.g. it does not recommend horizontal arrangement of color scales in the legends of choropleth and isopleth maps. At the same time, contrary methods are widely applied in maps, atlases and cartography handbooks. The article analyzes elements of the composition of legends of quantitive cartographic presentations: - continuity of the graphic value scale (bar scale or segments) - orientation (positively and negatively oriented scales) - value description (limit values or classes) Some of the solutions applied in maps can not be justified. Fragmentation of color thematic scales, for example, is a mistake (fig. 1). Negatively oriented scales are also wrong (the positive part of scale at the botton or on the right, as in fig. 10B); various orientations should not appear in the same atlas or even legend (fig. 13). Some methods of scale composition can be accepted as exceptions, e.g. positive vertical scale following the direction of reading of a text column (fig. 8); model diagrams arranged decreasingly because of the composition of the map (fig. 12). According to the author these also exist correct graphic solutions, used from the point of view of map composition, although have not been recommended in the above articles. They include: 1. Horizontal, positively oriented color scale (with the maximum value on the right). It agrees with our reading scheme and the orientation of the X axis on the surface (fig. 8,9). 2. Legend of a continuous graduated symbol map in form of overlapping diagrams. Continuous graduated symbol maps belong to the type of so called "seeing maps" (carte a voir), with present the distribution of phenome na on general level; particular values can be read, but their role is secondary. Therefore a cartographer should be free to decide, if there is a need for a legend in a form of a graph, which makes it possible to read particular values (fig. 17), or if a minimal legend composed of overlapping diagrams would be sufficient (fog. 15A). 3. Scale of a choropleth map in a form of a bar diagram. A legend of a choropleth map can have a form of a code chart or a diagram. A code chart is composed of a series of color segments with numeral or verbal information assigned to them (in the case of nominal value scales). A bar diagram in the form of a rectangle symbolizes a set of data (values of a phenomenon) and its subdivision into classes; it can be applied in legends of both isarythmic and choropleth maps. In the case of a choropleth map class ranges should be described; in the case of an isarythmic map - class limits. Fig. 20 presents various graphic color scales of a choropleth map in a form of a bar diagram. J. Pasławski recommends scale E; it is a construction intermediate between a code chart and a diagram (segments show class ranges).
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 2, 2; 87-99
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sposoby przedstawiania zagadnień geośrodowiskowych na przeglądowych mapach tematycznych
Methods of presentation of geoenvironmental issues on general thematic maps
Autorzy:
Sikorska-Maykowska, M.
Grabowski, D.
Strzelecki, R.
Lewandowski, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204216.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
mapa środowiska
Śląsk
cartography
map
environmental map
Silesia
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia metodyczne kartograficznej prezentacji waloryzacji stanu środowiska przyrodniczego na terenach poddanych silnej antropopresji górnictwa i przemysłu na obszarze województwa śląskiego, Wynikiem tych prac była seria map w skalach 1:200 000, 1:300 000 i 1:650 000, z których kilka wybrano jako ilustrację tekstu.
The article presents the experience of the Department of Environmental Geology of the Polish Geological Institute in the field if thematic map elaboration. Presentation of geoenvironmental issues in a cartographic form of a thematic map was conducted in two stages: - the first stage - combined data collection and edition, i.e. an analysis of environmental condition and valorization of its resources; - the second stage - dealt with the presentation, i.e.choice of an appropriate form for this particular subject. Collected and verified geoenvironmental information from the region of Silesia were thoroughly analyzed; on the basis of this analysis the following environmental components were valorized: mineral deposits, surface waters, ground waters and elements of plant life protected by law. At the same time the areas which are strongly affected by mining and industry were also analyzed. To cartographically present the analyzed processes the area was divided into 1 km aquares; within each square anthropopression weight was calculated. The calculation accounted not only for the strength of particular factors, but also the area occupied by the source of anthropopression within a particular square. To determine the area of most valuable natural resources in the region of Silesia several factors were considered: location of highest quality ground water and its resources, area vital for the preservation of the quality and quantity of surface water, location of most valuable deposits (in this case they were hard coal, zinc, lead and dolomites) and nature preserves of CORINE system. The synthesis allowed to point out areas of special care because of anthropogenic hazard as well as areas that should be protected for their natural resources. Analysis of prepared maps was conducted in GIS environment. Finally five classes of areas of different conflict level were determined: Class A - very hogh conflict level, Class B - high, Class C1 - average to high, Class C2 - average, Class D - low. Research results were presented in the form of general maps in 1:650 000, 1:300 000 - for selected areas and result maps in 1:200 000. These maps with a written commentary present many aspects of environment protection, which ahould be accounted for in economic policies, spatial planning, or in the management of environment and space. To present such a wide spectrum of environmental issues several types of maps in three different scales have been used. On the most signifacant of them - the result map in 1:200 000, titled " Anthropopression and conflict areas in the region of Silesia " there is also an enlarged fragment in 1:100 000 presenting the area of highest conflict level. The illustration shows four most interesting examples of prepared maps. Complete presentation is prepared in GIS form, in ArcInfo system.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 4, 4; 259-264
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Agregacja danych punktowych i pól odniesienia a informacyjne własności map gęstości
Aggregation of dot elemennts and reference space units and imformational characteristics of density maps
Autorzy:
Krzywicka-Blum, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204279.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
projektowanie
gęstość mapy
cartography
map
density of map
Opis:
W pracy przeprowadzona została analiza wpływu wielkości pól odniesienia i sposobu konstrukcji skali tematycznej na zmianę informacyjnych własności map przedstawiających zróżnicowanie gęstości danych punktowych. Na podstawie 44 różnych rozmieszczeń 300 punktów w 100-, a następnie 400-polowym podziale obszaru, dokonano analizy sposobu agregacji gęstości w klasy oraz wielkości pola odniesienia na zmianę poziomu i zakresu gęstości. Zastosowano metody statystyczne, wyrównanie metodą najmniejszych kwadratów i ocenę różnorodności za pomocą entropii. Ustalono korelację pewnych charakterystyk i wskazano możliwości ich wykorzystania we wstępnych etapach projektowania map.
The process of transformation of dot elements into specific thematic maps, which present the distribution of a particular feature using a choropleth or isopleth method depends on a proper size of reference space units and the criteria of aggregation of data into clases. In the paper 44 spatial distribution of 300 points have been analyzed according to the division of P area into 100 squares, which were later subdivided into 400. Two methods of grouping into density classes (the number of dots in reference area) have been applied. The first follows the natural breaks and the second bases on the classes of equal range. All 88 density patterns (before and after subdivision) have been aggregated into classes. 7 groups have been established according to the number of classes: "3-3", "4-4", "5-5", "4-3", "3-4", "5-4", and "5-3". statistic characteristics have been determined within each group. Relative entropy has been used as an especially important measure of diversity (of density in a group). Comparison of indicator levels before and after the subdivision of each area has been used to analyze the relation of area size and the reduction of the density range. Through the application of the method of the least squares for the two most numerous groups of aggregation (to 3 and, separately, to 4 classes of density) it was possible to establish a type of linear dependence between the density range and the level diversity. In the case of aggregation into three classes it has been proved, that the condition ot the same level of diversity is: xmax{100}=3 razy xmax{400} For onstance, when before the division of reference areas the diversity range of density was 0-18 and after the division 0-6, then (see fig. 6): h1(18)=h1'(6)=0,60 Finally, some interesting correlation indicators between average characteristics have been determined. Interdependence between the vakue of the indicator of relative change of density range and the compensation of the range of dot elements due to the subdivision of reference areas is a significant result of the analysis. Although presented conclusions can only be treated as empirically obtained results, the number and variety of examples allows to accept their usefulness for generalization procedures necessary in initial preparation of important types of thematic maps.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 3, 3; 175-184
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcja Mapy topograficznej Polski w skali 1:50 000
Concept of the Topographic map of Poland at the scale of 1:50 000
Autorzy:
Ostrowski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204358.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
mapa topograficzna
Polska
cartography
map
topographic map
Polen
Opis:
W artykule omówiono etapy opracowania koncepcji mapy topograficznej 1:50 000 wydanej w latach 1995-2002 przez GUGiK, a także podstawowe założenia tej koncepcji. Przy omówieniu treści i formy graficznej mapy zwrócono szczególną uwagę na nowy sposób ujęcia zabudowy.
The first Polish topographic map in civilian version at the scale of 1:50 000 was prepared in "1965 system" by re-arranging and re-editing of the sheets of military 1:50 000 map in "1942 system". It was published in the years 1977-1982. In 1993 as a result of an order from the Surveyor General of Poland, preparation of a completely new concept of a topographic map in 1:50 000 was started. The first, initial instruction to this map was issued in 1995; its final version, which included the experience gathered during the editing of the first several dozen sheets appeared in 1998. The 1:50 000 map in its contents and graphic form refers to a map in 1:10 000, the preparation of which started in 1994. The new concept of a 1:50 000 map accounted for its multi-purpose character. An analysis of a range of contents and graphic forms in topographic maps of Western countries was conducted; the new concept also referred to Polish graphic tradition between the World Wars. Between 1995, when the publication started, and 2002, 589 sheets were published, which cover 60% of Poland's area. The forst 48 sheets of the Mazowsze region were edited in "1942 system", which bases on Krasowski elipsoid; all the following sheets were edited in "1992 system", basing on a GRS-80 ellipsoid.The map is printed on standard sheets of 580x470 mm. Every sheet includes the explanation of all the symbols and most abbreviations with Polish and English explications. On the new map the number of applied signs has been significantly reduced (in comparison to the previous map). At the same time its contents has been extended to include new, important elements, e.g. industrial and store areas, but stations, marked tourist routes, border checkpoints, bethymetry of lakes, border zones. However the biggest changes regarded methods of presentation of buildings. To show their variety a functional criterion has been applied. Industrial and governmental buildings have been differentiated from other buildings and built-up areas. Dwellings (including farm dwellings) have been differentiated according to their density and buildings' size. Compact multifamily dwellings, dense multifamily dwellings, dense single family dwellings have been shown as three different types of built-up area, while disperse dwellings have been marked with separate symbols for particular buildings or farms. The 1:50 000 map was printed in unified six color version (black, dark brown, blue, green, red, light brown). Application of dark brown to dwellings and roads was particularly important for the graphic picture, because it relieved the map and increased its graphic capacity, e.g. it made it possible to clearly mark government and industrial buildings. Consistent use of green for agriculture and vegetation and light brown for surface relief also improved the graphic quality of the map. In comparison to the previous map, the new 1:50 000 map has more precise drawing, which has been achieved with wider use of colors and patterns as well as the reduction of the size of symbols, their simplification, and reduction of line width. The map was met with positive reactions of its reviewers and users; its authors also got. The Awars of the Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration. After the reorganization of the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography in the beginning of 2002, the publishing of further sheets was abandoned; it was decided, that the remaining area would be covered with a military map prepared in V Map Level 2 technology complying with NATO standards, and adapted for civilian use.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2002, T. 34, nr 4, 4; 261-272
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zależność mapy od kontekstu
The dependence of the map from the context
Autorzy:
Zarycki, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204449.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
mapa
kartografia
typologia map
Opis:
W artykule rozważono użyteczność pojęcia kontekstu w rozumieniu pragmatyki językoznawczej z punktu widzenia teorii komunikacji kartograficznej. Na podstawie zależności map od kontekstu proponowana jest typologia map.
The author presents the meaning of the notion of context in the contemporary linguistic pragmatics. He also stresses the fact, that the context can be an important theoretical device anables us to fully understand the interdependence between the map and its users. It is often difficult to define the context in the process of cartographic communication, as a single map can be used in many situations. Therefore, we propose to incorporate the term of the "series of possible contexts" into cartography. The paper also includes the considerations on the optimum way of defining the context. Then, the differentiation between the inner and outer context is introduced. The next part of the paper presents an attempt to the classification of maps based on the degree of their dependence on the context. THis dependence also defines the possibility of selecting the new information from the known, and as a result, the possibility of projecting the process of map reading. The suggested classificationincludes the following four categories: "maps-signs", "single-purpose maps", "thematic maps" and "multipurpose maps". The first two categories are often to be the maps sensu stricto. This includes the category of "maps-signs" which include new information only in a wider context, and "maps-instructions" often considered to be simple diagrams not meeting the criteria of "real maps". The autor is of the opinion that those maps should not be excludedfrom the scope of interest of theoretical cartography. Besides the above classification, the author also proposes a more general division into "standalone" and "supplementary" maps.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2001, T. 33, nr 1, 1; 3-9
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A review on eye movement analysis in map reading process: the status of the last decade
Autorzy:
Krassanakis, Vassilios
Cybulski, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/145330.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
czytanie mapy
cartography
eye tracking
eye movement analysis
map reading
map perception
Opis:
Eye tracking constitutes a valuable tool for the examination of human visual behavior since it provides objective measurements related to the performed visual strategies during the observation of any type of visual stimuli. Over the last decade, eye movement analysis contributed substantially to the better understanding of how visual attention processes work in different types of maps. Considering the clear need for the examination of map user reaction during the observation of realistic cartographic products (i.e. static maps, animated maps, interactive and multimedia maps), a critical amount of experimental studiem were performed in order to study different aspects related to map reading process by the cartographic community. The foundation of these studies is based on theories and models that have been developed in similar research domains (i.e. psychology, neuroscience etc.), while the research outcomes that produced over these years can be used directly for the design of more effective and efficient maps. The aim of the present article is to summarize and present the current panorama of the existing eye tracking studies in cartographic research appeared over the last decade. Additionally, methodological contributions (including analysis tools) of cartographic society in the field of eye movement analysis are reported, while existing challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
Źródło:
Geodesy and Cartography; 2019, 68, 1; 191-209
2080-6736
2300-2581
Pojawia się w:
Geodesy and Cartography
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Niktóre problemy kartografii środowiska przyrodniczego Polski
Autorzy:
Siwek, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204455.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
mapa środowiska
opracowanie map
Opis:
W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono w zwięzły sposób polskie mapy środowiska przyrodniczego, w drugiej zaś główne problemy związane z ich opracowaniem.
A rapid development of the process of mapping the natural environment started in Poland after the World War II. During the first period, which lasted until the late 1960s, the majority of ganeral maps were prepared at the scale of 1:300,000. This includes two series of geologic maps (A - superficial deposits and B - without quarternary deposits), two hydrogeologic series (A - subsurface water (first level), B - deep horizon water-bearings), soil map, geologic-energeering map, map of raw materials as well as the magnetic and gravimetric maps. At the same time, a series of detailed, 1:50,000-scale maps based on terrain research was initiated. The series included the following maps: geological, geomorphological and hydrographic. The oldest and most important of these three - the Detailed Geological Map of Poland has been published since 1954, and now covers over 40 per cent of the Polish territory. The hydrographic map is also continued (although intermittently) - it now covers 30 per cent of the country. The geomorphologic map was discontinued after a small number of sheets had been put out. During the second period (1970s and 1980s) the focus was on the preparation of general maps designed as synthetic sources of knowledge on the environment of Poland. This included the soil, hydrographic, geomorphologic and geological maps at 1:500,000. Finally, the third period started in 1990s. During this time three new series at 1: 50,000 were initiated - hydrogeological, ecological and geological-economical (with vital ecological contents). Also, the geological and hydrographic maps were continued. Two new versions of 1:200,000-scale geological maps appeared as well as the map of potential vegetation at 1: 300,000 (fig. 1). The current problems of the cartography of natural environment in Poland to the large extent result from the past. During the 45 years of the socialist economy numerous distorted base maps were used. As a result,topographic maps are distorted and not uniform. The attempts to improve their quality consist in the process of transferring the thematic contents to the correct topographic base. This process must be performed especially in the areas, for which digital databases are created. The general maps also have a differing and not always correct topographic base. This is a result of the lack of a general-reference map that would be reliable and easily-accessible. The lack of uniformity is also reflected by the different divisions into sheets used on maps (fig. 4). The out-dated maps should also be considedred to constitute a vital problem in environment cartography. This is especially true in the case of the 1:50,000-scale maps (the geologic map in particular). The maps in smaller scales do not need updating so often, both becouse of their scale and their character (synthesis). The loss of their actuality is more often the result of progress in the branch of science they refer to. Owing to the fact that over 20 years have passed since most of the 1:500,000-scale were published, it might be beneficial to prepare their new versions, which should however be preceded by a broad discussion on their concepts. Eventually, the computer technology used to prepare 1:50,000-scale maps since the mid 1990s presents certain problems. Apart from its numerous advantages, it also has some noticeable drawbacks, which can clearly be seen when the offset printing process is supplemented by plotting, which degrades the graphic form of maps.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2001, T. 33, nr 2, 2; 106-113
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Niemieckie mapy turystyczne Karkonoszy do 1945 roku
German tourist maps of Karkonosze before 1945
Autorzy:
Woźniak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204204.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
historia kartografii
Karkonosze
cartography
history
tourist map
Opis:
W artykule omówiono kształtowanie się mapy turystycznej Karkonoszy od momentu pojawienia się pierwszych górskich wędrówek do końca II wojny światowej. Najwięcej uwagi poświęcono prywatnej kartografii niemieckiej w XIX i pierwszej połowie XX w., gdy Karkonosze wraz z ziemią jeleniogórską stanowiły ważny i liczący się w Europie region turystyczny.
Karkonosze have played an important role in Central European tourism since the time when travels began to be perceived as a form of insight and leisure. Fast development of tourism in Karkonosze took place in the 19th century when the mountains became one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe. As a result there appeared a large number of guides and tourist maps. An evident mountain range depicting Sudetes and its peak Śnieżka appeared on the map of Silesia in 1:550 000 by Martin Helwig, dated 1561. On the break of the 19th century the first detailed topographic survey of Sudetes was conducted, giving a solid base for later tourist maps. J. Hoser's map in 1:100 000 from 1806 is considered to be the first tourist map of Karkonosze, the highest range of Sudetes. Fast development of tourism in Karkonosze and the resulting demand for tourist maps brought cartographic production in Silesia to significant volume. Maps were prepared by numerous private publishers-printers, which used the names of geographic or cartographic institutes or publishers. The estimated number of such enterprises in Germany and Austria combined is 40, while in Silesia alone there were 20 of them. Among the largest Silesian publishers at the time there were: K. Flemming in Głogów (founded in 1833), G. Brieger in Świdnica (1880) and P. Baron in Legnica (1897). In other parts of Germany there were many more: C.C. Meinhold and A. Kohler in Dresden, R. Mittelbach in Leipzig, J. Straube, A. Goldschmidt, M. Pasch, A. Kiessling and Grieben in Berlin. Most of them published also maps of Karkonosze and the region. Many maps were published as appendices to tourist guides. All of them are a valuable source of information about the development of tourism in the area.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2005, T. 37, nr 2, 2; 101-111
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Publikowane mapy Śląska do połowy XVIII wieku na tle innych regionów oraz ich adaptacje przez kartografów europejskich
Maps of Silesia published until the half of the 18th century compared to other regions and their adaptations by European cartographers
Autorzy:
Wytyczak, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204220.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
Śląsk
historia
cartography
map
Silesia
history
Opis:
Artukuł przedstawia dwa mało znane zagadnienia związane z dawną kartografią Śląska. Pierwsze dotyczy porównania dorobku w zakresie map drukowanych w XVI, XVII i XVIII stuleciu z Saksonią, Brandenburgią, Pomorzem Zachodnim i Prusami Książęcymi. Drugie odnosi się do poziomu adaptacji map Śląska przez europejski oficyny wydawnicze.
The article discusses two less known aspects of the history of Silesian cartography. The first is the output of the region in comparison to other region of comparable area: Saxony, Brandenburg, West Pomerania and Prussia. The compared maps were published between the 16th century and 1750. Cartographic presentations were divided in three groups: general maps, detailed maps and thematic (special) maps. The chart showed the advantage of Silesia, which had 25 maps published until the half of the 18th century. Financial support received from the local nobility created favorable conditions for Silesian cartographers. Maps by M. Helwig, J. Scuteltus, F. Khun were published thanks to such support. Silesia's advantage is particularly evident in the case of detailed maps. Most of them were authored by Jonas Scultetus of Szprotawa. His activity in the field of Silesian cartography as well as works of F. Khun, D. Sinapius and L.D. Hermann, J. Nigrinus and T. Mayer brought on spectacular results: before the publication of famous "Atlas Silesiae" in 1752 maps of 10 out of 16 duchies and the Country of Kłodzko had been drawn - they covered 62% of the area of the province. None of the four other regions had comparable output. The second less known issue is the question of adaptation of the maps of Silesia by European publishing houses. Most maps elaborated in Silesia found numerous publishers, mainly in Antwerp, Amsterdam, Augsburg and Nurnberg. Maps of Silesia were often printed in large atlases, particularly in the 17th and 18th century. In the largest of them, J. Blaeu's eleven volume "Atlas Maior" from 1662 there were 11 such maps. In this respect Silesia was one of the leading Central European regions. Maps printed by Western European publishers usually did not conform to the original, because the original itself had often been altered. The extent of adaptation depended on its purpose and the quality - on the skill and diligence of a cartographer or engraver. Additionally, in the 16th century there started a tendency to use stencils to present relief and forests, which to a large extent eliminated individual features of the originals. Comparative research involved four Silesian map authors: Helwig, Scultetus, Khun and Nigrinus. The most common weakness of the adaptations is the over-simplification or even alteration of relief. Helwig's map of Silesia from 1561 adapted by A. Ortelius and Khun's maps of the Duchies of Świdnica and Jawor from the second half of the 17th century, adapted by J. Blaeu and P. Schenk serve as examples. It should be noted that the original authors in most cases managed to present relief, and Khun was the first Silesian cartographer to show forests in mountain areas, with a lot of skill and precision. Almost all advantages of those maps had been lost in adaptations. An interesting map of the Duchy of Cieszyn by J. Nigrinus from 1724 was relatively well adapted and published by M. Seuter in 1740 in Augsburg. In this case most changes concerned ornaments linked to the contents of the map. Nigrinus showed a shepherd's hut from Silesian Beskid, which caught the attention of many ethnographers. Seutter deleted that illustration, which significantly decreased the publication's value. Rich - in comparison to the other four regions - cartographic heritage of Silesia was often exploited by West European publishers. Maps of Silesia, which commonly appeared in atlases or separately were often of little value and presented a largely false image. On the other hand, because of them Silesian works had an opportunity to appear on a larger than local scene.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 4, 4; 265-275
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mapa pokrycia terenu w Polsce w skali 1:1 000 000 jako wynik wizualizacji bazy danych CLC-2000
A map of land use Poland in the scale of 1:1 000 000 as a result of visualization of CLC-2000 database
Autorzy:
Bielecka, E.
Ciołkosz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204347.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa pokrycia terenu
cartography
map of land use
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę kartowania użytkowania ziemi i pokrycia terenu, realizowaną w ramach różnych przedsięwzięć międzynarodowych. Omówiono program Unii Europejskiej CORINE Land Cover (CLC) oraz wyniki jego realizacji w Polsce w ramach projektów CLC-90 oraz CLC-2000. Porównano zawartość baz danych "pokrycie terenu" opracowanych w trakcie realizacji obu projektów, wykazując zmiany, jakie zaszły w użytkowaniu ziemi w Polsce w ostatniej dekadzie XX wieku.
At the moment there are many international programs which collect data on land cover and land use. Some of them have to be mentioned: Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS), International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), Pan-European Land Use and Land Cover Monitoring (RELCOM) and EU's CORINE Land Cover (CLC). In the early 1990s a database of land cover in Europe was created within CLC program. It provides information on the distribution of 44 main land cover forms. The database is to be updated every 10 years, so in the beginning of the 21st. century a first update was conducted. It resulted in a CLC-2000 database and a base of land cover changes in the years 1990-2000. Landsat satellite images taken on the turn of the 20th. century were the source material used in the process. In 2002 Poland joined the land cover update project. Instytut Geodezji i Kartografii (Institute of Geodesy and Cartography) took up the task. The criteria for the elaboration of the new database (CLC-2000) remained the same as for the previous one (CLC-90), however the method had been changed: it employed visual interpretation of images displayed on a monitor screen. The methodology assumed geometric correction of the database from the nineties. The aim was to unify the base on European level and make it consistent. Therefore it focused on proper identification of particular land cover forms (in accord with the modified legend), accuracy of their borders and formal agreement of topology and data format. Correction of CLC-90 database was performed on the basis of satellite images from the nineties transformed into ,,1992" projection. New satellite images were also transformed to the same projection. Following the database update methodology, the new base registered only the changes over 5 ha (for changes of existing Forms area) or over 25 ha (when a new cover form appeared). A comparison of land cover databases for 1990 (CLC-90) and 2000 (CLC-2000) revealed land cover changes in the last decade of the twentieth century. In most cases they turned out to be minor. They covered just over 2500 km2, which represents only about 0,80% of the area of Poland. There are also several other products which are going to be prepared within CORINE Land Cover program. They include satellite ortophotomaps, mosaics of satellite images covering particular countries and the whole Europe, as well as raster and vector databases of land cover in different spatial resolutions. Institute of Geodesy and Cartography also prepared a map showing the distribution of all 31 land coverforms in Poland, which were stored in CLC-2000 database. The map was published at a scale of 1:1 000 000.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2004, T. 36, nr 4, 4; 274-287
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rodzaje generalizacji treści map topograficznych na przykladzie mapy 1:50 000
Types of topographic maps generalization based on an example of map in 1:50 000
Autorzy:
Ostrowski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204218.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
generalizacja
generalizacja kartograficzna
cartography
map
generalization
cartography generalization
Opis:
Autor wyróżnia i bliżej charakteryzuje pięć rodzajów generalizacji kartograficznej, jakie zastosowano przy opracowaniu mapy topograficznej 1:50 000 na podstawie mapy 1:10 000.
The article presents an analysis of a process of generalization in the preparation of topographic maps. The analysis was conducted on an exaple of a Polish topographic map in 1: 50 000 published by Survey- or General of Poland in the years 1995-2002. Most sheets were obtained through the generalization of a topographic map in 1:10 000. Generalization of a 1:10 000 map into 1:50 000 is very evident ( the area is reduced 25 times). A comparison of the contents of these two maps makes it possible to determine how topographic maps are generalized in practice. The analysis points out that there are five basic generalization types used for generalization of a medium-scale topographic map (1:50 000). They are as follows: * selection of categories for presented objects and their classification * selection of objects within each category * approximation or elimination of quantitative characteristics * replacement of area symbols with point or line symbols * simplifacation of objects' shapes After generalization the number of contents' categories on a 1:50 000 map is 15% lower than on a 1:10 000 map. It results from various generalization processes: complete elimination of several categories, generalization of qualitative features of contents, combining meaning of several symbols, substitution of separate symbols with a joint symbol, introduction of new symbols representing general issues absent from maps in larger scales. Object selection is conducted with quantitative criteria (area, length, width, depth or height, density), qualitative criteria (spatial interrelations, functional criterion, name criterion) or mixed criteria (joint criteria). Quantitative criteria on a topographic map are generalized through reduction of the number of contour lines and lower accuracy of numeric description of object and points (e.g. height points, numbers of residents). On a 1:50 000 map signatures of relief altitude are removed. Area symbols representing dimensions of particular objects are replaced with point or line symbols. These dimensions can include the area, length or width of the object. Simplification of objects' shapes relies on the elimination of minute contour details and "holes" within a marked area, joining of neighboring area and occasionally enlarging small areas and widening of thin ones. The listed types of generalization basucally represent the consecutive stages of the process. First we select object classes, then objects within a class. Next we choose a presentation method appropriate for the size of the object in scale or with symbols; objects shown with area symbols are often simplified. Description of methods and criteria of generalization of topographic maps is vital for the attempts to automate the process.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 4, 4; 251-258
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mapa Śląska Martina Helwiga i jej nieznane wydanie z 1612 roku
Unknown 1612 edition of the 1561 map of Silesia by Martin Helwig
Autorzy:
Kozica, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204273.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
historia
mapa
Śląsk
Helwig Martin
cartography
history
map
Silesia
Opis:
Wydana po raz pierwszy w 1561 roku w Nysie słynna mapa Śląska Martina Helwiga stanowiła przez wiele lat podstawę i główne źródło informacji przy przedstawianiu Śląska na mapach najwybitniejszych ówczesnych kartografów i wydawców. W wiekach XVII i XVIII ikazało się wiele wydań tej mapy - ostatnie w 1778 roku. Nieznane do tej pory wydanie mapy Śląska Helwiga pochodzi z 1612 roku.
The year 1561 is the turning point in the history of the Silesian cartography. This year the first map of Silesia was published. It was based on the surveys and data collected from local residents. The author of this map was Martin Helwig, born 5 November 1516 in Nysa. He studied in Wittenberg, and later at the Akadamia Krakowska in Cracow. From 1544 Helwig worked in Świdnica, and from 1552 in Wrocław in the school of the church of Holy Mary Magdalene. He died on 26 January 1574. Helwig produced a woodcut map in the scale of ca. 1:550 000, which was cut by H. Kron. The whole sheet was printed from 12 wood blocks, but the map itself from only four wood blocks. Wide border (ca. 3 cm) around the map, which includes 28 coats of arms of Silesian duchies and their capitals was printed from eight additional wood blocks.The map measures 57,5x73 cm or, including the border, 67x81,5 cm. In the upper part of the map, there is a cartouche (9,5x19 cm) with a dedication. In the lower part, there is a cartouche with an imprint. On the right, a linear scale, surmounted by the coat of arms of the sponsor of this map. The map is south facing, extending to Cracow in the east, to Bischofswerda in the west , to Ołomuniec in the south and to Poznań in the north. On the map Helwig included more than 370 geographical names, of which the vast majority are the names of places situated mostly on the map based on the 1554 map of Europe by Gerard Mercator. Among them were towns, monasteries, castles and villages, designated by one of the four symbols shown in the key under the dedication cartouche. In addition, each location is accompanied with a fictitious silhouette, often an extended miniature of the town. The number and size of these symbols as well as the large lettering had the effect of condensing and overloading the map, but together with the decorative border around it and the coats of arms of Poland and the Czech lands, enhanced its ornamental value. The Helwig map can therefore be regarded as one of the most beautiful woodcut maps ever made. This map of Silesia was published in many editions, always printed from the same woodblocks in the years 1605, 1627, 1642, 1685, 1738, 1745, 1746, 1765, 1776 (twice) and 1778. Characteristic for these editions were changes in the text in the upper cartouche (with dedication) or in the lower cartouche (with an imprint) or in both at the same time. Unknown, and not hitherto described in the literature, is the edition from 1612. A copy of this edition turned up at auction in 2003 and was purchased for his own collection by well-known collector of maps and Polonica Dr Tomasz Niewodniczański (from Bitburg, Germany). Unfortunately this copy is damaged and the preserved part (57,5xca. 50 cm or, including the border, 67xca. 54 cm) constitutes about two thirds of the whole map. This edition with the dedication only half preserved, as on the second edition from 1605, has a completely different imprint (preserved together with the whole cartouche): Mit Roem. Kay. May. Befreyung. In verlegung HanB Eyrings vnd Johann. Perrfects bey-der Buchhaendler in Bresslaw. Zu Bress[l]aw Bey Georg Bawman. ANNO 1612. In 1889 in Wrocław Heinrich Lesser published a facsimile edition of the Helwig map, based on the 1738 edition, but with the text of the title as on the 1765 edition. Published for the first time in 1561 in Nysa, the map of Silesia by Martin Helwig constituted (until the middle of XVIIIth century) the main model and source of information for the cartographical presentation of this part of Europe on the maps of leading cartographers and publishers of those times.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2004, T. 36, nr 2, 2; 92-103
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Generalizacja danych topograficznych o szczegółowości 1:10 000 do skali 1:50 000
Generalization of topographic data from 1:10 000 into 1:50 000
Autorzy:
Iwaniak, A.
Ostrowski, W.
Paluszyński, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204472.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
baza danych
mapa topograficzna
generalizacja kartograficzna
cartography
topographic map
Opis:
W pierwszej części artykułu opisano i zilustrowano reguły generalizacji sieci drogowej i zabudowy przy opracowywaniu mapy topograficznej 1:50 000 na podstawie mapy 1: 10 000. W drugiej części artykułu zostanie zaprezentowana implementacja bazy wiedzy na podstawie zdefiniowanych reguł w środowisku programowym Dynagen oraz przykłady praktycznego wykorzystania tej implementacji do generalizacji Bazy Danych Topograficznych.
Due to the development of geographic information systems, in the developed countries more than 70% of decisions in public administrations are taken basing on spatial data. Particular regions have their own databases with various levels of detail, usually corresponding to standard topographic scales (1:10 000, 1:25 000, 1:50 000 etc.). The question is whether it would be possible to keep just one, detailed topographic database and generate cartographic presentations in different scales from it, using automatic generalization of spatial data. This problem is particularly vital in Poland, because the National Geographic Information System (KSIG), which is being implemented at the moment, consists of, among other units, a Topographic Database (BDT) with the level of detail corresponding to the map in 1:10 000 and a Level 2 Vector Map (VMAP 2) with the level of detail corresponding to the scale of 1:50 000. Since 2002 the Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy of Agricultural University of Wroclaw together with the Warsaw University Chair of Cartography have been working on a research project "Automatization of the process of generalization of topographic maps from the scale of 1:10 000 into 1:50 000". In the first stage of the research attempts were made to elaborate a system of automatic genera-lization of road network and buildings with the use of DynaGen software. In the first part of the article the rules of generalization of these two components are presented and illustrated. Criteria and rules for the choice of streets and lower road categories are established (criteria of density, length, functionality and spatial relations). Generalization of buildings presented in the scale of 1:10 000 can be conducted in two ways: either with symbols of separate buildings or by replacing them with a symbol of a built-up area. In the first case we are dealing with the following types of generalizations: generalization of qualitative features, substitution of a collective symbol for separate symbols, choice of buildings, replacement of building outlines with symbols, building simplification, combining and changing of building location. In the second case separate objects (buildings) are replaced with a collective symbol (built-up area), the shape of which is further simplified, extended and combined.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2004, T. 36, nr 3, 3; 177-186
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Elektroniczna mapa animowana Gór Izerskich
Electronic animated map of Izerskie Mountains
Autorzy:
Dukaczewski, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204183.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
elektroniczna mapa animowana
GIS system
teledetekcja
Góry Izerskie
electronic animated map
time oriented GIS
remote sensing
old map
reference-retrospect method
Izerskie Mountains
Opis:
Autor prezentuje koncepcję systemu elektronicznej mapy animowanej, stanowiącego narzędzie przeznaczone do generowania animacji kartograficznych oraz dokonywania kompleksowych analiz dynamiki zmian środowiska z wykorzystaniem animacji i funkcji systemu informacji przestrzennej zorientowanego czasowo. Przedstawia metodę referencyjno-retrospektywną opracowania warstw czasowych (na podstawie danych satelitarnych, zdjęć lotniczych i map topograficznych), spełniających wymogi sine qua non realizacji animacji kartograficznej. Autor prezentuje również badania tego typu systemu wykonanego dla terenu polskiej i czeskiej części Gór Izerskich na podstawie danych z lat 1767-1994.
The paper describes a concept of electronic animated map (EMA) of land use changes - a tool dedicated to creation of cartographic animations and implementations of the spatio-temporal complex analysis of environment dynamics (using cartographic animations and time-oriented GIS functions). The methodology of creation of EMA is also presented as well as conclusions concerning the testing of created system. Author proposes a new method of creation of time-oriented GIS database called "reference-retrospect method". It generates unitemporal layers (basing on remote sensing and archival cartographical documents), which fulfil sine qua non conditions for cartographic animations. Efficiency of designed system was tested on electronic animated map realised for the test site of the Polish and Czech part of the Izerskie Mountains (1767-1994). Performed tests prove that the electronic animated map is a very useful tool, which facilitates research on dynamics of environment. It may also be of assistance in space planning decisions. In the future, it may also constitute one of the components of complex multitemporal analysis models.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2005, T. 37, nr 1, 1; 23-36
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 30

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies