Temat: karalność - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Karalność pomówienia w świetle orzecznictwa Trybunału Konstytucyjnego
The Penality of Slander in the Light of the Decisions of the Constitutional Tribunal
Autorzy:: Zoll, Andrzej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698771.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: karalność
pomówienia
Trybunał Konstytucyjny
penality
slander
Constitutional Tribunal
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 669-675
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Rozważania nad zasadnością traktowania kazirodztwa jako przestępstwa
Autorzy:: Polińska, Aleksandra
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1834001.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019-08-02
Wydawca:: Mazowiecka Uczelnia Publiczna w Płocku
Tematy:: kazirodztwo
przestępstwo
karalność
rodzina
obyczajowości
normy moralne
pedofilia.
Opis:: Karalność kazirodztwa w przeszłości uzasadniano przede wszystkim względami eugenicznymi. Wobec braku jakichkolwiek transparentnych badań co do istnienia wad genetycznych u dzieci pochodzących ze związków kazirodczych w większym stopniu aniżeli u innych dzieci, doktryna kryminalizację kazirodztwa uzasadnia obecnie, wskazując na obyczajowość czy ochronę rodziny. Głosy przedstawicieli prawa nie są jednak spójne i pojawiają się takie, które wskazują na pewne rozbieżności, a nawet niekonsekwencje prawodawcy. W tym kontekście coraz częściej pojawiają się głosy o dekryminalizację kazirodztwa ze względu chociażby na okoliczność, że chroni on jedynie deklarowany, a nie rzeczywisty przedmiot ochrony. Autor niniejszego opracowania pragnie zwrócić uwagę na pewne rozbieżności pomiędzy potocznym rozumieniem zakazu kazirodztwa, a zakazem, wynikającym z normy prawa karnego materialnego, by zabrać głos w dyskusji i pod wątpliwość poddać zasadność utrzymywania kryminalizacji tego przestępstwa.
Źródło:: Społeczeństwo. Edukacja. Język; 2019, 9; 103-113
2353-1266
2449-7983
Pojawia się w:: Społeczeństwo. Edukacja. Język
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Prawnokarna regulacja kazirodztwa w polskim porządku prawnym – walka o ochronę obyczajności czy naruszenie wolności seksualnej człowieka?
The image of incest in the Polish legal order – the fight for the protection of decency or the violation of human sexual freedom?
Autorzy:: Jarocka, Marika
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29519200.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:: kazirodztwo
przestępstwo
wolność seksualna
obyczajność
karalność
incest
crime
sexual freedom
morality
penalty
Opis:: Kazirodztwo jest przestępstwem niezwykle kontrowersyjnym. Wynika to nie tylko z braku zgody co do przedmiotu ochrony, lecz także z zagrożenia, jakie dla dobra w postaci wolności seksualnej stanowi dalsze penalizowanie incestu. Argumenty podnoszone w doktrynie trudno uznać za jednorodne, a część jej przedstawicieli jest skłonna opowiadać się za dekryminalizacją tego przestępstwa. W artykule zaprezentowano ratio legis funkcjonowania kazirodztwa w polskim porządku prawnym z uwzględnieniem uwarunkowań historycznych oraz uwag prawnoporównawczych. Poddano rozważaniom szczególną relację między obyczajnością a wolnością seksualną, by wykazać zasadność kryminalizacji kazirodztwa.
Incest is an extremely controversial crime today. The main reason for this is not only the lack of consistency as to the subject of protection, but also the threat of violation of the good in the form of sexual freedom by further penalizing incest. The arguments presented by the representatives of the doctrine are not homogeneous – some of them are willing to support the decriminalization of this crime. The article presents the ratio legis of the functioning of the crime of incest in the Polish legal order – taking into account its historical background and comparative legal remarks. The special relationship between morality and sexual freedom was considered in order to demonstrate the legitimacy of criminalizing incest.
Źródło:: Problemy Prawa Karnego; 2022, 6, 2; 1-20
0208-5577
2353-9712
Pojawia się w:: Problemy Prawa Karnego
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Discrimination in Employment Relationships Due to Criminality
Autorzy:: Grzeszczyk, Michał
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/618239.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:: labor law
discrimination
criminal convictions
sentencing
recruitment
prawo pracy
dyskryminacja
karalność
skazanie
rekrutacja
Opis:: Employee rights are protected by the Labour Code and other labor laws. Protective function of this branch of law is fullfilled, among others, by provisions on the prohibition of discrimination. In certain circumstances, the provisions provide legal protection also for candidates for employees, indicating what a potential employer may require from the candidate, how he should behave towards him and what are the permitted criteria for evaluating job-seeker in the course of the recruitment for the position. Discrimination may therefore occur at the stage of looking for a job by a potential employee, especially during the recruitment procedure. The Labour Code contains open catalog of causes of discrimination, and therefore often appear doubts as to whether the action of the employer bears the hallmarks of discrimination, whether it is an acceptable action. Because of this, it is reasonable to attempt to answer the question whether it is permissible to differentiate the situation of candidates for jobs at employment relationships due to a prior criminal record. This will determine the relationship between the discretionary power of the employer to choose the best candidate for the job, and the equal treatment of all potential employees, including due to the content of their criminal cards.
Prawa pracownika są chronione przez Kodeks pracy i inne przepisy prawa pracy. Funkcję ochronną tej gałęzi prawa realizują m.in. przepisy dotyczące zakazu dyskryminacji. W pewnych okolicznościach przepisy przewidują ochronę prawną również dla kandydatów na pracowników, wskazując, czego potencjalny pracodawca może od kandydata żądać, jak powinien się w stosunku do niego zachować oraz jakie są dozwolone kryteria oceny poszukującego pracy w toku rekrutacji na dane stanowisko. Do dyskryminacji może zatem dochodzić już na etapie poszukiwania pracy przez potencjalnego pracownika, w szczególności podczas postępowania rekrutacyjnego. Kodeks pracy zawiera otwarty katalog przyczyn dyskryminacyjnych, w związku z czym niejednokrotnie pojawiają się wątpliwości, czy działanie pracodawcy nosi znamiona dyskryminacji czy też jest działaniem dopuszczalnym. Z uwagi na to zasadna jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy dopuszczalne jest różnicowanie sytuacji kandydatów do pracy przy nawiązaniu stosunku pracy ze względu na uprzednią karalność. Pozwoli to wyznaczyć relację między dyskrecjonalną władzą pracodawcy do wyboru najlepszego kandydata na dane stanowisko a obowiązkiem równego traktowania wszystkich potencjalnych pracowników, w tym ze względu na treść ich karty karnej.
Źródło:: Studia Iuridica Lublinensia; 2016, 25, 4
1731-6375
Pojawia się w:: Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Kształt odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej prokuratorów w świetle Prawa o prokuraturze – wybrane problemy
Autorzy:: Milena, Garwol,
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902358.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017-09-12
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:: prosecutors’ disciplinary liability
general interest
illegality
punishability
civil measures
odpowiedzialność dyscyplinarna prokuratorów
interes społeczny
bezprawność
karalność
środki cywilne
Opis:: The material aspect of disciplinary responsibility regulated in the new act that came into force on 4th March 2016 is described in this short essay. The most interesting thing to deliberate on is the article 137 § 2 which says that the prosecutor is not disciplinary liable if they acted only in general interest. This clause is really controversial not only because of its wide content but also ambiguous character (analysed from the perspecitve of the five – element structure of a delict). It is not an easy task to prejudge if the prosecutor does not commit the delict or is not subjected to the penalty if acting in the general interest. More arguments against the first statement are found. The terminologial disorder included in the Penal Code and the consequences for an individual (eg. the possibility to self – defence, civil responsibility of the state) lead to propose this thesis.
Źródło:: Studia Iuridica; 2017, 69; 75-85
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:: Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Ochrona kobiety ciężarnej i dziecka poczętego w prawie kanonicznym i normach innych religii
Protection of a Pregnant Woman and a Child Conceived in Canon Lawand Norms of other Religions
Autorzy:: Wroceński, Józef
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1372335.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019-06-08
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:: religia
ochrona
prawo
kobieta ciężarna
aborcja
skutki aborcji
karalność
religion
protection
law
pregnant woman
abortion
consequences of abortion
punishment
Opis:: In his study, the author discusses the important issue of protecting a pregnant woman and conceived life in almost all well known world religions. This problem, he notes, leads to a number of fundamental religious, ethical, legal, and philosophical disputes, because it concerns an important element in the construction of the normative order of each society. The analysis of the issue begins with a brief discussion of the concept of religion and emphasizes that a woman occupies an important place in each religion, and the period of pregnancy and childbirth is considered a special time, not only for her, but for the whole family and the community in which she lives. Then he analyzes the law of the Catholic Church in the discussed matter, emphasizing that the legislation of the Church provides for the abortion, for whatever reasons, the heaviest punishment, namely the penalty of excommunication latae sententiae. Next, after analyzing the regulations of other religions, he notices that not only the Catholic Church radically rejects the admissibility of termination of pregnancy, but no religion explicitly supports abortion, recognizing this act as a crime and providing for appropriate sanctions. However, the rules of each religion contain exceptions where pregnancy may be terminated in special circumstances. Usually these exceptions are justified by the mother's state of health. In the summary, the author formulates the conclusion that only granting an unborn child legal subjectivity under positive law would be tantamount to granting him rights and duties in the legal system of each religion. For now, it seems that the more appropriate term would be to use the term 'human being' in relation to the unborn child.
Źródło:: Prawo Kanoniczne; 2019, 62, 2; 3-29
2353-8104
Pojawia się w:: Prawo Kanoniczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Rodziny wieloproblemowe – charakterystyka 222 rodzin z dzielnicy Praga-Północ
Multi-problem Families - the Characteristics of 222 Families From the Warsaw District Praga-North
Autorzy:: Kossowska, Anna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699070.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1982
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: rodzina wieloproblemowa
Praga-Północ
rodzina
nieprzystosowanie społeczne
alkoholizm
przestępczość
typologia rodzin
karalność
multi-problem family
Prague-North
family
social maladjustment
alcoholism
criminality
family typology
penality
Opis:: The object of the study initiated in 1975 in the Department of Criminology of the Polish Academy of Sciences was to get acquainted with the extent of social maladjustment in the families known to be characterised by the cumulation of socially negative factors. They were, called multi-problem families. In on study primary criteria for the selection of families were alcoholism and excessive drinking, which was based on the assumption, proved by many criminological studies, that alcoholism causes the most severe disturbances in the functioning of the family. Other symptoms of social maladjustment, such as crime, prostitution, child neglect, were recognized as the derivatives of alcoholism. 222 families living in the Warsaw district Praga-North were examined, in which at least 2 adult membres were known to the police as regular excessive drinkers. Data about the families examined were gathered by means of interviews with the district constables of the police. On the grounds of the interview a questionnaire was filled in, including such data on all members of the family who were living together, as: regular excessive drinking and behavior related to it, delinquency, trouble-making and threat to the safety of their family and neighbours, attitude towards work, performance of parental duties, prostitution and other symptoms of social maladjustment. They were supplemented by the data from other official sources, among other: court records, registers of the detoxication centres, data from the juvenile section of the police regarding the state of care of the children and their social maladjustment. The majority of the multi-problem families examined inhabit poorly planned areas. The houses are mainly old, neglected, assigned for demolition (and thus not repaired). There are no bathrooms nor WCs. Many of the tenements lack running water. The housing conditions of these families as regards the density of their tenements is considerably poorer than the average of the remaining part of the district and of the entire city. The financial standing of the families, according to the police constables, is “poor” or” very poor” in over a half of the examined cases. The social and professional status of the members is low. 70% of men and 90% of women lack any vocational training. At the time of research, the examined population of 222 families consisted of 437 men and 360 women aged over 17 and 233 children aged 0-16 (over a half of them were small children aged up to 10). The extent of social maladjustment of the entire adult population is as follows: As few as 9% of the men and 37% of the women do not drink excessively. The remaining regularly drink excessively or are alcoholics. It is interesting that a substantial intensity of excessive drinking was found even among the youngest group of the examined adult males, that is those aged 17 - 20. Only 15% of the men in this age group do not drink excessively. The excessive drinking of the persons examined is connected with other symptoms of “problem drinking”. Over 57% of the men and 17% of the women were detained at the detoxication centre more than 3 times. The persons under examination also frequently have cases brought against them in the Penal Administrative Commissions because of breaking of peace when intoxicated. Over 40% of the men had such cases brought against them at least 3 times. More than a half of the men in the multi-problem families are the so-called “persons dangerous to other members of the family when drunk”. This stands for behavior such as making rows at home, beating their wives or other members of the family, turning them into the street, demolishing their flats. The population of the men is also characterized by an improper attitude towards work. Approximately 45% of them do not work though they could. On the basis of the obtained information it can be stated that they either are provided for by the others, or they live on illegal business or various odd jobs, or they profit by illegal means. In the light of the data mentioned above as to the drinking habits of the members of the families examined the question arises if any relationship can be found between their excessive drinking and their staying out of work. Approximately 92% of the men who are known to stay out of work without any reasonable cause can be recognized as alcoholics. The extent of crime in the multi-problem families is significant, with 57% of the men having been convicted at least once, and 32% - 4 times or more. There were also 20% of the women with criminal records. Contrary to expectation, in the structure of crime of the examined population violent offences balance those against property. Among the population of the women from the problem families, 1/5 are suspected of prostitution. When discussing the social maladjustment of the women, the problem of performing maternal duties cannot possibly be ignored. 70% of the mothers of small children do not secure the care for them, and in some cases the child neglect becomes more flagrant. Only about 1/5 of the entire population of the adult members of the families examined reveal none of the symptoms mentioned above, the percentage in the case of men being as low as less than 9%. In the second part of the study an attempt is made to characterize the families from the point of view of the intensity of social maladjustment in the entire family. Among the 222 families there were 39, the members of which had no criminal record, that is, in over 80% of the families there occurs the co-existence of alcoholism and crime. In more than half of the families not even one adult member could be recognized as positive - that is, not drinking excessively, with a clear court record and regularly working. There is one such person in 54 families, 2 such persons in 36 families, and in only 15 families 3 persons were recognized as favourably meeting the above criteria. On the basis of the proceedings employed to define the degree of social maladjustment of each of the families, nearly 1/3 of them were found to reveal a very high intensity of cumulated symptoms of social maladjustment. Such families create a serious social problem to the still greater extent than the others. Analysing the educational situation in the families on the basis of their classification as regards their structure, the situation in question is found particularly unfavorable in the families where the mother regularly drinks excessively or is a prostitute. This applies particularly to the situation of small children. In nearly all the families with small children the sometimes flagrant negligence of the children was found. The mothers did not care for their children, left them without any care, did not secure for them any sufficient food nor clothing, the children having in many cases no other source of assistance. As the children grow up, their neglect and the influence of negative social patterns in the family repeatedly lead to the symptoms of social maladjustment, which increase gradually sometimes reaching very grave forms. Multi-problem families require special care and assistance of the qualified social services. This applies particularly to children who are brought up in exceptionally unfavourable conditions. An early intervention in the situation of those children is vital. It should lead to neutralizing the negative influence of family milieu, which in a great part of the cases requires the isolation of the children by placing them in a children's home. The assistance applied towards the family should also consist in financial and medical aid (including the treatment of early stages of alcoholism).
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1982, VIII-IX; 291-337
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Odpowiedzialność dyscyplinarna rzecznika dyscyplinarnego z tytułu naruszenia niezawisłości sędziowskiej
Disciplinary Responsibility of a Disciplinary Spokesman for Breach of Judicial Independence
Autorzy:: Kardas, Piotr
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1912129.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-08-31
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:: rzecznik dyscyplinarny
niezawisłość
podział władzy
niezależność
bezprawność
karalność
znamiona przewinienia dyscyplinarnego
stopień bezprawia
independence
division of power
illegality
unlawfulness
punishability
elements of a disciplinary offense
degree of illegality
disciplinary spokesman
Opis:: The following article comprises an analysis of the basis and scope of disciplinary liability of a disciplinary spokesman for breach of judicial independence. It indicates the inherent interdependence between judicial disciplinary liability and the constitutionally protected principle of independence. The author believes that a separate judicial disciplinary liability constitutes one of the guarantees of independence. The protection of independence is further enhanced by the autonomy of the disciplinary proceedings and the means of determining the basis for such liability, the limits of which are delineated by independence. Nevertheless, it serves to outline the spokesman’s competences and thus the scope of legal acts. Abuse of the aforementioned competences in this regard is equal to an abuse of independence. What is more, the commentary sets out to introduce a two-tier understanding of the notion of abuse of independence, that is internal and external breaches. Under the current law, it is impossible for a spokesman to be in breach of independence, for he does not boast one. However, a spokesman can undertake to externally abuse another party’s - i.a. a judge’s - independence. Such abuse can be caused by non-adherence to the established limits of judicial disciplinary liability. Under such circumstances, a spokesman is in breach of his competences, which is subsequently reflected in a material violation of judicial independence. The bases of disciplinary liability of a disciplinary spokesman are set forth in the provisions pertaining to the disciplinary liability of the judiciary and the prosecution. Hence, a disciplinary spokesman’s liability is a sub-type of the general disciplinary liability of the judge (or prosecutor) who serves as a spokesman.
Opracowanie zawiera analizę podstaw i zakresu odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej rzecznika dyscyplinarnego za naruszenie niezawisłości sędziowskiej. Wskazuje na ścisłe związki odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej sędziów z konstytucyjną zasadą niezawisłości. Istnienie odrębnej odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej sędziów stanowi jedną z gwarancji niezawisłości. Ochronie niezawisłości służy autonomiczność postępowania dyscyplinarnego oraz sposób określenia podstaw tej odpowiedzialności, której granice wyznacza niezawisłość. Precyzuje także kompetencje rzecznika, a tym samym zakres zgodnego z prawem działania rzecznika. Przekroczenie przez rzecznika kompetencji w tym zakresie oznacza zawsze naruszenie niezawisłości. Wprowadza rozróżnienie na wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne naruszenie niezawisłości. W świetle obowiązujących przepisów brak jest możliwości naruszenia przez rzecznika własnej niezawisłości, taka mu bowiem nie przysługuje. Rzecznik może natomiast dopuścić się zewnętrznego zamachu na cudzą, tj. przysługującą innemu sędziemu, niezawisłość. Naruszenie przez rzecznika niezawisłości sędziowskiej wynikać może z nierespektowania granic odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej sędziów. W takich wypadkach dochodzi do nadużycia przez rzecznika uprawnień skutkującego naruszeniem niezawisłości sędziego, wobec którego rzecznik prowadzi czynności. Podstawy odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej rzecznika za naruszenie niezawisłości określają przepisy dotyczące odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej sędziów oraz prokuratorów. Odpowiedzialność dyscyplinarna rzecznika dyscyplinarnego za naruszenie niezawisłości jest odmianą odpowiedzialność dyscyplinarnej sędziego lub prokuratora pełniącego urząd rzecznika.
Źródło:: Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2020, 4 (56); 93-107
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:: Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Rozmiary przestępczości wśród dawnych podopiecznych sądu opiekuńczego – dzieci rodziców z ograniczoną władzą rodzicielską
Extent of Crime Among Former Juveniles Whose Parents Were Limited in Their Parental Authority, and Who Were Under the Care of Juvenile and Civil Courts
Autorzy:: Strzembosz, Adam
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699060.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1982
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: przestępczość
sąd opiekuńczy
ograniczona władza rodzicielska
władza rodzicielska
kara
warunki rodzinne
małoletni
zaburzenia w zachowaniu
karalność
rozmiary przestępczości
niedostosowanie społeczne
criminality
guardianship court
limited parental responsibility
parental authority
penalty
family conditions
minor
behavioral disorders
penality
extent of crime
social maladjustment
Opis:: The reported research is a continuation of the studies on families under court’s supervision in consequence of the limitation of parental authority. The former studies were conducted on the sample of such families representative of the entire country, which consisted of 757 families with the total of 1,436 children in whose interest protection proceedings has been instituted in 1973. While in that phase of research an attempt was made to characterize the families and the children that came within the above proceedings and to describe the action of the court and the efficiency of the measures adjudicated by the court, in the present studies the further fates have been studied of 330 boys and 252 girls - formerly under the care of the court - who were aged at least 19 on September 1, 1980 (they were aged 19 - 24, mean age being 22). During the research, it was found that among the persons under examination - after coming up to the age of 17 (upper limit of minority) - there were 27% of men and 7% of women with criminal records (12% of men and 2% of women had been convicted at least twice). This percentage was three times higher as regards the convicted men and 8 times higher as regards the convicted women in comparison with the extent of crime measured by the number of convictions among men and women aged 21. Among the convicted men there were as many as 49% convicted for larceny, 19% for robbery, and 13% convicted for offences against person. As many as 84% of men were convicted for offences against property only, or for these offences as well as for others. The structure of crime of the persons under scrutiny differs from that of the whole of young adult offenders (aged 17 - 20) as regards the high percentage of those convicted for larceny. In this respect it resembles the structure of crime of the juveniles formerly under care of juvenile courts in, the cases pertaining to parental rights in Warsaw, but only as regards the sons of alcoholics (also aged 22 on the average), as the sons of non-alcoholics were in a much higher percentage convicted for offences against person, characterized by a large intensity of aggressiveness. The offences of the persons under examination resemble juvenile delinquency in the eldest age groups, though the harmfulness of their offences is much greater. 50% of the convicted men had been sentenced to immediate imprisonment already in their first case, 95% - in their second case, and all of the convicted men –in their third case. An attempt was made to differentiate the category of the investigated sons who would be characterized by a higher extent of crime when aged over 17; however, no increase in offending was found both among children from broken homes and among those whose parents revealedconsiderable social demoralization. Even the percentage of socially demoralized mothers whose sons had criminal records when aged over 17 was only slightly higher than that of socially adjusted mothers of the convicted men. On the other hand, the men coming from towns were considerably more frequently convicted as compared with those coming from the rural areas, which seems to shake the now established opinion about the small differences between the intensity of crime in the town and the country, if we take into account the offender’s place of residence and not the place where the given offence has been committed. In spite of the confirmation by the present study of the well known regularity that there is a higher percentage of persons convicted when aged over 17 among those who revealed early behavior disorders, and in spite of the fact that there is a correlation between the improvement in the minor’s behavior accomplished by the probation officer during his supervision and the subsequent clear record of his former probationer - no correlation was found between the way in which the supervision had been performed and the criminal records of the men when aged over 17. Such a correlation was not revealed even by comparing the most highly estimated supervision with this actually not performed at all. This proves the predominating role of factors other than probation officer’s supervision in the process of forming social attitudes of the youth. Since even those of the probation officers, who perform their supervision reliably and efficiently, are not in approximately one half of the cases able to cause improvement of their probationer’s behavior, then the role of other factors independent of the officer’s action is immense and their further negative or favourable influence may - in course of time - wholly destroy the impact of the methods of supervision. Therefore not only the probation officer’s efforts should be supported by creating the actual possibilities for him to organize the proper educational environment for his probationer but also these social processes should be strenghtened which promote the internalization by children and youths of favourable patterns of behavior and moral standards.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1982, VIII-IX; 271-290
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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