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    Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2
    Tytuł:
    Execution on an Embassy Bank Account
    Autorzy:
    Wyrozumska, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706854.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    enforcement of judgement
    international law
    jurisdiction
    immunity
    Opis:
    Recently Polish courts have started to attach bank accounts of foreign embassies for the purpose of enforcement of judgements against embassies of foreign States in e.g. employment cases. The courts have applied the same principle to jurisdictional State immunity and immunity from enforcement and recognized that if state activities giving rise to the claims examined by courts were of private-law character, they are not protected either by jurisdictional or enforcement immunity. This standpoint is contrary to the dominant trend in other states’ practice, confirmed by the International Court of Justice in 2012 (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening). While in the field of jurisdictional immunity, the nature of an act as iure imperii or iure gestionis is decisive, in a case of immunity from enforcement – the allocation of the property against which enforcement measures are sought. Embassy bank accounts are generally covered by immunity from enforcement. In this situation Polish courts should develop convincing and exhaustive reasons why it is necessary for the protection of an individual to overrule the ne impediatur legatio principle. The judgements are not sufficiently reasoned and there is no good argument to support this stance. They expose Poland to international liability.
    Źródło:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2012, 32; 75-87
    0554-498X
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Judicial Review of Security Council Decisions – A Modern Vision of the Administration of Justice?
    Autorzy:
    Richter, Dagmar
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706707.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    Security Council
    judicial review
    denial of justice
    judicial self-restraint
    jurisdiction
    International Court of Justice
    principle of loyalty
    UN
    administration of justice
    international law
    Opis:
    The Security Council’s new activism, particularly in the field of “individualized sanctions”, gives impetus to the debate on whether, and to what extent, the most powerful organ of the UN should be subject to judicial review. This article analyses and categorizes the various strategies already employed in international courts, such as, e.g., “denial of justice”, incidental control, full review of implementing acts, the “as-long-as” rule, and various instruments of judicial self-restraint. The author suggests that “jurisdiction”, understood as encompassing the procedural aspects of the problem, should be regarded as a “door-opener” to judicial review. As regards its substantive dimension, the existence of primary responsibilities on both sides (the Security Council and the judiciary) should be taken into consideration. The author demonstrates that the principle of loyalty and cooperation means, on the one hand, respect by the Security Council for judicial review from inside of the UN system, and on the other hand, respect for Security Council prerogatives from external courts. Taking into account the evolution of a duty of loyal cooperation between different systems within the global legal order, and in expectation that the ICJ will defend the international rule of law, we may speak of a “modern vision of the administration of justice.”
    Źródło:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2012, 32; 271-297
    0554-498X
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2

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