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Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 10
Tytuł:
Urządzenia ekranowe w rękach dzieci w wieku 0–6 lat – zagrożenia, szanse, postulaty profilaktyczne
SCREEN DEVICES IN THE HANDS OF CHILDREN AGED 0–6 – THREATS, OPPORTUNITIES, PREVENTION
Autorzy:
Wojtasik, Łukasz
Dziemidowicz, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/499284.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Fundacja Dajemy Dzieciom Siłę
Tematy:
urządzenia ekranowe
uzależnienie od ekranów
dzieci
screen devices
young children
safety
Opis:
Wraz z rosnącą popularnością mobilnych urządzeń ekranowych (tablety, smartfony) ważną kwestią staje się ich wpływ na bezpieczeństwo i zdrowie najmłodszych użytkowników. W artykule zestawiono wyniki zagranicznych badań dotyczących intensywności korzystania z urządzeń ekranowych przez małe dzieci z wynikami badań krajowych. Te ostatnie wskazują m.in., że w Polsce z urządzeń ekranowych korzysta ponad 40% dzieci do 2 r.ż. i aż 84% – w wieku 5–6 lat. Ponad 70% rodziców deklaruje, że motywacją do udostępniania ich dzieciom jest zajęcie się „swoimi sprawami”. Tymczasem naukowcy zwracają uwagę, że zbyt wczesne i nadmiarowe korzystanie z urządzeń ekranowych przez dzieci może szkodliwie wpływać na ich rozwój, m.in. dojrzewanie struktur mózgu i wzrok, a także prowadzić do uzależnienia. W odpowiedzi na zagrożenia organizacje zajmujące się bezpieczeństwem i ochroną zdrowia dzieci opracowują oraz upowszechniają zasady, które powinny towarzyszyć udostępnianiu dzieciom urządzeń ekranowych. Wśród nich zwraca się uwagę na wiek, do którego dzieci kategorycznie nie powinny mieć z nimi kontaktu – 18 miesięcy według American Academy of Pediatrics lub 12 miesięcy według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia. Inne elementarne zasady to towarzyszenie dziecku, wyszukiwanie odpowiednich treści, ograniczenia czasowe adekwatne do wieku dziecka. Specjaliści uczulają rodziców, że kluczową kwestią w kontekście zagrożeń nadużywaniem urządzeń ekranowych przez dzieci jest poświęcanie im czasu i budowanie z nimi realnej relacji oraz tworzenie atrakcyjnej alternatywy dla aktywności online. Taki przekaz, omówiony szerzej w niniejszym tekście, towarzyszył m.in. akcji społecznej „Mama, tata, tablet” realizowanej przez Fundację Dajemy Dzieciom Siłę.
With the growing popularity of mobile media devices such as tablets and smartphones, their impact on the safety and health of their youngest users is becoming an important issue. The article compares results of foreign and national research on children’s use of mobile media devices. Polish research results show that mobile media devices are used by over 40% of children under 2 years old and as much as 84% of children aged 5–6 years. Over 70% of parents declare they give children devices “to take care of their own business”. Meanwhile, scientists note that an early and prolonged exposure to digital technology by children can negatively affect their development, including development of brain structures, eyesight, and can also lead to addiction. Organizations dealing with children’s health and safety developed recommendations and guidelines for children’s media use. Among them, attention is drawn to the age from which children may have contact with them – 18 months (recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics (APP), 12 months World Health Organization (WHO). Other important recommendations include accompanying the child online, providing age appropriate content, setting age appropriate screen time limits. Specialists emphasize that the key issue in the context of the risk of children abusing screen devices is to devote time to them and build a real relationship with them and create an attractive alternative to online activity. This message, discussed in more detail in the article, was depicted in the social campaign ‚Mum, dad, tablet’ created by the Empowering Children Foundation.
Źródło:
Dziecko krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka; 2019, 18, 2; 106-119
1644-6526
Pojawia się w:
Dziecko krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Recepcja czytelnicza audiobooków (na wybranych przykładach)
Reading reception of audiobooks (on selected examples)
Autorzy:
Niemiec, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2186203.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. Jerzego Kukuczki w Katowicach
Tematy:
recepcja czytelnicza
audiobooki
dzieci
młodzież
reading reception
audiobooks
children
young people
Opis:
Celem artykułu było zbadanie recepcji czytelniczej audiobooków i ich wartościowania jako przyczynek do szerszych badań z tego zakresu. Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie wyników ankiety wypełnionej przez 141 respondentów w listopadzie 2018 r. wśród rodziców dzieci uczęszczających do dwóch przedszkoli i dwóch szkół podstawowych na Górnym Śląsku. W badaniu potwierdzone zostały wyniki badań ogólnokrajowych: częsty brak biblioteki oraz szkoły jako źródła pozyskiwania informacji o tekstach literackich, a także to, że zdecydowana większość Polaków woli czytanie tradycyjne, pomimo tego iż w literaturze fachowej niejednokrotnie pisano o „śmierci” książki tradycyjnej na rzecz e-booków oraz audiobooków.
The aim of the article was to examine the reading reception of audiobooks and evaluate them as a contribution to expanded research in this field. The analysis was based on the results of a survey completed by 141 respondents in November 2018 among parents of children, who are attending to 2 kindergartens and 2 primary schools. The study confirmed the results of nationwide studies: the frequent lack of a library and school as a source of obtaining information on literary texts, as well as the fact that the vast majority of Poles prefer traditional reading, despite of the fact that in specialist literature was often written and predicted that traditional books would die in favour of ebooks and audiobooks.
Źródło:
Bibliotheca Nostra. Śląski Kwartalnik Naukowy; 2019, 4(58); 60-68
2084-5464
Pojawia się w:
Bibliotheca Nostra. Śląski Kwartalnik Naukowy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ reklam telewizyjnych na młodych konsumentów
Autorzy:
Siedlecka, Agnieszka
Jaszczuk, Klaudia
Kuflewska, Wioletta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1492214.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
Tematy:
dzieci
reklama telewizyjna
reklama
młody konsument
children
advertising
television advertising
young consumers
Opis:
Streszczenie Jednym z narzędzi marketingowych o dużej skali zasięgu jest reklama telewizyjna. Celem artykułu jest analiza oddziaływania i postrzegania reklamy telewizyjnej przez młodych konsumentów. Materiał i metody Będące podstawą niniejszego opracowania badania zostały przeprowadzone grupie 1224 młodych konsumentów w wieku 9–12 lat na terenie miasta Biała Podlaska, w okresie grudzień 2019–styczeń 2020. Wyniki W opinii respondentów, reklama nie ma istotnego wpływu na dzieci. Najmłodsi, uczestnicząc w zakupach, wpływają jedynie w niewielkim stopniu na to, co dorośli kupują. Dzieci zbyt dużo czasu poświęcają w ciągu dnia na oglądanie telewizji, jak i samych reklam. Przez to ich kontakt z nadawanymi w telewizji, przyciągającymi wzrok niezależnie od wieku blokami reklamowymi jest nieunikniony. Wnioski Młodzi konsumenci, mimo że spędzają znaczną ilość czasu na oglądaniu telewizji, nie lubią emitowanych tam reklam. Mimowolnie jednak oglądają reklamy, zapamiętują, co zostało w nich pokazane i w trakcie zakupów dostrzegają reklamowane produkty. Nie starają się nakłaniać rodziców do ich zakupu, co wykazują wyniki przeprowadzonych badań.
Źródło:
Rozprawy Społeczne; 2020, 14, 4; 135-146
2081-6081
Pojawia się w:
Rozprawy Społeczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sytuacja dzieci i młodzieży w Polsce
The situation of children and young people in Poland
Autorzy:
Ostrihanska, Zofia
Wójcik, Dobrochna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699196.pdf
Data publikacji:
1985
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
sytuacja
dzieci
młodzież
Polska
środowisko
edukacja
situation
children
young people
Polska
environment
education
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1985, XII; 69-78
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pomoc online dzieciom w trudnych sytuacjach życiowych
Helping online children in difficult life situations
Autorzy:
Kicińska, Lucyna
Żurkowska, Dorota
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/498979.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Fundacja Dajemy Dzieciom Siłę
Tematy:
telefon zaufania dla dzieci
pomoc online
dzieci
młodzież
poszukiwanie pomocy
helpline for children
online support
children
young people
seeking help
Opis:
Pomoc online to stosunkowo nowa forma pomocy osobom w trudnych sytuacjach życiowych. W artykule omówiono przyczyny jej popularności wśród dzieci i młodzieży oraz ograniczenia płynące z braku bezpośredniego kontaktu w relacji pomocowej. Przedstawiono również wyniki badania „Pomoc online dzieciom w trudnych sytuacjach życiowych”, które zostało przeprowadzone w 2015 roku w ramach projektu finansowanego ze środków Międzynarodowego Funduszu Wyszehradzkiego (International Visegrad Fund). Koordynatorem projektu była Fundacja Dzieci Niczyje (obecnie Fundacja Dajemy Dzieciom Siłę), partnerami – organizacje z Czech, Słowacji i Węgier, które prowadzą w swoich krajach telefony pomocowe pod europejskim numerem 116 111 i jednocześnie dają dzieciom możliwość kontaktu przez internet. Celem badania było przybliżenie perspektywy dzieci, które znalazły się w trudnej sytuacji życiowej i szukały wsparcia online. W artykule przedstawiono również wnioski i rekomendacje płynące z przeprowadzonego badania.
Online support is a fairly new trend in helping people who face tough situations in life. The article explains the reasons for a growing popularity of this method among children and youth, and the limitations arising from the lack of direct contact in the helping process. The article quotes the results of the “Helping online children in difficult life situations” research, which was conducted in 2015 within a project financed from the International Visegrad Fund. The project was coordinated by the Nobody’s Children Foundation (now: Empowering Children Foundation) and its partners were organizations from the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary who, in their respective countries, run the 116 111 helplines and provide young people with the possibility to contact them through the Internet. The goal of the research was to investigate and introduce the perspective of children who found themselves in a difficult life situation and sought help online. The article presents also the conclusions and recommendations from the research.
Źródło:
Dziecko krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka; 2016, 15, 1; 76-92
1644-6526
Pojawia się w:
Dziecko krzywdzone. Teoria, badania, praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czasopisma jako źródła do badań nad społeczeństwem. Osobliwy przypadek „Małego Przeglądu”
Autorzy:
Landau-Czajka, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/603116.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Tematy:
prasa
dzieci
młodzież
Żydzi
dwudziestolecie międzywojenne
the press
children
young people
Jews
interwar period
Opis:
„Mały Przegląd” (1926–1939) to stworzone przez Janusza Korczaka pismo, na którego treść składały się przede wszystkim listy i reportaże dzieci i młodzieży. Jest to jedyny w swoim rodzaju zbiór źródeł ukazujących życie najmłodszych obywateli (w głównej mierze żydowskich) w II Rzeczypospolitej. Pozostało ono dotychczas niewykorzystane, m.in. dlatego, że stwarza duże problemy metodologiczne. Większość autorów była anonimowa, nie jest znany również cały skład redakcji (także dziecięcej) ani zasady selekcji i przygotowywania tekstów do druku. Periodicals as the source of research on society. The peculiar case of Mały PrzeglądThe periodical Mały Przegląd (1926–1939) was a paper established by Janusz Korczak, and its content was made mainly of letters and reports written by children and young people. This is the only such collection of sources presenting the life of the youngest citizens (mainly of Jewish origin) in the Second Polish Republic. The source has not been used so far, as it poses considerable methodological problems. A large majority of the authors was anonymous, we do not know all members of the editorial board (also of the children’s one) or the rules of selection and edition of texts in their preparation for print.
Źródło:
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych; 2017, 78
0080-3634
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polscy pedagodzy katoliccy o lekturach dla dzieci i młodzieży w XX wieku i współcześnie w świetle wybranej literatury
Autorzy:
Polak, Ryszard
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1490518.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
Tematy:
pedagodzy polscy
lektura
moralność
wychowanie
dzieci
młodzież
Polish pedagogues
reading
morality
education
children
young people
Opis:
W artykule dokonano analizy wybranych dzieł polskich pedagogów katolickich XX wieku, w których podjęta została problematyka czytelnictwa dzieci i młodzieży. Pedagodzy katoliccy przywiązywali bardzo dużą wagę do zagadnień związanych z polecaniem przez dorosłych dzieciom do lektury dobrych książek Materiał i metody Wykorzystano literaturę źródłową i opracowania poświęcone problematyce wychowania dzieci i młodzieży za pomocą lektur. Wyniki Polscy autorzy podkreślali także, że naturalna skłonność wielu dzieci do spędzania czasu nad książką powinna być kontrolowana przez osoby starsze – w domu rodzinnym przez rodziców i opiekunów, w szkole zaś – przez nauczycieli i pedagogów. Wnioski W świetle przeprowadzonych analiz wg pedagogów katolickich nie każda książka jest odpowiednia dla dzieci i młodzieży z różnych bardzo przyczyn. Może ona na przykład zawierać treści moralnie deprawujące, ale także – co często się zdarza – jej zawartość nie jest dostosowana do wieku czytającego ze względu na to, że autor książki używa w niej słów niezrozumiałych dla dziecka, zbyt abstrakcyjnych, wieloznacznych.
Źródło:
Rozprawy Społeczne; 2019, 13, 4; 1-12
2081-6081
Pojawia się w:
Rozprawy Społeczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modlitewniki i mszaliki dla dzieci w Polsce w latach 1945-1949
Autorzy:
Lewandowicz-Nosal, Grażyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/946926.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii
Tematy:
Historia
modlitewnik
mszalik
dzieci
młodzież
1945-1949
Polska
History
prayer book
children
young adult
Polska
Opis:
W artykule szczegółowo omówiono mszaliki i modlitewniki dla dzieci i młodzieży opublikowane w Polsce w latach 1945-1949. W bibliografii zamieszczono 36 tego typu pozycji. Najwięcej z nich (22) ukazało się w latach 1947-1948. Teksty publikowały głównie wydawnictwa jezuitów z Warszawy i Krakowa (Wydawnictwo Apostolstwa Modlitwy) oraz wydawnictwo św. Wojciecha z Poznania. Aktywne były wydawnictwa na Śląsku, księgarnia św. Jacka w Katowicach i wydawnictwo św. Krzyża w Opolu. Wyróżnikiem tego gatunku jest wielofunkcyjność, łączy on w sobie różne formy przekazu. Prezentowany zbiór został podzielony ze względu na adresatów na: 1. Modlitewniki ogólne, dla wszystkich dzieci, ta grupa tekstów jest największa, 2. modlitewniki dla specjalnych odbiorców – np. ministrantów, członków organizacji i stowarzyszeń religijnych, np. Sodalicji Mariańskiej, 3. Wyróżniono modlitewniki publikowane osobno dla chłopców i dziewcząt, 4. jako ostatnią grupę opisano dwa mszaliki dla najmłodszych dzieci w wieku 3 oraz 4-6 lat.
The article presents in details prayer books for children and young people published in Poland in the period 1945-1949. The bibliography contains 36 such items. Most of them (22) were published in the period 1947-1948. Texts were published mainly by Jesuits’ Publishing Houses in Warsaw and Krakow (Publishing Apostolate of Prayer) and St. Wojciech Publishing in Poznan. They were active in Silesia publishing, bookstore St. Jack in Katowice and publishing St. Cross in Opole. A characteristic feature of this species is versatility, it combines various forms of media. The entire collection has been divided due to recipients: 1. general prayer books for all children (the largest group of texts), 2. prayer books for special audiences - eg. the acolyte, members of church organizations and associations, for example Sodalicja Mariańska, 3. Distinguish prayer books published separately for boys and girls, 4. as the last group there are described two prayer books for children ages 3 and 4-6 years.
Źródło:
Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi; 2016, 10; 251-278
1897-0788
2544-8730
Pojawia się w:
Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Metodologiczne problemy badań typu self-report
Self-report study: methodological problems
Autorzy:
Siemaszko, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699246.pdf
Data publikacji:
1988
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
nauczyciel
raport własny
problemy metodologiczne
zachowanie
rozwój
dzieci
własność
ankieta
młodzi ludzie
przestępczość
teacher
self-report
methodological problems
behaviour
development
children
property
questionnaire
young persons
delinquency
Opis:
Self-report studies are gradually becoming the predominating current of empirical research in criminology. This is particularly the case with etiological studies of deviant behaviour in young persons. However, the present popularity of self-report studies is not accompanied by improvement of their methodological aspect. No important development of the methodology of these studies has occured since the pioneer works of Short and Nye. It is the fundamental aim of the present paper to point to these of the methodological questions on which the further development of self-report studies will depend most. In Chapter I, the first works have been discussed in which the self-report methods were applied. The works anaiyzed are those of Murphy at al. Porterfield, as well as Wallerstein and Wy1e. Particular attention has been given to the methodological and substantive aspects of the series of studies carried out by Short and Nye.             Chapter II contains the presentation of findings of the Polish self-report studies.             The first attempt at a self-report study was made in the early 1960s by Malewska and Muszyński. A national random sample of pupils of the sixth grade of primary school n =2,222) was examined by means of an anonymous questionnaire. The basic aim of the study was to define the children's attitude towards the ownership rights and the situations in which violation of these rights is admissible. Besides, the authors were interested in how children perceived given situations to be thefts. Thus the question whether the respondents ever happened to take another person’s property was but a fragment of the questionnaire which served another purpose in its essence. To the question: "How often do you happen to take another person's property?", 0.8 per cent of the children answered ,,very often," 4.2 pet cent - "often," 26.6 per cent - "sometimes," and. 34.5 per cent-,,seldom’’             Like Malewska and Muszyński, also Szemińska and Gołąb aimed at defining the moral sense of young persons: pupils of primary schools (n=61) and inmates of educational institutions (n= 64), asking also about the extent and structure of deviant behaviour. The respondents answered anonymously in writing.             The two compared groups of boys differed from each other considerably as far as both the frequency and the seriousness of thefts commited was concerned. While the majority of "delinquents" admitted a large number of thefts, the "nondelinquents" 'in their vast majority owned up to 1-2 thefts at most, mostly of small objects they stole from their classmates or next of kin with the intention to use these objects themselves." The study of Szemińska and Gołąb raises doubts, both as regards its merits and methodology. Among other things, in spite of the fact that various offences were committed by both of the discussed groups, the authors use a dichotomic pair of notions: delinquent and non-delinquent, failing to put these words in quotation marks which are necessary in this situation.             In the years 1976-1977, Ostrihanska and Wójcik conducted a large self-report study of a random sample of pupils of grades 3-8 of Warsaw primary schools. 50 schools were selected at random, in which the study was carried out by means of a questionnaire in 120 classes, also randomly selected (n=3,177, of which there were 1,631 boys and 1,546 girls). The self-report study was part of a broader research programme aimed at estimating the extent of social maladjustment in the youth and defining its causes.             Among other things, the questions concerned the following phenomena: school failures, truancy, running away from home, drinking alcohol, taking drugs, free riding, destroying another person’s property, other acts against property (including thefts, frauds, robbery-,,taking something from a younger child by constraint"). The possible answers were as follows: ,,never", ,,once'’, ,,2-3 times’’, ,,4-10 times’’, ,,more frequently’’ .             As expected, both the extent and intensity (frequency of perpetration) of deviant behaviour were higher in the group of boys as compared with girls. For instance, as few as 15.3 per cent of the eldest boys (aged 15) stated that they never took another person's property while the percentage of non-stealing girls among the eldest group was over two times higher (38.0 per cent) In this age group 16.3 per cent of boys stole a dozen or more times, while percentage of girls who committed multiple thefts amounted to as few as 1.4 Instead, no greater differences were found between boys and girls who admitted having stolen once.             In boys, the most frequent were thefts from allotments and gardens (35.2 per cent), thefts from parents (22.8 per cent) and thefts in self-service shops 18.1 per cent). On the other hand the most seldom were thefts from cellars (5.8 per cent), and thefts of wine in shops (9.7 per cent).            Taking another person’s property ranked fourth among the types of deviant acts included IN the study The first position was taken by lies (88.8 per cent of answers in the affirmative). Near1y 90 per cent of boys admitted having chribbed anothe child’s exercise, 25.2 per cent- having destroyed property 2.8 per cent ran away from home, and 2.4 per cent tock drugs. There was an upward tendency with age: elder boys admitted a greater number of deviant acts, and actuallv commited these acts more frequently.             The next self-report study was conducted by Ostrowska and Siemaszko in 1979. It included 2,991 pupils of Warsaw secondary schools (1,197 boys and 1,795 girls). Non-random selection was applied. Young persons of the first and last grades were examined by means of anonymous questionnaire. Among other variables, it contained a list of 42 questions about various types of deviant behaviour, acts of infringement of disciplinary regulations, transgressions and offences, from most trivial (like stealing a ride or failing to return change from shopping) to comparatively serious like house-breaking or robbery. All questions had the same set of possible answers: "never," "once of twice," several times," "a dozen or more-times," ,,more frequently." The examined young persons were characterized by rather a high level of deviance. In the group of boys for instance,539 persons (30.9 per cent) admitted having perpetrated a half of the 42 acts included in the questionnaire at least once, 2.8 per cent of them having committed 27 to 31 acts, and 2.3 per cent-32 to 42 acts. Thus together, 6 per cent of the examined boys were highly deviant. Since the study also revealed a close relationship between the number of acts committed and the frequency of their perpetration, the abovementioned 6 per cent of the examined persons (about 300 boys) are "multiple recidivists" in the interpretation used in self-report studies. Considerable differences in the level of deviant behaviour were found in respect of age and sex. For instance,  the level of deviance in the group of elder boys was four times higher on average as compared with younger girls.             Among the most widespread acts there were free riding (94,6 per cent of girls and 96. 1 per cent of boys), failure to return change from shopping (79.6 and 84.1 per cent respectively), petty frauds in shops (67.6 and 84.0 per cent respectively), and failure to return a found object to its owner (69.9 per cent of girls and 83.8 per cent of boys). Aggressive acts were relatively frequent, particularly among boys. Battery "without an explicit causes” was comitted by 20.2 per cent of boys and 6.5 per cent of girls.11.6 per cent of boys and 2.8 per cent of girls participated in affrays in which dangerous weapons were used. Among thefts, comparatively less serious acts predominated. 16.9 per cent of girls and 31.6 per cent of boys admitted having perpetrated petty thefts. 8.2 per cent of girls and 14.6 per cent of boys stole change from call-boxes. Serious thefts were committed by 1.6 per cent of girls and 4.6 per cent of boys.             Ostrowska and Siemaszko repeated their study in 1981 on a random sample of students of secondary schools in five typically agricultural provinces. 2,144 persons (1,702 boys and 420 girls) aged 14-19, students of 29 schools, were examined. They young persons who participated in the study went to :89 classes that were selected at random. The extent and structure of deviant behaviour were examined by means of a questionnaire identical to the one applied in the previous study Also the way in which the study was carried out in the classes was the same.             In the group of acts termed insubordination, the most widespread one was smoking at under: 14:78,2 per cent of boys and 44,8 per cent of girls admitted it. Somewhat less than 10per cent of the examined persons admitted having run away from home, 2 per cent of them having run away several times. Over 20 per cent of the respondents admitted having had their identity papers checked by the police (30 per cent of boys) and somewhat less than 7 per cent took drugs.             Among various types of dishonest behaviour the most widespread one was free riding- over 80 per cent. Nearly a half of the examined persons admitted having failed to return a borrowed object; 7 per cent of them did it repeatedly Also nearly 50 per cent of the respondents stole money from their parents:15 per cent of them did it several times, and 5.6 per cent-more frequently.             In the group of offences, thefts predominated. 24.9 per cent of girls and 32.4 per cent of boys admitted having stolen an object or money to the value of under 100 złotys (the percentage amounting to 38.6 in the  group of eldest boys); nearly 20 per cent of them repeatedly stole money from their parents.             About 25 per cent of the examined persons committed shop- lifting, the percentage of shop-lifters in the group of eldest boys exceeding 40. The acts of breaking into cellars, recesses, attics etc., were committed by 15 per cent of the respondents 6.1 per cent of girls and 17.2 per cent of boys. The most seldom offences against property were: robbery (2.4 per cent of girls, 10.1 per cent of boys), stealing from call-boxes (6.6 per cent of girls, 7.8 per cent of boys), thefts of money to the amount of 500-1000 złotys (6 .2 per cent of girls, 7.0  per cent of boys), failure to pay the bill in a restaurant (3.3 per cent of girls, 5.6 per cent of boys) and thefts of over 1 000 zlotys (2.8 per cent of girls and 5.6 per cent of boys). Among aggressive behavior, brawls and beatings prevailed (25 per cent of girls and 50 per cent of' boys). In Chapter III the most important methodological problems related to self-report studies are discussed. In self-report studies, both direct (e. g. ,,have you stolen), and indirect and euphemistic questions (e, g. ,,have you ever happened to take and not to give back. ") can be found. The indirect questions undoubtedly less  threatening. Yet on the other hand, those asked directly are probably  easier to interpret explicitly. There is no proof as to the superiority of any of these ways of asking. However indirect and euphemistic questions prevail in self-report studies.             The degree of abstractness of questions varies. The good point of clearcut questions (e.g. ''have you ever taken and failed to give back some article in a supermarket") is that the highly detailed formulation may help the respondent to recall an event which the researcher is interested in. On the other hand, their weak point is that the respondent cannot be relied upon to admit having acted in another, very similar yet not identical way. Unfortunately, the majority of self-report questionnaires contain questions about inseparate classes of phenomena. Hence the danger of one and the same act being counted several times.             In self-report studies, the number of questions about deviant behavior is an important problem. One should bean it in mind that the deviant acts taken into account by the researcher are always nothing but a certain sample of the totality of such acts, the parameters of which are usually unknown (e.g. Christie et al.). The greater the number of acts taken into account, the more standard the "sample of acts" seems to be with respect to the "totality of acts." There are great differences as regards the number of acts included: from several (e.g.  Hirschi, Dentler and Monroe) up to several dozen (e.g. Gibson).             Today time limits are usually introducted as regards the period between the act and the moment of examination one year as a rule), though Short and Nye introducted no limits as regards the period during which the respondents committed the admitted acts. Shorter periods can also be found. (e.g. Simone et al, - 2 months, Lipton and Smith - 18 months). The limits are among the most important problems in self-report studies, since it is on them that the estimation depends on the level of deviance of the entire examined group, as well as the precise estimation of the separate respondents levels of  deviance. The views on the optimum time limits are not uniform. Different sets of possible answers to the questions about deviant behaviour can be found: from most precise (e.g. "once," "twice," etc.) to most general and ambigous (e.g. "seldom," ,,frequently"). A strictly enumerative set of answers may be methodologically correct only in the case of a short period (one year or less). In the remaining cases, this set may be misleading as one hardly expects the examined persons to remember past events with such accuracy.             The questions about deviant behaviour may constitute a separate block (nay a separate questionnaire), or they may be put among other questions. There are no studies showing the good and weak points of each of these two solutions. It seems more proper however, to "mask" the aim of the study by interlarding the questions about deviant behaviour with those neutral or concerning "acts of kindness."             When the level or "depth" of the examined person's deviant involvement is defined, an important problem emerges: acts with different "charges of deviance are taken into account here. Therefore, one can either try and attach different weights to them, or treat all of them as equally serious. Christie et al. ranked acts according to the judges opinion. Morash weighted them with the use of Selling and Wolfgang's scale of seriousness of offences. In Hindelang's study, the weight of acts was defined by specialists by means of a fivepoint scale. Hepburn weighted deviant acts basing on appraisals done by the examined persons themselves. However in the vast majority of self-report studies, no weigh ting procedure is applled. As shown by Farrington, weighting procedures fail to contribute substantially to the increase in accuracy of measurement.             An anonymous questionnaire, though most frequentlv applied, is not the only method of gathering information about unrecorded deviant behaviour. E, g. Gold (and other researchers who applied Gold’s scale) employed a questionnaire interview In Belson's study a card sorting procedure was applied. This method of gathering information is particularly popular in England (see also Gibson, Farrington, West, Morash, Shapland). Hirschi examined his respondents with a signed questionnaire. Should the differences in veracity of answeers of a signed and anonymous questionnaire prove to be inessential (and there is much to be said for it, e.g. Krohn, Waldo and Chiracos), it would be advisable to use the signed version (because of the possibility of comparing the separate sociometric choices or comparing the findings with external sources of information).             The main objection raised to self-report studies concerns the doubtful veracity of the data gathered this way (Dentler, Liska).             A relatively small number of studies concerned the reliability of self-report studies, e.g. the stability of findings in time. This is the most difficult problem in the case of a strictly anonymous questionnaire as the separate respondents cannot be retest. Only global distributions are compared then (e.g the scores of respondents in a given class) Siemaszko finds no valid differences between the distributions answers about deviant acts between a test and a retest which took place there months later. Dentler and Monroe found that 92 per cent of answers to a test and a retest two weeks 1ater were consistent, yet the respondents could still have remembered their previous answers in this case. Belson conducted a retest after a shorter period still: one week. The percentage of consistent answers amounted to 88. Also Farrington’s study revealed rarther a high degree of consistency in spite of the two year's interval. The percentage of mistakes in the test or retest was 3.2 The tendency to inconsistent answers was less explicit if the general scores of the examined persons on the deviance scales were analyzed and not the proportion of their affirmative and negative answers to the separate questions (11.5 per cent of the, examined persons found themselves in another quartile than Before). The results obtained by Shapland were parallel. The results seem to point to a high stability of self-report questionnaires in time.             Hardt and Peterson-Hardt distinguish the following methods of defining the validity of self-report questionnaires: comparing with external sources of information, comparing with a known group, lie scales, and defining face validity.             The most frequent method of defining the validity of questionnaires used in examination of unrecorded deviant behaviour is the comparison of the respondents' answers with other reliable sources of information. Erickson and Empey found that none of their respondents concealed their contact with the police or an offence with which they were charged. According to Gold, the probability of contacts with the police diminishes monotonically together with decrease of frequency of offences admitted during the examination. Gibson, Morrison and West found a high consistency between  offences revealed by means of the self-report method and the contents of the police files. Hindelang found a distinct positive interdependence between high scores in the deviance scale and having a record in the police files. Farrington, as well as Farrington and West, examined the so-called predictive validity of self-report questionnaires. It appeared that those of the examined persons who score highest in deviance scales at the moment. A, have records in the police files much more frequently at the moment B. Gould compared the scores in the Short,/Nye scale with those in the recorded crime scale, finding a high, positive and valid interdependence.             Results of self-report tests were also compared with other sources of information (teachers, colleagues, social workers, etc.). As shown by Jessor, Graves, Hanson and Jessor, results of the self-report tests tally with appraisals of the degree of deviant involvement made by teachers and colleagues of the examined persons. Also Gould compared the respondents' statements with appraisals of their behaviour made by their colleagues and teachers. The interdependence proved to be as expected. Hardt and Peterson-Hardt compared statements in which the examined persons admitted having robbed parkometers with the official data concerning the extent of these thefts. The respondents appeared to have answered truthfully.             In many studies scores of school children and of institutionalized youth were  compared. As demonstrated already by Short and Nye, although the inmates of reformatories scored somewhat higher than students of normal schools, nevertheless the profiles of distributions and their structure were analogous. Voss found the correlates of deviance in groups of school children and institutionalized youth to be parallel. This finding was confirmed in many other studies. The only exception here is the parents socio-economic status. Uniformity of views could not have been reached as yet as to whether the positive interdependence between the socio-economic status and deviant behaviour found in the majority of self-report studies is artificial or real (see i.a. Tribble, Axenroth, Hindelang Hirschi and Waise).             Much can be said about the validity of a self-report questionnaire only on the grounds of the distributions of answers to the separate questions, Siemaszko found the percentage of affirmative answers to decrease monotonically with the increase of seriousness of the act and its scarcity in the general population. In the same study the percentage of affirmative  answers to the question about being checked by the police was found to be higher than that concerning detention: also the level of deviance of elder as compared with younger and boys as compared with girls proved higher, These results agree with theoretical expectations, Hardt and Peterson-Hardt found the percentage of affirmative answers to the questions about acts commited during  the last year to be generally lower than it is the case with questions that concerned also acts commited longer before. Not all of self-report questionnaires contain lie scales. Moreover, the researchers are not in agreeement as to the usefulness of such scales this type of studies (i.a. Farrington, Smart, Hardt, Peterson- Hardt). I seems that lie scales should be employed Questions should however be avoided  which  might be correlated with deviant behaviour, as in such case there is the danger of the lie scale becoming the reverse of that of deviance.             The popularity of self-report studies was determined by the effectiveness of this method (relatively low cost 1ittle time consuming, promptitude and the possibility of examining large samples) Today, self-report studies have become popular in spite of the fact that many important methodological problems have not been solved yet.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1988, XV; 33-93
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Konsumpcja kompensacyjna, zakupoholizm oraz zadłużenie dzieci i młodzieży
Compensative consumption, shopaholism and indebtedness of children and young people
Autorzy:
Lange, Elmar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1834346.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-05-14
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
dzieci
młodzież
kompensacyjne zachowania konsumenckie
zakupoholizm
zadłużenie
indywidualne i społeczne uwarunkowania zachowań konsumenckich
children
young people
compensative consumer behaviours
shopaholism
individual debt
social conditions of consumer behaviours
Opis:
The article concerns the phenomena of compensative consumption, shopaholism and indebtedness among children and young people in Germany. Analyses are based on the results of own research an national research conducted in Germany in 2005 under the patronage of the Federal Ministry for the Family. Altogether, the research covered children and young people aged 10–24. The results obtained indicate that the share of so-called compensative consumers among young people aged 14–24 is approximately 15%. In the same age group, the share of persons demonstrating a tendency to shopaholism is 6%. The younger age group (10–17 years of age) is characterised with less universal tendencies for compensative consumption and shopaholism –the share of persons demonstrating such consumer behaviours is by 1/3 lower than in the case of the older age group analysed. The indices describing the share of shopaholics in the general population of children and young people are not dramatically high; yet, when recalculated into absolute numbers, it turns out that 256 thousand children and young people in Germany suffer to a larger or smaller extent from the problem of shopaholism. At the same time, every eighth person aged 21–24 is excessively indebted, i.e. the debt exceeds the amount of one-month income.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2012, 40, 4; 115-130
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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