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Tytuł:
Empirical analysis of financial development and financial inclusion nexus in Nigeria
Empiryczna ocena związku między rozwojem finansowym i włączeniem finansowym w Nigerii
Autorzy:
Anthony-Orji, O.I.
Orji, A.
Ogbuabor, J.E.
Onwe, I.E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2082872.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
Tematy:
financial inclusion
financial development
investment
deposits
Opis:
Subject and purpose of work: The literature on financial development and economic growth is expansive. The proportion of individuals and firms that use or have access to financial services can be referred to as the financially included. Considerable evidence shows that the poor benefit more from access to basic financial services such as payments, savings accounts and insurance. Thus, this study analysed the impact of financial inclusion on financial development in Nigeria between 1982 and 2019. Materials and methods: Multiple regression analysis was employed in the study in order to properly estimate the models and get robust results. Results: The findings reveal that financial inclusion has a minor impact on financial development. Investment was also shown to improve financial development. Conclusions: The study recommended that policies should be directed towards creating a more inclusive financial system in order to improve the current level of financial inclusion, so as to achieve better financial development in Nigeria.
Źródło:
Economic and Regional Studies; 2022, 15, 2; 181-195
2083-3725
2451-182X
Pojawia się w:
Economic and Regional Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluating the Relationship Between Financial Sustainability and Socio-Economic Development of Countries
Autorzy:
Kremen, Viktoriia
Shkolnyk, Inna
Semenog, Andrii
Kremen, Olha
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1356777.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-23
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
financial sustainability
socio-economic development
financial development
financial sector
financial market
Opis:
This paper examines the mainstream theories of “financial sustainability” and “financial development”. It is suggested understanding “financial development” as the complex dynamic characteristics of the financial sector, which is formed under the influence of financial and economic policy factors and the financial market functioning. The paper provides the methodology of relationship between financial sustainability and socio-economic development of countries evaluation. Based on the matrix method, it is proved that the differences in developed and developing countries occur due to the relationship between financial sustainability and financial development.
Źródło:
Central European Economic Journal; 2019, 6, 53; 25 - 38
2543-6821
Pojawia się w:
Central European Economic Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Financial depth and post-2008 change of GDP
Autorzy:
Pietrucha, Jacek
Acedański, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1833822.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-09-30
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
financial development
credit
economic crisis
recession
Opis:
Research background: This paper researches the relationship between financial depth (private credit to GDP ratio) and the subsequent response of GDP to the 2007+ financial crisis.  The prevailing view in the finance-volatility of growth nexus literature is that financial depth reduces production volatility, but this holds true only up to a certain level of financial depth. Another stream of research documents that rapid growth in credit is a financial crisis predictor. Purpose of the article: We ask: did financial depth or its change have any impact on the post-crisis response of the real sector? Methods: Cross-sectional regression, 144 countries. Findings & value added: The post-crisis GDP response corresponds to a change of financial depth prior to the crisis, rather than to the financial depth itself. The increase of financial depth prior to the crisis is statistically significant to the extent of GDP drop; in countries where the credit-to-GDP ratio surged prior to the crisis, the post-crisis response of the real sector was more pronounced. There is no evidence that financial depth negatively affected the extent of the GDP drop after the 2007+ financial crisis; some calculations suggest that the effect is slightly positive (i.e. the collapse was less severe in the countries with higher financial depth). The variables relating to financial depth affected the response of GDP mainly in countries where financial depth is relatively high.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2017, 12, 3
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Financial Deepening in Mexico
Autorzy:
Herman, Alexander
Klemm, Alexander
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2040976.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-01-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
Mexico
credit gap
credit growth
financial development
Opis:
International comparisons reveal that – even controlling for a host of explanatory factors – credit depth is exceptionally low in Mexico. Using panel data methods linking credit growth and fundamentals, this paper estimates a long-term gap between actual and expected credit of about 40 percent of GDP. Possible explanations include the history of banking crises, the large informal sector and an inefficient legal system. Using a disequilibrium regression approach, this paper also finds that supply factors are particularly important as determinants of credit in Mexico. Recent financial reforms address many of the supply constraints, but their success will depend on implementation. The main challenge going forward will be to support financial deepening, while limiting risks to financial stability.
Źródło:
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics; 2019, 1(11); 5-18
2353-6845
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Financial Deepening, Property Rights, and Poverty: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
Autorzy:
Singh, Raju Jan
Huang, Yifei
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565703.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
financial development
poverty alleviation
income distribution
Africa
Opis:
Recent studies on the relationship between financial development and poverty have been inconclusive. Some claim that, by allowing more entrepreneurs to obtain financing, financial development improves the allocation of capital, which has a particularly large impact on the poor. Others argue that it is primarily the rich and politically connected who benefit from improvements in the financial system. This paper looks at a sample of 37 countries in sub-Saharan Africa from 1992 through 2006. Its results suggest that financial deepening could widen income inequality and increase poverty, if not accompanied by stronger property rights. Similarly, interest rate and lending liberalization alone could be detrimental to the poor without institutional reforms, in particular stronger property rights and wider access to credit information.
Źródło:
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics; 2015, 1(3); 130-151
2353-6845
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Does economic freedom promote financial development? Evidence from EU countries
Autorzy:
Sharma, Anand
Sharma, Vipin
Tokas, Shekhar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19233465.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-06-13
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
economic freedom
financial development
panel data
EU
Opis:
This study empirically investigates the relationship between economic freedom and financial development in EU countries. Using panel data covering the years 2000 2017 and employing fixed effects, random effects, and the generalised method of moments (GMM), the paper examines the effect of economic freedom on financial development. The research results demonstrate that greater economic freedom is conducive to financial development in the EU. These findings remain robust to the use of an alternative index of economic freedom. The results imply that policies which promote economic freedom are likely to raise the level of a country’s financial development.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2023, 24, 3; 187-200
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Financial and economic development link in transitional economies: a spectral Granger causality analysis 1991-2017
Autorzy:
Skare, Marinko
Porada-Rochoń, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19087539.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
financial development
economic growth
transition
spectral Granger causality
Opis:
Research background: The relationship between financial development and economic growth has been attracting attention in the field of economics since the times of the "great moderation". Previous empirical studies still fail to put forward a general conclusion on whether and how financial development affects economic growth. This is particularly true due to the lack of empirical research on the matter in question for countries in transition. Purpose of the article: This study aims to contribute to bridging the gap in the financial development-growth nexus in transitional economies. Understanding the mechanism behind financial development and economic growth should assist policymakers in the design of efficient economic policies or avoiding/alleviating financial cycles. Methods: Using Granger causality test in frequency domain, which shows to have more power over standard time domain Granger causality test, as well as gross domestic product (GDP) and the monetary base (M2 - intermediate money), we investigated the finance-growth relationship in 19 Central, East, and Southeast European countries (CESEE) from 1991 to 2017. Findings & Value added: Study results show that financial development is important for growth in CESEE countries, thus supporting the "supply-leading" theories in general for countries in the sample. Our findings indicate that the relationship between financial development and economic growth exists in CESEE countries (with one exception - the Czech Republic) ranging from unidirectional (Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Belarus, Estonia, Macedonia, Russia, Turkey), to bi-directional spectral Granger causality (Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Ukraine).
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2019, 10, 1; 7-35
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An analysis of causal relationship between economic growth and financial development for Turkey: A MODWT-Granger causality test
Autorzy:
Abar, Hayri
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2131143.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-10-07
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
economic growth
Granger causality
wavelet transform
financial development
Opis:
This study aims to investigate the relationship between financial development and economic growth in different time horizons for Turkey. In this study an ensemble of wavelet analysis and Granger causality test were used. PSC was used to represent financial development and GDP was used to represent growth. The annual data used are for the period 1961–2018. The result obtained for a one year period shows that the demand-following hypothesis is valid for Turkey. Financial development is the Granger cause of growth and positively affects growth. The financial sector should be supported for growth in the short term. While there is no causal relationship for the 2–4 year period, bidirectional causality relationships were determined for the periods of 4–8 years, 8–16 years and 16–32 years. Because variables are a Granger cause of each other and affect each other in a positive direction supporting the financial sector is a preferable policy when the purpose is to achieve growth in the long run.
Źródło:
Economics and Business Review; 2022, 8, 3; 59-81
2392-1641
Pojawia się w:
Economics and Business Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fostering Regional Economic Development by Promoting Cooperative Banking Structures in Rual Areas – Lessons Learned in the Russian Federation after 1990
Autorzy:
Schumann, Thomas
Maksimow, Anatoly
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/485222.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-09-13
Wydawca:
Bankowy Fundusz Gwarancyjny
Tematy:
Russia
cooperative banking
credit cooperatives
financial development
regional development
regulation
Opis:
Cooperative banks have to consider their institutional and commercial development in order to be a full-fledged and relevant part of the banking system. This implies to offer carefully-designed financial products according to the level of development of their members/customers, of the regions and of the financial system in which they are embedded. The paper analyses the emergence of rural cooperative banking structures in Russia that developed after 1990 by referring to Chick/Dow`s »stages-of-banking-model« and issues of corporate governance. The analysis suggests that the institutions need to achieve further elements of modern banking for becoming significant market players in the country. In addition, the regulation and supervision by the Russian government has to be balanced vis-à-vis the size and importance of single rural credit cooperatives in comparison to other – by far larger – elements of the financial system.
Źródło:
Bezpieczny Bank; 2018, 2 (71); 55-85
1429-2939
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczny Bank
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Economic Centrism Of Business Entities In Modern Financial Development
Autorzy:
Yasynska, Nadiia
Tarasenko, Olena
Tanchyk, Olena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/476233.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczno-Humanistyczna w Bielsku-Białej
Tematy:
economic development
financial development
finance
capital
world trade
market mechanism
economic entities
Opis:
The aim of the article is to identify the characteristics and specifics of economic centrism of economic entities in modern financial development. The hypothesis of research that central planning is not possible for market development, and on the other hand, the diversity and adaptability of human behaviour in the economic sphere is the most significant circumstance of computational complexity that exceeds human or machine properties in search of an optimal solution. The research analyses the problem development through the time with highlighting main ideas, pros and cons, threats and opportunities. The paper states that the current financial and economic development of modern local economies of the world. It is impossible to expect that increasing the capacity of international markets in the near future will allow loading them at the expense of own demand for productive forces. This requires that the productive forces and demand of the population has to reach the level that is capable of restoring working capital in the volumes of full loading of fixed capital with a unified distribution and redistribution of the by-product. The main conclusions focus on statement that further economic development, the finances of economic entities, as generators and recipients of an additional product, take a leading position in initiating and introducing new principles of socio-economic coexistence within the state and the financial system.
Źródło:
MIND Journal; 2019, 8; 1-11
2451-4454
Pojawia się w:
MIND Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Financial development and income inequality
Autorzy:
Weychert, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1356392.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-10-03
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
income inequality
financial development
access to finance
financial depth
financial stability
efficiency of financial sector
Opis:
This paper analyses the influence of financial development on income inequality. Throughout this work, one may find the overview of theoretical and empirical literature as well as the empirical model using fixed panel data method. This research paper tries to disentangle the opposing views on the relationship between finance and income distribution, by evaluating the impact of the different dimensions of financial development on the level of income inequality. The important added value of this research is the usage of quintiles of income distribution as a dependent variable that may help to recognise the effect of financial development on the poorest and richest. Another novelty of the paper is the consideration of the effects of financial variables on Gini coefficient in the long and short run. The main results of the analysis using dataset from 2003 to 2014 indicate that financial access decreases income inequality.
Źródło:
Central European Economic Journal; 2020, 7, 54; 84 - 100
2543-6821
Pojawia się w:
Central European Economic Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impact of the banking sector on economic growth in Poland – an econometric analysis
Autorzy:
Bukowski, Sławomir Ireneusz
Kraczkowski, Maks
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16729732.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
financial development
economic growth
financial market
credit
stock exchanges
banking sector
econometric model
Opis:
The paper analyses the impact of the banking sector on economic growth in Poland. The aim of the paper was to analyse if the banking sector has a significant effect on economic growth in the case of Poland. Hence, the following hypothesis was formulated: there is  a statistically significant relation between the development of the banking sector and economic growth in Poland. On the basis of the applied econometric methods, it has been possible to demonstrate that the banking sector?s development has an economically and statistically significant impact on economic growth in Poland.
Źródło:
Central European Review of Economics & Finance; 2021, 34, 3; 5-12
2082-8500
2083-4314
Pojawia się w:
Central European Review of Economics & Finance
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Do Remittances Enhance Financial Development in Transitional Markets?
Czy przekazy pieniężne wzmacniają rozwój finansowy na rynkach przejściowych?
Autorzy:
Tsaurai, Kunofiwa
Hlupo, Patience
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/633209.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
przekazy pieniężne
rozwój finansowy
gospodarki przejściowe
remittances
financial development
transitional economies
Opis:
W artykule przeanalizowano (1) wpływ przekazów pieniężnych na rozwój finansowy oraz (2) zbadano czy interakcja między przekazami pieniężnymi a rozwojem kapitału ludzkiego miała wpływ na rozwój finansowy w gospodarkach przejściowych. Wykorzystano dynamiczne podejście GMM w oparciu o dane z okresu 1996–2014. Przyjęcie jako miar rozwoju finansowego wartości obrotów giełdowych, wolumenu obrotów na rynku akcji, kredytów krajowych dla sektora prywatnego udzielanych przez banki oraz rozwoju sektora obligacji publicznych, pozwoliło na wykazanie, że przekazy pieniężne miały nieistotny pozytywny wpływ na rozwój finansowy w gospodarkach przejściowych. Kiedy jako mierniki rozwoju finansowego przyjęto kapitalizację rynku akcji, kredyty krajowe dla sektora prywatnego udzielane przez sektor finansowy oraz rozwój sektora obligacji prywatnych, przekazy pieniężne nie miały istotnego negatywnego wpływu na rozwój finansowy. Zastosowanie wszystkich innych miar rozwoju finansowego, z wyjątkiem kapitalizacji rynku akcji (która dawała znak ujemny) pozwoliło na wykazanie, że interakcja między przekazami pieniężnymi a rozwojem kapitału ludzkiego miała nieznaczny pozytywny wpływ na rozwój finansowy. Wzywa się zatem gospodarki przejściowe, aby unikały nadmiernego polegania na wpływach z przekazów pieniężnych i na rozwoju kapitału ludzkiego jako źródłach rozwoju finansowego.
The paper explored (1) the impact of remittances on financial development and (2) whether the interaction between remittances and human capital development had an influence on financial development in transitional economies using the dynamic GMM approach, with data ranging from 1996 to 2014. Remittances were found to have had a non‑significant positive influence on financial development in transitional economies when stock market turnover, stock market value traded, domestic credit to the private sector by banks, and public bond sector development were used as measures of financial development. When stock market capitalisation, domestic credit to the private sector by financial sector, and private bond sector development were used as measures of financial development, remittances had a non‑significance negative effect on financial development. Using all other measures of financial development except stock market capitalisation (which produced a negative sign), the interaction between remittances and human capital development had an insignificant positive influence on financial development. Transitional economies are therefore urged to avoid over‑relying on remittance inflow and human capital development as sources of financial development.
Źródło:
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe; 2019, 22, 4; 73-89
1508-2008
2082-6737
Pojawia się w:
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impact of financial development on economic stability: evidence from asian countries
Wpływ rozwoju finansowego na stabilność gospodarczą: dowody z krajów azjatyckich
Autorzy:
Lee, Anh Hoang
Pham, An Ha Thi
Doan, Kim Thanh
Nguyen, Thanh Phuc
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27315179.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Politechnika Częstochowska
Tematy:
financial development
economic stability
Bayesian analysis
rozwój finansowy
stabilność gospodarcza
analiza Bayesowska
Opis:
In recent years, most empirical studies have explored the critical role of financial sector development in economic growth. However, the study of the relationship between the progress of the financial sector and the volatility of economic development has received very little attention. This study is the first attempt at assessing the impact of financial development on the economic stability of Asian countries. In this study, economic stability is assessed through several proxies, such as growth stability, inflation stability and exchange rate stability. Employing panel data of 22 Asian economies covering the period 2011-2019 and Bayesian analysis, the findings show that financial development significantly impacts the economic stability of Asian countries. Additionally, depending on different indicators of financial development, the impact on economic stability of countries will be different. Given these research results, policy implications for economic stability in Asian countries are proposed. Besides, to stabilize growth, the study also suggests that Asian countries need better control of the ratio of non-performing loans to the total credit of the economy.
W ostatnich latach większość badań empirycznych dotyczyła kluczowej roli rozwoju sektora finansowego we wzroście gospodarczym. Jednak badaniu związku między postępem sektora finansowego a zmiennością rozwoju gospodarczego poświęcono bardzo mało uwagi. Niniejsze opracowanie jest pierwszą próbą oceny wpływu rozwoju finansowego na stabilność gospodarczą krajów azjatyckich. W tym opracowaniu stabilność gospodarcza jest oceniana za pomocą kilku wskaźników, takich jak stabilność wzrostu, stabilność inflacji i stabilność kursu walutowego. Wykorzystując dane panelowe 22 gospodarek azjatyckich obejmujące lata 2011-2019 i analizę bayesowską, wyniki pokazują, że rozwój finansowy znacząco wpływa na stabilność gospodarczą krajów azjatyckich. Ponadto, w zależności od różnych wskaźników rozwoju finansowego, wpływ na stabilność gospodarczą krajów będzie różny. Biorąc pod uwagę te wyniki badań, zaproponowano wnioski dotyczące polityki stabilności gospodarczej w krajach azjatyckich. Poza tym, aby ustabilizować wzrost, zasugerowano również, że kraje azjatyckie potrzebują lepszej kontroli stosunku kredytów zagrożonych do całkowitego kredytu w gospodarce.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Management Studies; 2023, 27, 1; 164--180
2081-7452
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Management Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dedollarization of the Congolese economy: challenges, look and prospects
Dedolaryzacja: wyzwania, przegląd i perspektywy
Autorzy:
Kamba-Kibatshi, Marcel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/547400.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
dollarization
dedollarization
inflation rate
financial development
dolaryzacja
dedolaryzacja
stopa inflacji
wzrost finansowy
Opis:
In the case of dollarization, the supply of money is not entirely exogenous, because the central bank only partially controls and determines it, that is to say, part of it is in national currency and another part in foreign currency. Dollarization is thus a hindrance to the achievement of monetary policy objectives. Dollarization is a partial or total decrease in a country’s use of the currency of another country. An economy is dedollarized when it partially or wholly ends up in dollarization. In this case, the national currency gradually resumes its traditional functions which it lost in dollarization. It is noted by the gradual decline in the dollarization rate. It is a very crucial and complex issue, which recommends that a lot of resources and reforms be undertaken beforehand. It should be noted that dedollarization cannot be decreed, otherwise it is accompanied by instability in the economy, it is acquired at the end of efforts to regain the sovereignty of the national currency. The monetary policy in the Democratic Republic of Congo does not enjoy its full independence, a large part of the money supply comes from foreign central banks and its effectiveness results from the effect of chance. The instruments are becoming less operational.
W przypadku dolaryzacji podaż pieniądza nie jest całkowicie egzogeniczna, ponieważ bank centralny kontroluje i częściowo ją określa, to jest część w walucie krajowej, a druga jest w walucie obcej. Dolaryzacja jest więc utrudnieniem dla osiągnięcia celów polityki pieniężnej. Dedolaryzacja jest częściowym lub całkowitym spadkiem wykorzystania waluty innego państwa. Gospodarka jest subsydiowana, gdy w części lub w całości kończy się dolarowaniem. W tym przypadku waluta krajowa stopniowo powraca do tradycyjnych funkcji, które straciła w dolaryzacji. Zauważa się stopniowy spadek kursu dolarowego. Jest to bardzo istotna i złożona kwestia, która zaleca przedsięwzięcie wielu zasobów i reform. Należy zauważyć, że nie można ustalić subsydiowania, w przeciwnym razie towarzyszyć mu będzie niestabilność w gospodarce, nabyta pod koniec działań zmierzających do odzyskania suwerenności w walucie krajowej. Polityka pieniężna w Demokratycznej Republice Konga nie cieszy się pełną niezależnością. Duża część podaży pieniądza pochodzi z zagranicznych banków centralnych, a jej skuteczność wynika z efektu losowego. Instrumenty stają się coraz mniej operacyjne.
Źródło:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2018, 55; 199-212
1898-5084
2658-0780
Pojawia się w:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 24

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