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    Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6
    Tytuł:
    Convicted Nazi lawyer. The case of Gerhard Pchalek in the Gera District Court in 1960
    Autorzy:
    Graczyk, Konrad
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1595864.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
    Tematy:
    Third Reich
    criminal liability
    crimes against humanity
    judiciary
    prosecutor
    Opis:
    This study is devoted to a criminal case brought before a court in the German Democratic Republic against Gerhard Pchalek in connection with his service as a prosecutor in the Third Reich. Pchalek served in the Polish territories incorporated into the Reich, in Bielsko and Ka¬towice. He was a prosecutor in proceedings before special courts in Bielsko and Katowice, as well as before the Higher National Court in Katowice, in which he filed motions to sentence defendants to the death penalty. In 20 cases - as was determined by the District Court in Gera - Pchalek demanded the death penalty, which was then imposed and enforced. His act was classified as aiding in murder under the provisions of the German Criminal Code, and Pchalek was sentenced to 4 years in strict regime prison. The paper discusses the biography of Pchalek, the issue of post-war criminal liability of Nazi lawyers and the criminal trial before the District Court in Gera. The study uses a historical, formal and dogmatic method. The criminal trial in question is one of the few cases in which a Nazi lawyer was convicted.
    Źródło:
    Acta Iuris Stetinensis; 2020, 29, 1; 17-31
    2083-4373
    2545-3181
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Iuris Stetinensis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Criminological and penal aspects of issuing a false opinion by an expert witness - draft report on research project with proposals for changes in the law determining the legal status of expert witnesses
    Autorzy:
    Jóźwicki, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1934138.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-04-21
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    expert
    evidence
    false expert opinion
    criminal procedural law
    corruption
    judiciary
    Opis:
    Evidence in the form of an expert opinion is usually of key importance for settling a pending case in any type of proceedings. In some cases, the role of the expert witness is closer to that of a judge rather than that of a witness, since a judge who does not have special knowledge often has to use evidence given by an expert to render a judgement. For this reason, issuing a false expert opinion results in a very high risk of delivering a wrong and unfair decision in a given case, which in turn has a negative impact on the social perception of the functioning of the justice system. In the Polish Criminal Code, criminal responsibility for issuing a false opinion is stipulated in Article 233 (4) and (4a) of the Penal Code. At the same time, despite a very large number of reports of suspicion that a crime has been committed by an expert witness, only a negligible number of investigations result in a bill of indictment and a conviction, which causes virtual impunity of perpetrators and has a negative impact on the functioning of criminal justice. Due to the diagnosed research gap in this area, the need to investigate and describe the phenomenon of issuing false opinions by expert witnesses, both in normative and criminological terms, on the basis of empirical research, has been clearly seen. The main objective of the research has been to characterise the phenomenon in question on many levels and to determine its real extent, its etiology and symptomatology. An additional aim of the research has been the verifi cation of research hypotheses and recognition of the normative sphere of the expert witness’s status, expert evidence, and principles of responsibility for issuing false opinions. The research fi ndings have resulted in proposals of solutions aimed both at limiting the phenomenon of issuing false opinions and more effective prosecution of perpetrators of crimes under Article 233 (4) of the Penal Code, which in turn may translate into more effi cient functioning of the entire justice system, as expert witnesses and their work are an extremely important aspect of thereof. The conducted research has fully confi rmed the research hypotheses and precisely indicated defective areas of expert evidence, and consequently the need to introduce immediate legislative changes. Some of the research conclusions and de lege ferenda postulates were implemented into the amended provisions of the Penal Code in 2016, which fully confi rms their legitimacy. Unfortunately, there is still no legal act of statutory rank which would comprehensively regulate the status of expert witnesses and expert evidence.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Policyjny; 2019, 136(4); 360-375
    0867-5708
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Policyjny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    O (nie)rzetelności inkwizycyjnego procesu karnego w świetle prawa europejskiego
    Autorzy:
    Karolina, Piech,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/894839.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-03-10
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    rzetelność
    proces karny
    bezstronność
    sądownictwo
    obiektywizm
    reliability
    criminal trial
    judiciary
    objectivism
    impartially
    fair trial
    Opis:
    The article deals with one of the elementary principles of the criminal trial – reliability of the trial – in conventional and constitutional terms. The author analyses the concept of fair trial and details the most important elements. Then she considers whether the currently existing model of the criminal trial in Poland, rich in inquisitional institutions, is compatible with the principle of a fair trial. She analyses the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure, compares these regulations with principles of impartiality, objectivity and equality of procedural parties that are part of the concept of a fair trial. Artykuł dotyczy jednej z elementarnych zasad procesu karnego – rzetelności procesu – w ujęciu konwencyjnym i konstytucyjnym. Autorka analizuje pojęcie fair trial, zarówno sensu stricto, jak i sensu largo, wyszczególniając jego najistotniejsze elementy. Następnie rozważa, czy obecnie funkcjonujący w Polsce model procesu karnego, bogaty w instytucje o charakterze inkwizycyjnym, nie stoi w sprzeczności z zasadą rzetelnego procesu. Aby udzielić odpowiedzi na stawiane przez siebie pytania, analizuje normy Kodeksu postępowania karnego, zestawiając je w szczególności z zasadami bezstronności, obiektywizmu oraz równości stron procesowych, stanowiącymi części składowe pojęcia rzetelnego procesu.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Europejski; 2018, 2; 237-248
    1641-2478
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Europejski
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The AI is now in session – The impact of digitalisation on courts
    Autorzy:
    Papp, Dorottya
    Krausz, Bernadett
    Gyuranecz, Franciska Z.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2143025.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-07-02
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
    Tematy:
    artificial intelligence
    machine learning
    fair trial
    due process
    judicial systems
    civil and criminal proceedings
    European Union
    judiciary
    Opis:
    This paper seeks to map out the problems imposed by the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) regarding the judicial system. In the era of digitalisation, we are only a step from using AI in our daily work. For this purpose, we carried out a multidisciplinary research related to the possible application of AI in the judiciary worldwide. Our main objective was not only to show that AI requires a different approach both from legislative and executive aspects, but also to offer possible solutions concerning the implementation of AI in the judicial sector. We analysed several aspects of the right to a fair trial with regard to the changes imposed by AI systems. Likewise, we covered the emerging ethical concerns and tackled the issue of transparency, responsibility and non-discrimination. The analysis gradually verified the initial hypothesis of our paper that in spite of the increasing ubiquity of AI, we have to limit its use and adjust both our legal and ethical framework to address these new concerns.
    Źródło:
    Cybersecurity and Law; 2022, 7, 1; 272-296
    2658-1493
    Pojawia się w:
    Cybersecurity and Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przestępczość i polityka karna sądów w Węgierskiej Republice Ludowej
    Crime and the penal policy of courts in the Hungarian peoples republic
    Autorzy:
    Kubiak, Jacek R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699255.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1987
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    polityka karna
    republika ludowa
    przestępczość
    ustawodawstwo
    prawo karne
    Węgry
    orzecznictwo
    gwałt
    sądownictwo
    pozbawienie wolności
    grzywna
    ludobójstwo
    people's republic
    criminality
    legislation
    criminal law
    Hungary
    certification
    rape
    judiciary
    deprivation of liberty
    fine
    genocide
    criminal policy
    criminal Policy
    Opis:
    There is in Hungary a many years tradition. of gathering and publishing criminal statistics and its theoretical analysis. This tradition dates back to the early 19th century. In the modern days, it was discontinued in the years 1944-1956 only. However, in 1957, the publication of the basic data of criminal statistics in Statistical Yearbooks published by the central statistical Office was started anew. As shown by an analysis of the trends of the number of convictions of adults in the years 1944-1984 based on official sources, there is a high substantial changes in these trends with changes in the provisions of the penal law and to some extent in the socio-political climate. The following can thus be noticed: A very big number of convictions in the late fourties and early fifties (with the culminating point in 1952), accompanied by rapid drops in the years when amnesty laws were passed or new provisions of the penal law were introduced. A great drop in the number of convictions in 1956 and, 1957 which was related directly first of all to the course of events before and after October 23, 1956, and to the fact that a part of the jurisdiction of common courts of law was taken over by special courts of law was taken over by special courts the activity of which is not reflected in the analysed statistical data. A relative stabilization of the number of convictions in the years of gradual socio-political consolidation ( 1958-1962). A gradual increase in the number of convictions after the entering into force of the Penal Code of 1961 and its amendment of 1971. Accompanied by intermittent drops in the amnesty years and in the years when provisions that modified the Penal Code entered into force. An increase in the number of convictions after the entering into force of the Penal Code of 1978. The rate of convictions per 100,000 of the population in 1984 was 2'5 times higher than in 1952, but not much lower than the 1961 rate. The rise in crime in the recent years is also evident in the available data from the police and public prosecutor's statistics. The number of reported offences went up by one-third in the period 1965-1985 and has a constant upward trend. Among the offences reported most numerous are offences against property (about 60 per cent of all reported offences), traffic offences (about 12-13 per cent), offences against public order (hooliganism and parasitism in particular), and offences against person (about 7-8 per cent).  As compared with 1965, the number of burglaries was 3.5 times as big in the eighties, and the number of robberies - 7 . times. The number of traffic offences increased by over one-third as well. Also offences against person reveal a small upward trend, with the number of homicides being stable. However, the number of homicides in Hungary has for many years been considerably larger than the mean European figure (mean homicide rate per 100,000 of the population amounting to 3.8 in the years 1979--1983). The rise in crime concerned financial offences also (offences against the foreign currency exchange regulations, against customs regulations, tax offences) which are included in ,the group of offences against the national economy. The penal policy of the Hungarian courts has rather frequently been subject to spectacular transformations. In the early seventies, stabilization was achieved in this policy which manifested itself by a limited application of unconditional deprivation of liberty and by a broad use of fine and other measures not involving deprivation of liberty. However, the rise in crime in the eighties influenced a more frequent application of unconditional deprivation of liberty, which resulted in the growth of prison population. In 1979, the number of persons deprived of liberty amounted to 16,764 (157 per 100,000 of the population), while in 1984 the respective number was 21,884 (205 per 100.000 of the population). In Hungary, conditional suspension of the execution of the penalty of deprivation- of liberty is not as popular as in other European socialist countries. For every fifth convicted person, the execution of penalty is suspended. In 1973, the courts for the- first time passed a greater number of fines (48.8 per cent) than prison sentences (43.9 per cent). In the-following years, the share of fines in the structure of penalties even exceeded 50 per cent. However, after entering into force of the new Penal code, an unexpected drop in the number of fines took place things to the which was due among other fact that some of the  petty offences were removed from the Penal Code , and that a new penal measure without deprivation of liberty, i.e. probation, was introduced. In 1983, the share of fines dropped to 40 per cent of all sentences. The Hungarian courts were most reluctant to apply the penalty of corrective and educational work as soon as the penalty was introduced in 1950. For a dozen-odd years the share of this penalty in all penalties imposed never exceeded 10 per cent. After the 1961 Penal Code was introduced the penalty of corrective and educational work  showed an upward trend (up to 15,8 per cent in 1964), but later on started to fall up, to 4 per cent in 1983. In the years 1962 -1983. common courts sentenced 105 persons to death penalty, for qualified homicide in the vast majority of cases. Since 1968, this penalty has been applied exlusively towards the perpetrators of homicide. In 1984, the extent of reported crime in Hungary was similar to that found in Poland (1, 470 per 100,000 o0f the population); however, in Hungary the response to the rise in crime has been in general much more balanced and quiet.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1987, XIV; 43-95
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6

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