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Wyszukujesz frazę "Diesel engine" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Use of lube oils in terms of the structural composition of marine piston engines
Autorzy:
Łosiewicz, Z.
Kamiński, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/359391.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
diesel engine
lube oil
diagnostics
Opis:
Lube oil is applied in a number of its functional solutions for modern engines. Therefore, when application changes are implemented, simultaneously, the existing diagnostic methods should be improved. The authors have attempted to analyze the existing trends of lube oil application as a diagnostic tool and have proposed their solution.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2013, 36 (108) z. 2; 114-117
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Vibro-acoustic methods in marine diesel engines diagnostics
Autorzy:
Lus, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245521.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
marine diesel engine
turbocharger
diagnostics
vibration
Opis:
Vibro-acoustic diagnostic methods which are used on marine high-speed diesel engines with turbochargers are presented in this paper. Vibration and acoustic signals generated by turbochargers need different signal processing methods to be effective and faultless in turbochargers diagnostics. Diagnostic methods which based on vibration and acoustic signals analysis are sensitive on engine load and speed changes. Methods presented in this paper based on vibration and acoustic signals processing in time and frequency domain. Using this methods checking technical condition of the turbochargers and its rotors and bearings without stopping the engine and dismantling it is possible. Examples of radial-flow rotor turbine overgrown by carbon soot and axial-flow rotor turbine without turbine blades, sound intensity level of turbocharger and acoustic spectrum of turbocharger in octave mode acoustic spectrum of turbocharger in octave mode for two different technical conditions, acoustic and vibration signal spectrum of the turbocharger, vibration acceleration amplitude of first harmonic for three turbochargers, values of harmonic vibrations of accelerations equivalent of turbine blades number, amplitude of vibrations accelerations in frequency domain for turbocharger in good and bad technical conditions are presented in the paper.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 3; 203-210
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Marine diesel engine valve gear mechanism diagnostics problems
Autorzy:
Lus, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245681.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
marine diesel engine
diagnostics
valve gear
Opis:
Marine diesel engines have changed their construction last years because of electronic control implementation in fuelling process. Electronic control implementation could be also important in valve gear mechanism which is main part of the engine gas es exchange system. In this paper problems connected with of valve gear mechanisms operation and diagnostics have been presented. the diagnostic methods and processes which could impact diagnostic process will be shown together with examples from test bed and real vessels. diagnostic methods which based on vibration signals analysis are sensitive on engine load and speed change. separate engine cylinder 's loads generale differences in so called "dynamic valve gear diagrams " which will be shown for some marine engine types. opening and closing of inlet and exhaust valves generale vibration signals in entire engine structure. There are some tools available in signal analysis which gives opportunity to trace changes in signal patterns in real time monitoring systems. special diagnostic method based on vibration signal analysis worked out in the polish naval academy, gives opportunity to change engine maintenance philosophy from scheduled planed maintenance system to condition based maintenance system without fear about real operating engine conditions.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2009, 16, 4; 287-292
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Asymmetry increase in the course of compression pressure as a measure of obstruction in indicating channel
Autorzy:
Łutowicz, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242408.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
marine diesel engine
indicated
indicated channel
diagnostics
Opis:
Indicating process of large combustion engines for both marine and industrial applications is performed using the indicating channels with valves. The impact of these channels on the values of parameters obtained from engine’s indication is significant. In previous studies, it had been shown that during exploitation accidental degradation of the indicating channels occurs. Carbon deposits, which appear in the channels, are limiting their patency. Leaks in channels connections are also appeared. Disregarded state of degradation of indicating channels will change the image of indicated pressure course, different for each cylinder of the engine. When cylinders are indicated using commercial instruments, the status of the channel is not in any way taken into account. At one gas compressing station in Poland, which has compressor diagnostic system, developed by the author, with stationary indicator, inverted IIR filter has been used. This filter is used to adjust the recorded waveforms of indicated pressure on motor-compressors GMVH type, and the filter coefficient is chosen to offset the associated throttling signal delay. Information about the delay of the signal is missing, however, in the case of popular portable indicators that do not use tags from crankshaft position. The paper presents a method for assessing the state of the indicating channel, based on the asymmetry measurement of compression course obtained after cut-off the fuel supply to the tested cylinder. The study model shows that leakage from the combustion chamber, interference in cooling and other defects cause only slight and predictable disruption of symmetry. The analysis of compression pressure course (without fuel delivery) immediately prior to each cylinder indication, in the case of positive verification, increases the reliability of diagnosis. In the case of negative verification, measure of the asymmetry could be the basis for the adjustment of acquired pressure waveforms and achieved from them parameters.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 3; 311-316
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reverse IIR filter as a tool for cylinder indicating channel patency impact correction on measured cylinder pressure waveform
Autorzy:
Łutowicz, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242647.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
marine diesel engine
indicated
diagnostics
indicated channel
Opis:
Indicating of large marine and industrial diesel engines is made with using indicating channels in cylinder head with valves. The impact of these channels on the value of the parameters obtained from indicating is significant. However, indicating is commonly used for comparative tests assuming that this error is the same on all cylinders of the same engine in identical conditions. As a result of operation especially in cylinders with irregular combustion process the coke occurs in the channel limits its patency. It causes changes in the image of indicated pressure. In such a situation defined parameters are subject of considerable random error. In the earlier studies on the engine Sulzer type 6AL20/24 cylinder channel failure was simulated and channel chocking symptom was observed as apparent TDC shift relative to a reference mark connected with the shaft. As part of ongoing studies attempt to reconstruct distorted pressure curve by chocked indicating channel was made. It is assumed that the channel with the valve is only connection between throttling element in the form of a channel with the much greater volume of the valve. Such a structure was modeled as IIR filter. For this type of filter, there is an unequivocal inverse transformation, which, at least in theory gives possibility to reconstruct the distorted pressure waveform. The reconstruction was carried out by selection of the filter coefficients so as to eliminate the shift of TDC. In practice it turned out that the reconstruction is not perfect. All obtained pressure waveforms are slightly noisy and distorted in the first phase of expansion. Despite this, there was a significant reduction in errors of some parameters determined from the reconstructed pressure waveform.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 2; 253-259
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Decomposition of harmonic wavelets of torsional vibrations as basis for evaluation of combustion in compression-ignition engines
Autorzy:
Dereszewski, M.
Drewing, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243609.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diagnostics
diesel engine
torsional vibrations
signal processing
Opis:
The aim of analysis presented in the article is results of measurements of torsional deflections of a crankshaft of three-cylinder internal combustion diesel engine. The wavelets of the run of torsional twists were processed by decomposition to harmonics using FFT. In order to exactly recognize all dynamic aspects of gas forces acting during working stroke, decomposition was done in two ways: first one relaying on records encompassing one working cycle (two revolutions), the second one based at separated periods encompassing angular an interval from TDC (Top Dead Centre) of one cylinder to TDC of subsequent in firing order. For three-cylinder engine, width of the interval is 240 degrees of crank angle. In order to obtain reliable results, torsional deflection signals acquisitions were recorded numerous times including changes of outer conditions (temperature, atmospheric pressure) and different values of the engine loads. The main goal of conducted experiments was looking for an answer of a question if exist any differences between frequency spectrums of harmonics of run of full cycle ( two revolutions) and the same cycle divided by three separate intervals. Analysis was conducted in order to state any possibility of diagnostic signals acquisition caused by abnormalities of combustion process. Results were presented in form of comparison of frequency spectra taken from full cycle and divided intervals.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 3; 129-135
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Monitoring of torsional vibration of a crankshaft by instantaneous angular speed observations
Autorzy:
Dereszewski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242907.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diagnostics
diesel engine
torsional vibrations
torque
angular speed
Opis:
Continuous monitoring of diesel engine performance under its operating is critical for prediction of malfunction development and subsequently functional failure detection. Analysis of Instantaneous angular Speed (IAS) of the crankshaft is considered as one of non-intrusive and effective method of detection of combustion quality deterioration. The paper contains presentation of attempt of monitoring of piston engine’s crankshaft torsional vibrations by measurement of Instantaneous Angular Speed at free and power output ends of the engine. It is assumed that calculation of differential value of angular distance run between both ends in the same time shall give the picture of torsion angle magnitudes and phases of the peak values. Fir carrying out such measurements, high frequency of sampling was required. The angular speed measurements is to be done utilising two optical sensors for reading and two perforated discs mounted at shaft’s ends playing the role of speed signal emitters. In the paper is presented description of the measurement system and explanation of its mode of work. It is also shown analysis of measurement accuracy, way errors elimination and method of signals runs filtration. Presented results of experiment derives from test cycle carried out using laboratory stand of Gdynia Maritime University equipped with 3- cylinder self - ignition engine, powering electric generator.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 1; 99-106
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Validation of reference sampling for failure detection by crankshaft angular speed analysis
Autorzy:
Dereszewski, M.
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243825.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diagnostics
marine diesel engine
angular speed
reference comparison
Opis:
The paper presents results of the experiment focused on evaluation of records of runs of the engine in good condition as a reference for subsequent detection of faults of fuel system of medium speed diesel engine. The aim of research was determination of limits of instantaneous angular speed's spread spotted between random starts of the engine, without any fault condition simulation. Due to fine variation of the load setup and different ambient condition, every record of angular speed of independent starting, despite of attempts to sustain the same load and rotational speed value, presents some deviations between runs. Having on mind utilization of such measurement as a template for further comparison, is crucial to find out how random changes of ambient conditions and accuracy of revolutionary speed setup affect the IAS magnitude course. The answer was got in way of registration of numerous runs of the test engine after independent starts and hand adjustment of required RPM’s. The experiment was carried out at laboratory stand in GdyniaMaritimeUniversity, equipped with diesel engine Sulzer 3AL 25/30 driving electrogenerator. Sulzer 3AL 25/30 is three cylinder, medium speed, four stroke marine diesel engine, with maximum output 400 kW at 750 rpm. Independent records were treated as random variable and were compared each other. Obtained results were compared with differences between healthy engine and with simulated malfunctions of fuel injection.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 4; 63-70
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Validation of reference sampling for failure detection by crankshaft angular speed analysis
Autorzy:
Dereszewski, M.
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247164.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diagnostics
marine diesel engine
angular speed
reference comparison
Opis:
The paper presents results of the experiment focused on evaluation of records of runs of the engine in good condition as a reference for subsequent detection of faults of fuel system of medium speed diesel engine. The aim of research was determination of limits of instantaneous angular speed's spread spotted between random starts of the engine, without any fault condition simulation. Due to fine variation of the load setup and different ambient condition, every record of angular speed of independent starting, despite of attempts to sustain the same load and rotational speed value, presents some deviations between runs. Having on mind utilization of such measurement as a template for further comparison, is crucial to find out how random changes of ambient conditions and accuracy of revolutionary speed setup affect the IAS magnitude course. The answer was got in way of registration of numerous runs of the test engine after independent starts and hand adjustment of required RPM’s. The experiment was carried out at laboratory stand in Gdynia Maritime University, equipped with diesel engine Sulzer 3AL 25/30 driving electrogenerator. Sulzer 3AL 25/30 is three cylinder, medium speed, four stroke marine diesel engine, with maximum output 400 kW at 750 rpm. Independent records were treated as random variable and were compared each other. Obtained results were compared with differences between healthy engine and with simulated malfunctions of fuel injection.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 3; 67-74
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Processing of long lasting signals of torsional vibrations measured using incremental encoders
Autorzy:
Dereszewski, M.
Sikora, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243279.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diagnostics
diesel engine
torsional vibrations
torque
angular speed
Opis:
The article describes processing method of a signal, coming from torsional deflections of an internal combustion piston engine’s crankshaft, registered using two optical encoders ETNP-10. Standard measurement and recording set ETNP-10 enables recording of Instantaneous Angular Speed values encompassing 10 revolutions of the crankshaft, what is equal to 5 cycles of four-stroke engine. That time duration is sufficient for analysis of changes of angular speed caused by, for example, malfunction of fuel injection valve, but is insufficient in case of observation characterized by low frequency changes with period of fluctuations, lower than 0.8 sec. Short time for recording makes impossible following of instantaneous angular speed deviations caused by magnitude modulation of engine’s load value. In the article is presented an algorithm written in MATLAB environment, which allows processing of the data recorded using the recorder DAS 1600 Sefram. The recorded this way signals have around 26 seconds' duration of engine work. Data acquired from two encoders mounted at opposite sides of the shaft, in form of square magnitude signals are transformed into instantaneous speed and subsequently to instantaneous angular shift, what is basis for torsions calculation. In the article is also presented method of elimination of systematic error due to assumed method of averaging. Finally, some examples of results of torsional deflection measurement and analysis are presented.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 4; 59-65
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Impact of rise of exhaust resistance at torque and angular speed of two-stroke engine
Autorzy:
Dereszewski, M.
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245462.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diagnostics
diesel engine
exhaust pipe resistance
torque
angular speed
Opis:
It is assumed that elements of Exhaust Gases Cleaning Systems creates additional resistance along fumes duct and can affect energetic process of combustion. In the paper are presented results of researches aimed on detection and recognition of dumping effect in the exhaust pipeline using devices dedicated for engine’s torque and angular speed measurement. The experiment was carried out in test stand of Gdynia Maritime University; equipped with one-cylinder, low speed engine working in two-stroke mode. Effect of increasing of gas flow resistance was achieved by installation of shutters in cross-section of exhaust pipe. The shutters diminished active flow „window“ for 50% of normal crossection area of the exhaust pipe The plan of measurements encompasses registration of Instantaneous Angular Speed of the engine’s shaft and parallel registration of Instantaneous Value of Shaft Torsion, what reflect fluctuation of torque. Value of angular speed and toque enables exact calculation of power produced by the engine. Experiment included measurements at different levels of engine’s load and with changes of mean rotational speed. Angular speed and shaft’s torsion were measured and recorded using system ETNP-10 which is based on optical sensor and set of toothed discs. That method gives high accuracy of angular speed and torsion measurement. Results of experiment are presented as difference of related curves of values’ variations of angular speed and torsion occurring at the propulsion shaft connecting the engine and the water brake.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 4; 87-93
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tuning method for high-speed marine diesel engine MB820 Type
Autorzy:
Lus, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246964.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
marine diesel engine
diagnostics
tuning
fuel injector
valve gear
Opis:
Checking and tuning of the fuel injection valves opening pressures, fuel valves timing and exhaust or inlet valves clearances is a common practice in high-speed marine diesel engines maintenance. Cost lowering tendency in engine maintenance schedules and unmanned vessel's propulsion plants need new approach to these old and reliable procedures. Conventional maintenance methods for engine valve gear mechanism depend on valve clearances checks between valve stem and rocker arm and valve timing diagram checks on crankshaft flywheel. But how to observe valves' timing diagram on working engine and what is the difference between static and dynamic valves timing diagram and in the end how engine load and speed changes disturb observed parameters? Answers for these and other questions for high-speed marine diesel engines MB820 type are given in this paper. Dynamic valve gear timing diagrams are indispensable to perform an accurate engine tuning. A new original diagnostic and tuning method for high-speed marine diesel engine MB820 is presented in the paper. In the principle this method based on measurements of: internal cylinder pressure curves and on vibration signals. Typical diagnostic methods which based on vibration signals analysis are sensitive to engine load and speed changes. Researches presented in this paper were focused on the possibilities and differences of the dynamic timing diagram assessing at engine rated load and when idling.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 2; 277-284
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Model based prediction of the crankshaft instantaneous angular speed fluctuations
Autorzy:
Dereszewski, M.
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247114.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diagnostics
marine diesel engine
angular speed modeling
failure symptoms
Opis:
The paper presents results of the calculation, based on simplified engine model, aimed on prediction of IAS (Instantaneous Angular Speed) of the crankshaft fluctuations under faulty engine condition. Gas forces were calculated basing on results of in-cylinder pressure measurements which were used as inputs to the dynamic model. Mass forces were calculated basing on technical particulars of the engine Sulzer 3Al 25/30.Measurements of the incylinder pressure was carried out at laboratory stand in Gdynia Maritime University, equipped with diesel engine Sulzer 3AL 25/30 driving electro-generator. Sulzer 3AL 25/30 is three cylinder, medium speed, four stroke marine diesel engine, with maximum output 408 kW at 750 rpm. In order to evaluate of IAS model utility for diagnostic prediction of the engine behavior, two kinds of malfunctions of engine’s fuel system were simulated. First malfunction was fuel leakage from high pressure line; the second was partly plugged injector’s nozzle. Construction of high pressure fuel pump enable to fuel leakage simulation. The engine was run out at load 250 kW what is around 65% of nominal. Results of all measurement were smoothed in order to eliminate a noise using SG (Savitzky – Golay) filter. Results of fault condition modeling were compared with healthy engine model and with results of in -cylinder pressure diagrams, in order to create a map of deviations from normal condition.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 1; 55-61
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zastosowanie sygnałów prędkości drgań do diagnostyki wtryskiwaczy silników spalinowych
Application of signals of the velocity vibration to diagnostic of diesel engine injectors
Autorzy:
Monieta, J.
Rokicki, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/329378.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Towarzystwo Diagnostyki Technicznej PAN
Tematy:
diagnostyka
silniki okrętowe
wtryskiwacze
diagnostics
marine diesel engine
injectors
Opis:
Praca stanowi próbę zastosowania sygnałów prędkości drgań do diagnostyki wtryskiwaczy silników okrętowych w fazie eksploatacji. Najpierw przeprowadzono badania wstępne z wykorzystaniem eksperymentu czynnego na stanowisku systemu wtryskowego poza silnikiem. Zbadano wpływ nastawy paliwowej na parametry sygnałów prędkości drgań w dziedzinie amplitudy i częstotliwości przy różnych mocowaniach czujników pomiarowych.
The work is determining of application of he signals of velocity vibration to diagnostic of marine diesel engine injectors in operating phase. In the first place have been make preliminary investigations with utilisations of active experiment on the state of injection system out engine. There have been investigated influence of fuel setting on parameters of the signals of velocity vibrations in amplitude and spectrum domain at various fastens of measurement sensors.
Źródło:
Diagnostyka; 2005, 33; 229-234
1641-6414
2449-5220
Pojawia się w:
Diagnostyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New methods of marine power plant diagnostics
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Szyfelbain, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245418.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diesel engine
diagnostics
roughness
surface
silnik wysokoprężny
diagnostyka
chropowatość
powierzchnia
Opis:
Up-to-date, of high-tech design techniques of machine operation require constant monitoring on some levels. Generally, the monitoring today is limited to failure detection and machinery components check. The Marine Engineering Faculty of Gdynia Maritime University designed the System for Marine Engine Operation Assistance on the basis of Sulzer Diesel AL 25/30 testing station. The engine modernization and wider research and survey capabilities resulted in engine operation quality improvement, marine power plant research enhancement. The project broadens the research range and engine failure expertise as well as takes into consideration innovative marine fuel emissions. The goal has been achieved in the way of the test equipment modernization including: effective pressure sensors, high pressure fuel sensors, monitoring and visualization of the engine systems’ parameters, electronic indictors adopted to continuous operation at all cylinders in the same time, and high class decision aid computer equipment. Engine modernization and data base extension allow for carrying out a wide scope of research. Additionally, the article presents innovative diagnostic solutions together with their applications.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 1; 33-40
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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