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    Tytuł:
    Ethical considerations in maritime cybersecurity research
    Autorzy:
    Oruc, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2172503.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    maritime cyber security
    cyber security
    maritime cyber security research
    cyber risk
    ethical considerations
    ethical dilemmas
    ethical principles
    ethical conflicts
    Opis:
    Maritime transportation, an essential component of world trade, is performed by contemporary vessels. Despite the improvements that rapid advances in technology have brought to vessels’ operational efficiency and capability for safe navigation, the cyber risks associated with modern systems have increased apace. Widespread publicity regarding cyber incidents onboard ships has sparked extensive research on the part of universities, industry, and governmental organisations seeking to understand cyber risks. Consequently, researchers have discovered and disclosed an increasing number of threats and vulnerabilities in this context, providing information that in itself may pose a threat when accessed by the wrong parties. Thus, this paper aims to raise researchers’ awareness of ethical concerns and provide guidance for sound decision-making in areas where the research process must be handled carefully to avoid harm. To this end, this paper presents a literature review that explores the ethical issues involved in maritime cybersecurity research and provides specific examples to promote further understanding. Six ethical principles and four categories of ethical dilemmas are discussed. Finally, the paper offers recommendations that can guide researchers in dealing with any ethical conflicts that may arise while studying maritime cybersecurity.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 2; 309--318
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    An Operational Approach to Maritime Cyber Resilience
    Autorzy:
    Erstad, E.
    Ostnes, R.
    Lund, M. S.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841562.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    cyber security
    maritime cyber resilience
    cyber resilience
    cyber attack
    cyber risk
    cyber risk managementm
    maritime cyber security
    maritime cyber emergency
    Opis:
    As a result of the last decades development of technology and increased connectivity of maritime vessels, the need for maritime cyber security is undoubtedly present. In 2017, IMO officially recognized “… the urgent need to raise awareness on cyber threats and vulnerabilities to support safe and secure shipping, which is operationally resilient to cyber risks”. Thus, Maritime Cyber Resilience is seen as key by IMO in the improvement of the maritime cyber security. It is assumed that human error is the cause of more than half successful cyber-attacks. If technology somehow fails, in example because of a cyber threat, the human is expected to handle the problem and provide a solution. It is therefore necessary to focus on the human aspect when considering maritime cyber threats. This paper aims to provide a working definition of “Maritime Cyber Resilience”. Further, the paper argues why the human should be a focus of study, as the human is at the sharp edge in a potential maritime cyber emergency.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 1; 27-34
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    BRAT: A BRidge Attack Tool for cyber security assessments of maritime systems
    Autorzy:
    Hemminghaus, C.
    Bauer, J.
    Padilla, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841570.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    cyber security
    Bridge Attack Tool (BRAT)
    cyber attack
    cyder defense
    maritime systems
    security assessment
    Integrated Bridge System (IBS)
    Maritime Cyber Security
    Opis:
    Today’s shipping industry is largely digitalized and networked, but by no means immune to cyber attacks. As recent incidents show, attacks, particularly those targeting on the misleading of navigation, not only pose a serious risk from an economic perspective when disrupting maritime value chains, but can also cause collisions and endanger the environment and humans. However, cyber defense has not yet been an integral part of maritime systems engineering, nor are there any automated tools to systematically assess their security level as well-established in other domains. In this paper, we therefore present a holistic BRidge Attack Tool (BRAT) that interactively offers various attack implementations targeting the communication of nautical data in maritime systems. This provides system engineers with a tool for security assessments of integrated bridge systems, enabling the identification of potential cyber vulnerabilities during the design phase. Moreover, it facilitates the development and validation of an effective cyber defense.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 1; 35-44
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A retrospective analysis of maritime cyber security incidents
    Autorzy:
    Meland, P. H.
    Bernsmed, K.
    Wille, E.
    Rødseth, Ø. J.
    Nesheim, D. A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063970.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    cyber security
    retrospective analysis
    digital attack
    cyber security incidents
    maritime cyber threats
    maritime incidents
    Opis:
    The maritime industry is undergoing a rapid evolution through the introduction of new technology and the digitization of existing services. At the same time, the digital attack surface is increasing, and incidents can lead to severe consequences. This study analyses and gives an overview of 46 maritime cyber security incidents from the last decade (2010-2020). We have collected information from open publications and reports, as well as anonymized data from insurance claims. Each incident is linked to a taxonomy of attack points related to onboard or off-ship systems, and the characteristics have been used to create a Top-10 list of maritime cyber threats. The results show that the maritime sector typically has incidents with low frequency and high impact, which makes them hard to predict and prepare for. We also infer that different types of attackers use a variety of attack points and techniques, hence there is no single solution to this problem.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 3; 519--530
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Review of ship information security risks and safety of maritime transportation issues
    Autorzy:
    Melnyk, O.
    Onyshchenko, S.
    Onishchenko, O.
    Shumylo, O.
    Voloshyn, A.
    Koskina, Y.
    Volianska, Y.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201429.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    maritime transportation
    security risks
    safety of sea transportation
    safety of maritime transportation
    cyber security
    ship information security
    cyber attack
    information in transport
    Opis:
    In recent years, various types of commerce including transport have suffered significant damage and costs due to cyber-attacks. The geographic scope of freight transportation has no boundaries, attacks can be launched almost anywhere there is an Internet connection. Therefore, there is no immunity from the failure of computer systems and information of delivery processes in the networks of organizations and companies engaged in maritime transportation. In addition, while the consequences of cyber-attacks on major shipping lines and ports, as well as the digital systems of logistics companies, can be comprehensively analyzed, the vulnerability of ships remains insufficiently studied. This paper offers an analysis of the risks in the field of maritime freight transport and the main factors of influence such as digitization on the safety of the transport process. The basic threats to the information system of the ship are defined and the techniques of risk analysis for the ship information security is proposed.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 4; 717--722
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The CAN Bus in the Maritime Environment – Technical Overview and Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities
    Autorzy:
    Kessler, G. C.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063969.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    controller area network
    national marine electronics association
    cyber security
    maritime communication standard
    security vulnerabilities
    CAN Bus
    maritime environment
    Opis:
    The Controller Area Network (CAN) bus standard was developed in the 1980s and is in widespread use in automobile, vehicular, aviation, and other networks. The CAN bus was introduced in the maritime environment with the adoption of the National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) 2000 standard in the late-1990s. Many papers have been written about the CAN bus protocols and security vulnerabilities but there is sparse literature about use of the CAN bus in the maritime environment. Part I of this paper is a technical overview, describing CAN bus standards and operation, with particular attention to its use with the NMEA 2000 maritime communications standard. Part II of this paper describes security vulnerabilities in terms of loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information (such as eavesdropping, denial-of-service, and spoofing), and mitigations specific to the maritime environment.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 3; 531--540
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Integrated approach for functional safety and cyber security management in maritime critical infrastructures
    Autorzy:
    Śliwiwński, Marcin
    Piesik, Emilian
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2068695.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Polskie Towarzystwo Bezpieczeństwa i Niezawodności
    Tematy:
    maritime infrastructure
    functional safety
    cyber security
    SIL
    SAL
    EAL
    industrial control systems
    Opis:
    The work is devoted important issues of the management in maritime critical infrastructure of functional safety analysis, in particular the safety integrity level (SIL) verification of safety functions to be implemented within the distributed control and protection systems with regard to cyber security aspects. A method based on quantitative and qualitative information is proposed for the SIL (IEC 61508, 61511) verification with regard of the evaluation assurance levels (EAL) (ISO/IEC 15408), the security assurance levels (SAL) (IEC 62443), and the number of protection rings described in the Secure Safety (SeSa-SINTEF) methodology. The proposed approach will be composed of the following items: process and procedure based safety and cyber security management, integrated safety and security assessment of industrial control system (ICS) of the maritime critical infrastructure. Proposed methodology is illustrated on case study that based on the part of installation critical maritime infrastructure.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association; 2019, 10, 1; 137--148
    2084-5316
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The main challenges and barriers to the successful “smart shipping”
    Autorzy:
    Alop, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116779.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    smart shipping
    maritime affairs
    intelligent ship
    no records
    autonomous ship
    cyber security
    artificial intelligence (AI)
    SWOT analyze
    Opis:
    As with the powerful digitalization of the world in the 21st century, maritime affairs, like all other areas, are facing not only new opportunities, but also new big challenges and problems. From the point of view of the development of new technologies, it seems that everything is possible, for example the bringing of so-called "intelligent ships" and “smart ports” into one global system on base of internet of things and big data applications. However, if to look at the matter further, a number of factors and obstacles may appear which could be major threats to the normal functioning of such a system. While it is clear that systems with such high degree of complexity are even technically vulnerable, it seems to the author of this paper that questions that are no less difficult are in the field of human relations. For example, when ships and ports are becoming more and more "smarter" and need less and less people to intervene in their interactions, who at the end will be responsible for everything that can and definitely will happened at sea or in the port? What about liability of cargo carrier if “carrier” is an autonomous ship without any person on-board during the entire journey? How to ensure cyber security? How to be secured against the risks of so-called artificial intelligence systemic errors? It is possible that only new non-trivial approaches can lead to acceptable results in this area, but what they may be and whether these approaches are possible at all - these questions are still waiting for answers.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 3; 521-528
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Safe information exchange on board of the ship
    Autorzy:
    Ahvenjärvi, S.
    Czarnowski, I.
    Kåla, J.
    Kyster, A.
    Meyer, I.
    Mogensen, J.
    Szyman, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116173.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    information exchange
    navigation safety
    autonomous ship
    autonomous ships navigation
    information technology (IT)
    safe information exchange
    maritime education and training (MET)
    cyber security
    Opis:
    The first ever attempt at fully autonomous dock-to-dock operation has been tested and demonstrated successfully at the end of 2018. The revolutionary shift is feared to have a negative impact on the safety of navigation and the getting of real-time situation awareness. Especially, the centralized context onboard could be changed to a distributed context. In navigation safety domain, monitoring, control, assessment of dangerous situations, support of operators of decision-making support system should be implemented in real time. In the context of autonomous ships, decision-making processes will play an important role under such ocean autonomy, therefore the same technologies should consist of adequate system intelligence. At the same time, situation awareness is the key element of the decision-making processes. Although there is substantial research on situation awareness measurement techniques, they are not suitable to directly execute quantitative processing for the situation awareness of autonomous ships navigation. Hence, a novel quantitative model of situation awareness is firstly proposed based on the system safety control structure of remotely controlled vessel. The data source is greatly limited, but the main result still indicates that the probability of operator lose adequate situation awareness of the autonomous ship is significantly higher than the conventional ship. Finally, the paper provides a probabilistic theory and model for high-level abstractions of situation awareness to guide future evaluation of the navigation safety of autonomous ships.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 1; 165-171
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Secure AIS with Identity-Based Authentication and Encryption
    Autorzy:
    Goudosis, A.
    Katsikas, S. K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116971.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    cyber security
    encryption
    authentication
    Automatic Identification System (AIS)
    Identity-Based Encryption (IBE)
    Maritime Certificate-less Identity-Based (mIBC)
    cryptography
    Identity-Based Cryptography (IBC)
    Opis:
    The Automatic Identification System (AIS) offers automatic traffic control and collision avoidance services to the maritime transportation sector worldwide. Because AIS lacks security mechanisms, it is vulnerable to misuse and exploitation by unlawful adversaries (e.g. sea-pirates, terrorists, smugglers). To address the security issues of the AIS, in an earlier paper [1], we proposed the deployment of a Maritime Certificate-less Identity-Based (mIBC) public-key cryptography infrastructure that enhances AIS with on-demand anonymity, authentication, and encryption capabilities. In this paper we address implementation aspects of that infrastructure. In particular, we propose to use the Sakai-Kasahara Identity-Based Encryption (IBE) approach to implement the mIBC infrastructure, following the IEEE 1363.3-2013 standard for Identity-Based Cryptography.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2020, 14, 2; 287-298
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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