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    Tytuł:
    Criminal Law and its Victim-Oriented Development: an Academic Inquiry
    Autorzy:
    Tuliakov, Viacheslav
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28843238.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    criminal law
    criminal policy
    victim-oriented policy
    victimology
    human rights
    Opis:
    In the 21st century, one of the essential roles of the Criminal Code is to protect the rights and interests of crime victims. Criminal law is a complex field that must balance established principles with evolving societal dynamics. This involves various stakeholders, including the state, perpetrators, victims, and civil society, each with differing views on criminal law. The modern era, marked by post-truth narratives and a reputational society, has further complicated matters. Casuistry now prevails over systematic approaches, leading to a disconnect between criminal law’s foundational principles and intended societal outcomes. Contemporary criminal law operates on multiple dimensions, addressing individual, societal, and institutional levels while aiming to balance the interests of these entities. The transition from the “age of information” to the “age of reputation” underscores the importance of information subjected to external evaluation. In the context of harmonizing Ukrainian criminal legislation with EU and Council of Europe norms, it is vital to protect human rights. This aligns with a Committee of Ministers recommendation that recognizes crime as a wrong against society and a violation of individual rights, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding victim rights. Approaching criminal law from a victimological perspective offers unique insights into victim participation in criminal liability, crime qualification, and offender culpability. This perspective encourages assessing the efficacy of criminal law prohibitions and promoting victim engagement in crime control.
    Źródło:
    Copernicus Political and Legal Studies; 2023, 2, 3; 70-74
    2720-6998
    Pojawia się w:
    Copernicus Political and Legal Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przestępczość i polityka karna sądów w Węgierskiej Republice Ludowej
    Crime and the penal policy of courts in the Hungarian peoples republic
    Autorzy:
    Kubiak, Jacek R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699255.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1987
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    polityka karna
    republika ludowa
    przestępczość
    ustawodawstwo
    prawo karne
    Węgry
    orzecznictwo
    gwałt
    sądownictwo
    pozbawienie wolności
    grzywna
    ludobójstwo
    people's republic
    criminality
    legislation
    criminal law
    Hungary
    certification
    rape
    judiciary
    deprivation of liberty
    fine
    genocide
    criminal policy
    criminal Policy
    Opis:
    There is in Hungary a many years tradition. of gathering and publishing criminal statistics and its theoretical analysis. This tradition dates back to the early 19th century. In the modern days, it was discontinued in the years 1944-1956 only. However, in 1957, the publication of the basic data of criminal statistics in Statistical Yearbooks published by the central statistical Office was started anew. As shown by an analysis of the trends of the number of convictions of adults in the years 1944-1984 based on official sources, there is a high substantial changes in these trends with changes in the provisions of the penal law and to some extent in the socio-political climate. The following can thus be noticed: A very big number of convictions in the late fourties and early fifties (with the culminating point in 1952), accompanied by rapid drops in the years when amnesty laws were passed or new provisions of the penal law were introduced. A great drop in the number of convictions in 1956 and, 1957 which was related directly first of all to the course of events before and after October 23, 1956, and to the fact that a part of the jurisdiction of common courts of law was taken over by special courts of law was taken over by special courts the activity of which is not reflected in the analysed statistical data. A relative stabilization of the number of convictions in the years of gradual socio-political consolidation ( 1958-1962). A gradual increase in the number of convictions after the entering into force of the Penal Code of 1961 and its amendment of 1971. Accompanied by intermittent drops in the amnesty years and in the years when provisions that modified the Penal Code entered into force. An increase in the number of convictions after the entering into force of the Penal Code of 1978. The rate of convictions per 100,000 of the population in 1984 was 2'5 times higher than in 1952, but not much lower than the 1961 rate. The rise in crime in the recent years is also evident in the available data from the police and public prosecutor's statistics. The number of reported offences went up by one-third in the period 1965-1985 and has a constant upward trend. Among the offences reported most numerous are offences against property (about 60 per cent of all reported offences), traffic offences (about 12-13 per cent), offences against public order (hooliganism and parasitism in particular), and offences against person (about 7-8 per cent).  As compared with 1965, the number of burglaries was 3.5 times as big in the eighties, and the number of robberies - 7 . times. The number of traffic offences increased by over one-third as well. Also offences against person reveal a small upward trend, with the number of homicides being stable. However, the number of homicides in Hungary has for many years been considerably larger than the mean European figure (mean homicide rate per 100,000 of the population amounting to 3.8 in the years 1979--1983). The rise in crime concerned financial offences also (offences against the foreign currency exchange regulations, against customs regulations, tax offences) which are included in ,the group of offences against the national economy. The penal policy of the Hungarian courts has rather frequently been subject to spectacular transformations. In the early seventies, stabilization was achieved in this policy which manifested itself by a limited application of unconditional deprivation of liberty and by a broad use of fine and other measures not involving deprivation of liberty. However, the rise in crime in the eighties influenced a more frequent application of unconditional deprivation of liberty, which resulted in the growth of prison population. In 1979, the number of persons deprived of liberty amounted to 16,764 (157 per 100,000 of the population), while in 1984 the respective number was 21,884 (205 per 100.000 of the population). In Hungary, conditional suspension of the execution of the penalty of deprivation- of liberty is not as popular as in other European socialist countries. For every fifth convicted person, the execution of penalty is suspended. In 1973, the courts for the- first time passed a greater number of fines (48.8 per cent) than prison sentences (43.9 per cent). In the-following years, the share of fines in the structure of penalties even exceeded 50 per cent. However, after entering into force of the new Penal code, an unexpected drop in the number of fines took place things to the which was due among other fact that some of the  petty offences were removed from the Penal Code , and that a new penal measure without deprivation of liberty, i.e. probation, was introduced. In 1983, the share of fines dropped to 40 per cent of all sentences. The Hungarian courts were most reluctant to apply the penalty of corrective and educational work as soon as the penalty was introduced in 1950. For a dozen-odd years the share of this penalty in all penalties imposed never exceeded 10 per cent. After the 1961 Penal Code was introduced the penalty of corrective and educational work  showed an upward trend (up to 15,8 per cent in 1964), but later on started to fall up, to 4 per cent in 1983. In the years 1962 -1983. common courts sentenced 105 persons to death penalty, for qualified homicide in the vast majority of cases. Since 1968, this penalty has been applied exlusively towards the perpetrators of homicide. In 1984, the extent of reported crime in Hungary was similar to that found in Poland (1, 470 per 100,000 o0f the population); however, in Hungary the response to the rise in crime has been in general much more balanced and quiet.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1987, XIV; 43-95
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przejawy populizmu penalnego w rozwiązaniach prawnokarnych z zakresu przestępczości przeciwko wolności seksualnej i obyczajności
    Autorzy:
    Dembiński, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788457.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-06-18
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    prawo karne
    kryminologia
    polityka kryminalna
    populizm penalny
    przestępczość
    ustawodawstwo
    punitywność
    criminal law
    criminology
    criminal policy
    penal populism
    criminality
    legislation
    punitiveness
    Opis:
    Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problematykę populizmu penalnego i jego obecności w polskim ustawodawstwie prawnokarnym. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie złożonej natury wspomnianego zjawiska, wyklarowanie jego cech charakterystycznych oraz ujawnienie wpływu na prawo karne oraz realizowaną w Polsce politykę kryminalną. W artykule podjęto próbę zdefiniowania pojęcia „populizmu penalnego”, przeanalizowano przestępstwa przeciwko wolności seksualnej i obyczajności w ujęciu statystycznym oraz zbadano obecność desygnatów populistycznych w projektowanych albo obowiązujących rozwiązaniach prawnokarnych.
    The article describes the topic of penal populism and its presence in Polish penal law legislation. The purpose of this article is to point out the complexity of this problem, to clarify its characteristics and to show its impact on criminal politics in Poland.
    Źródło:
    Biuletyn Kryminologiczny; 2019, 26; 9-31
    2084-5375
    Pojawia się w:
    Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wpływ dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2008/99/WE z dnia 19 listopada 2008 r. na polską politykę kryminalną
    Impact Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on crime policy in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Wójcicka, Marta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/452315.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki Euroregionalnej im. Alcide De Gasperi w Józefowie
    Tematy:
    EU law
    the protection of the environment
    criminal law
    criminal policy
    prawo UE
    dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego
    ochrona środowiska
    prawo karne
    polityka kryminalna
    Opis:
    European Union law determines the development of the internal law of the Member States directly or indirectly in almost every area of their activity. One of the important functions of the state is to protect the environment. Th e establishment and implementation of the principle of sustainable development, as well as intensifi ed by the European Union for last several years environmental policy, has forced changes aimed at improving the fi ght against crimes against the environment. Th e changes introduced by the Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the protection of the environment through criminal law had an impact on crime policy in Poland. Th is article was devoted to discussion of changes in the Polish Criminal Code that have taken place under the infl uence of this directive. At the same time article contains the explanation of the directive, as an act constituted by the EU institutions and its role in the creation of domestic law in the Member States.
    Prawo Unii Europejskiej determinuje rozwój prawa wewnętrznego państw członkowskich pośrednio lub bezpośrednio, praktycznie w każdej dziedzinie ich aktywności. Jedną z istotnych funkcji państwa jest ochrona środowiska naturalnego. Powstanie i wdrażanie zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju, a także zintensyfi kowana od kilkunastu lat przez Unię Europejską polityka ochrony środowiska wymusiła wprowadzenie zmian, których celem jest skuteczniejsze zwalczanie przestępstw przeciwko środowisku naturalnemu. Zmiany wprowadzone poprzez dyrektywę Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2008/99/WE z dnia 19 listopada 2008 r. w sprawie ochrony środowiska poprzez prawo karne miały wpływ na politykę kryminalną w Polsce. Niniejszy artykuł poświęcono omówieniu reformy polskiego kodeksu karnego, która dokonała się pod wpływem tego aktu wtórnego prawa UE. Artykuł zawiera w sobie objaśnienie roli dyrektywy, jako aktu stanowionego przez instytucje UE, w kształtowaniu prawa wewnętrznego państw członkowskich.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Modern Science; 2015, 25, 2; 427-439
    1734-2031
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Modern Science
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nauka a praktyka z perspektywy polityki karnej lat siedemdziesiątych i osiemdziesiątych
    Theory and Practice in Poland’s Criminal Policy in the 1970s and ’80s
    Autorzy:
    Pływaczewski, Emil W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2098380.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-06-24
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    prawo karne
    polityka kryminalna
    nauka a praktyka
    zapobieganie przestępczości
    reforma prawa karnego
    criminal law
    criminal policy
    theory and practice
    crime prevention
    penal law reform
    Opis:
    Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia polityki kryminalnej w Polsce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem okresu lat siedemdziesiątych i osiemdziesiątych. W 1969 r. Sejm uchwalił nową kodyfikację karną, w tym kodeks karny, który zastąpił kodeks karny z 1932 r. Najbardziej rozczarowującą częścią nowego kodeksu karnego były określone w nim sankcje. Ich system pozostał nadmiernie sztywny i surowy; najczęściej stosowaną karą pozostała kara pozbawienia wolności. Między innymi kodeks wprowadził wyjątkowo surowe sankcje – środki karne wobec recydywistów. Efektem tych rozwiązań prawnych, lojalnie stosowanych przez judykaturę, był znaczący wzrost populacji więziennej (w latach siedemdziesiątych wahała się ona od 90 do 130 tysięcy, tj. przeciętnie 235 na 100 tysięcy mieszkańców). W tym zakresie Polska niekorzystnie i znacząco odbiegała od większości innych krajów wschodniej Europy, nie mówiąc już o krajach zachodnich. Powstanie „Solidarności” w sierpniu 1980 r. było początkiem odchodzenia od komunizmu w sowieckim stylu. Ekspercka krytyka ustawodawstwa karnego i realizowanej na jego gruncie represyjnej polityki kryminalnej zaowocowała przygotowaniem w 1981 r. dwóch projektów nowego kodeksu karnego. Kulminacja konfliktu pomiędzy władzą a opozycją nastąpiła w grudniu 1981 r. Wówczas komunistyczny rząd kierowany przez generała Wojciecha Jaruzelskiego wydał dekret o stanie wojennym, będący uderzeniem w silny ruch opozycyjny. Cztery lata później w 1985 r. została uchwalona drakońska ustawa o szczególnej odpowiedzialności karnej. Od 1987 r. Komisja Kodyfikacyjna (jej skład został zmieniony po zawarciu porozumienia tzw. okrągłego stołu pomiędzy stroną rządową a opozycją) przygotowywała nowe projekty kodeksu karnego, kodeksu postępowania karnego i kodeksu karnego wykonawczego. Nowa kodyfikacja karna, w tym kodeks karny, uchwalona została przez Sejm 19 kwietnia 1997 r., a weszła w życie 1 września 1998 r. W konkluzji autor stwierdza, że punitywny charakter systemu sprawiedliwości karnej, odziedziczony po poprzednim ustroju, wywiera wpływ na dzisiejszą politykę kryminalną, łącznie z problemami zmniejszenia populacji więziennej.
    The article addresses issues from the criminal policy Poland pursued in the 1970s and ’80s. In 1969 Sejm enacted a new criminal codification, including a Penal Code to replace the 1932 Penal Code. Te most disappointing part of the new Penal Code were the penalties. Penalisation was still kept unduly harsh and rigid, with imprisonment as the most frequently form of punishment. One of the innovations the Code adopted was a set of exceptionally stringent measures against recidivists. As the result of these amendments, which the courts duly implemented, there was a steep rise in the number of inmates held in Polish prisons. In the ’70s it fluctuated between 90 and 130 thousand, on average amounting to 235 in 100 thousand inhabitants. The figures for Poland were much higher than those for most other East European countries, let alone Western Europe. Te emergence of Solidarity in August 1980 turned out to be the beginning of the end for Soviet-style Communism. In 1981 strong criticism from experts on criminal law, who castigated Poland’s penal law and repressive criminal policy, led to the compilation of two drafts for a new penal code. In December 1981 the conflict between General Wojciech Jaruzelski’s Communist government and its (unrecognised) opposition culminated in the imposition of Martial Law, designed to crush the powerful opposition movement. Four years later, a draconian law was instituted, bringing in “special criminal liability”. Since 1987, Poland’s Codification Commission, which was re-constituted in 1989 following the Round Table Agreement concluded between the leaders of PZPR (the ruling Communist Party) and the opposition, has been working on new drafts of the penal code, the code of criminal procedure, and the code on the execution of penalties. Te new legislation, including a new penal code, was passed by Sejm in 1997, and entered into force on 1 September 1998. I conclude with a remark that the punitive character of the criminal justice system Poland inherited from the Communist system is still exerting a considerable influence on the country’s current policy on criminal justice, and is still contributing to problems with reducing the prison population.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Prawnicze; 2021, 21, 2; 115-141
    2353-8139
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polska myśl kryminologiczna od schyłku XIX w. do 1939 r.
    The Polish Criminological Thought from the Close of the 19th Century till 1939
    Autorzy:
    Nelken, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699220.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1986
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    kryminologia
    prawo karne
    historia
    filozofia
    szkoła antropologiczna
    psychopatia
    socjologia
    osobowość
    przestępca
    polityka kryminalna
    criminology
    criminal law
    history
    philosophy
    anthropological school
    psychopaty
    sociology
    personality
    criminal
    criminal policy
    polish criminological thought
    Opis:
    Both the anthropological school of Lombroso, established in the late half of the 19th century, and the sociological school established by Ferri and other criminologists ( Liszt, Prins, van Hammel, Tarde) met with a keen interest in Poland. However, the anthropological school was criticized, as it was the case in other countries too, both by the classical school of penal law, and from the sociological point of view. A critical analysis of the views of Lombroso and his successors was made by the leading representative of the classical school of penal law in Poland in those days Krzymuski who  postulated that recognition of the individual’s free will to be condition of his penal liability, Krzymuski opposed free will to be conception of a born criminal propagated by Lombroso. Lombroso’s theory was also criticized by  Krzywicki, a sociologist and anthropologist who considered the former’s  approach towards the conditions of crime to be too narrow, leaving out of account those resulting from the social and economic conditions. On the other  hand, Polish criminologists considered it to be Lombroso’s unquestionable merit that he had called attention to the necessity of studying the offender's personality, and in this way initiated the modern criminology. Opinions of various sociological schools were discussed in the Polish literature and accepted by the majority of authors starting from the close of the 19th century. In particular, the most accepted one was the opinion that offence is a result of both individual and social factors, and the aim of punishment meted out by the court should be not only to deter. the perpetrator from committing offences, but also to reeducate him. Due to the fact that in the 19th-centuiy judicial practice the sentence depended on the extent of damage caused by the offender, it was emphasized in the Polish literature that punishment should take into consideration also the offender's individual features, as it is only then that it can fulfil its tasks (Stebelski). With the accepted division of offenders into professional and causal, the fact was stressed that - if the offender reveals a tendency to relapse into crime- the measures the society applies towards him should be more drastic since the society has to defend itself against incorrigible criminals in an effective way. Instead, more lenient measures should be applied towards causal offenders, such measures  being sufficient for their reeducation. In the period between the two world wars, criminology in Poland became a separate branch and extended its range; the establishment of the Polish Criminological Society in 1921 and of the Department of Criminology at the Free Polish University in 1922, later (I932) transformed into the Criminological Institute, contributed to this situation. The Polish criminology of that period faced the task of studying and defining in detail the basic factors of crime: individual (endogenous) and social (exogenous). This was related to the necessity to learn about the sources of crime with the aim of its effective control by means of preparing a Penal Code and properly shaping the criminal policy (Wróblewski). When studying the individual factors of crime, particular attention was paid to the psychopathic personality. Criminal psychopaths were believed to suffer from a pathological moral defect resulting from their underdevelopment in the sphere of emotions. It was stated that psychopaths who committed an offence should not be recognized as mentally irresponsible (Nelken). Psychopathy cannot be treated psychiatrically; on the other hand, intensified resocialization of the offender is necessary here, conditions for this treatment created during his prison term. At the same time, an adequate segregation of prisoners should be applied based on the psychopathological criterion (Łuniewski). The science of the offender's personality was called criminal biology; it dealt with the physical and mental structure of the offender. Criminal biology was to make use of the general anthropological, psychological and psychiatric data as well as those gathered by means of other clinical methods. Aimed at  gathering comprehensive data concerning the whole of the offender’s mental and physical properties, criminal biology should not confine itself to a mere specification of his various traits: it should also study their origin, methodically examining the development of these properties in the milieu in which the offender’s personality was formed. Thus the criminal-biological research must be made from the psychological and medical as well as sociological points of view. Particular importance was attached to detailed environmental research in the study of juvenile delinquents (Batawia). In the early Thirties, the Ministry of Justice initiated criminological- biological research in prisons. The research was carried out by special commissions with the use of a specially prepared comprehensive questionnaire . The greatest part was played by psychiatric and psychological examination. The  criminal-biological research in prisons was interrupted by the outbreak of the war. In connection with the criminogenic role of alcoholism, criminologists spoke for a considerable reduction of production and sale of spirits. Moreover, an opinion was expressed that a commission of an offence in the state of a normal (the so-called physiological) intoxication should not result in the recognition of the offender as mentally irresponsible. Only pathological intoxication may be considered from the point of view of irrespossibility. The offender should not avail himself of his intoxication as a mitigating circumstance (Nelken). The scientists opposed the introduction of compulsory sterilization which was to be applied toward persons whose children could inherit serious  pathological traits from them. The opposition had both scientific and humanistic grounds (Łuniewski, Nelken). Compulsory sterilization was not introduced. The main trend of the Polish criminology in the period between the wars corresponded with the sociological school which took into account the relationship between the endogenous (biological) and the exogenous (social) factors in the origins of crime. A vast majority of Polish criminologists opposed the conception of a “born criminal” put forward by Lombroso. Some of the Polish scholars of the period between the wars who used the term “criminal anthropology” (e.g. Rabinowicz), emphasized the evolution of this science which differed from the Lombroso’s doctrine, and postulated the social milieu as a factor be largely taken into consideration in the studies on the causes of crime. In the Polish criminology of those days, the stress was laid principally on criminal biology due to the fact that the internal factor is usually less  conspicuous and more difficult to prove than the external one in the etiology of crime. It was emphasized that not all of persons who  found themselves in unfavourable social conditions turned offenders (Neymark, Lemkin); therefore, the biological (somato psychological) factor determines the individual’s moral resistance to the unfavourable external conditions. On the other hand, also the social factor, in addition to the biological one, was included in the causes of crime, due to the considerable impact of living conditions on the human mind. The opinion was that - though the etiology of an offence is usually determined by a combination of the external and internal factors - in each case one should attempt to find out which of these factors prevailed in the origin of a given act; this should also be taken into account in the criminological prognosis. In general, the chance for correction is smaller in the case of an offender of the endogenous type who requires a more thorough and longer resocialization as compared with one of the exogenous type; this should be taken into account by the court when meting out punishment (Rabinowicz, Lemkin). The Polish  Penal Code of 1932 (in force till 1969) was an expression of the compromise between the classical school of penal law and the sociological school. In the code, many legal structures included in the General Part were formulated in accordance with the achievements of the science of penal law in its classical form; this concerns particularly the definition or the essence of crime and the principles of liability including that of subjectivism as responsibility for a culpable act. A compromising character was given in the code to meting out punishment which was conditioned not only  by the weight of the offence according to the classical principle of retribution and deterrence, but also by the offender's personality and the life he had led hitherto according to the instructions of the sociological school (Art. 54). The discussed code did not adopt from the Italian positivism the so-called ante-criminal prevention, i.e.. the application of sanctions towards an individual who has not committed any prohibited act yet. Also indeterminate sentences were not adopted in the Code in relation to penalties and not protective measures, as this would be contradictory to the principle of individualization of punishment. Under the influence of the sociological school the Code contained of a possibility of suspension of ęxceution of the penalty, and of its extraordinary rnitigation, as well as the release from prison before the expiration of term (separately regulated by the law of 1927-) and a possibility to mete out a more severe penalty in the case of recidivists. In addition to the medical security measures, which consisted in the commitment of the offender to a mental hospital and which the court could apply towards the persons guilty of acts committed in the state of mental irresponsibility or decreased responsibility, the code introduced - basing on the postulates of the sociological school-isolating security measures applied towards the offenders whose acts were connected with reluctance to work, and towards recidivists and professional as well as habitual criminals if their staying at liberty endangered the legal order. The isolating security measures were applied together with the penalty (not instead of it), the necessity of their application connected with the ‘’ state of danger", i.e. the perpetrator's probability of commission of further offences; in the criminological literature, subjective and state of objective criteria of the danger were distinguished (Strasman). According to Art. 84 of the  Penal Code, offenders of this type were  committed to a special institution  for at least 5 years, and the court decided after the termination of each such period whether it was necessary to prolong the commitment for the next five years. In the Penal Code of 1932, also the measures applied towards juvenile delinquents were divided into educational measures on the one hand, and commitment to a corrective institution on the other hand, depending  on the juvenile's age and of his possible discernment or lack there of when committing the forbiden act.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1986, XIII; 223-260
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Committing a Crime as a Reason to Limit the Ability to Perform Functions in Local Government Administration
    Autorzy:
    Bojarski, Janusz
    Daśko, Natalia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1977271.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    criminal law
    elections
    electoral law
    legal policy
    Opis:
    2018 local self-government elections in Poland were special ones. Brought to light mismatching of provisions of the Electoral Code and Act on Local Self-Government Employees and attempt to use it to obtain an advantage in fight for political power caused political emotions and legal controversies. The aim of this article is presents limits imposed by criminal law on right to be elected in this type of elections and more general, role of criminal law as a tool in politics. The article presents a problem of conflict of legal regulations regarding the right to be elected and perform a public function in a local self-government unit as a problem of conflict between will of voters and attitude of politicians to creation of law and aim they try to obtain.
    Źródło:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2019, 4 (48); 663-674
    0208-7375
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Compliance policy as a manifestation of legal pluralism
    Autorzy:
    Nowak, Celina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788274.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-04-07
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    compliance norms
    compliance policy
    legal pluralism
    criminal law
    Opis:
    The aim of article is to describe the role of ‘compliance norms’, which functions as a preventive tool, also deters potential perpetrators of crimes and protects private entities from liability. Author analyzes the system of compliance norms in the context of compliance with criminal law as part of the phenomenon of legal pluralism.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze; 2018, 3 (215); 89-102
    0039-3312
    2719-4302
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pozytywna prewencja ogólna w nauce niemieckiej (wybrane koncepcje)
    Positive General Prevention (Chosen Theories)
    Autorzy:
    Szamota-Saeki, Barbara
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699300.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2004
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    pozytywna prewencja
    Niemcy
    prawo karne
    polityka karna
    kara
    positive general prevention
    Germany
    criminal law
    penal policy
    punishment
    Opis:
     The idea of socio-educating function of punishment is not recent. It appeared in XVIIIth century. Its renewal of XXth century is explained by the disappointment of the deterrent and re-socialising effectiveness of criminal punishment. It is also a reaction towards the abolitionary postulates’ questioning the sense of existence of the criminal punishment. There are many versions of this theory. It is widely popular in Germany where it is calted ‘positive general prevention’ or the ‘integrating prevention’.         The term ‘positive general prevention’ was constructed in Germany in opposition to the traditional term ‘general prevention’ understood solely as a general deterrence. It is meant to stress the turn away from the so understood ‘general prevention’ and a promoting of the positive function of criminal punishment. This ‘positive’ or ‘integrating’ function of punishment is, in most simple terms, based on strengthening the morality, supporting the desired attitudes and ways of behaving, strengthening the trust in law, in shaping the law awareness, and also encouraging norms recognition. The purpose of the punishment is preserving and strengthening the normative integration of society. It is realised not by creating fear but by using persuasion, by teaching about necessity and usefulness of the criminal law norms and by obeying them for the social order. It is also important to bring about a custom of law obedience.         The popularity of the positive general prevention is explained differently in the German studies. Most often, it is pointed out that, on the one hand, a return towards the absolutist theories is commonly rejected there, and on the other hand, that there is a popular disappointment with the efficiency of prevention and re-socialisation. The positive general prevention an opportunity for keeping a preventive character of theory of punishment with a simultaneous introduction of a retributive element in form of guilt rule. It thus creates a combination of rationality of prevention theories with a guaranteed character of the absolutist theories. It also has an advantage over the mixed theories of punishment as it is directed at a single goal.         Despite of a significant differentiation of the positive general prevention theories, it is relatively easy to define some of its characteristics: the addressee of an execution of the criminal law and punishment is society and not an individual person, where it is mostly about the influence on those members of society who do obey the law. the positive general prevention aims at long term, indirect activity and not at an immediate, short term effect on society. the persuasive nature of the criminal law is stressed, its ability to persuade, as well as the symbolic, expressive meaning of punishment as means of communicating. The content of that message in German conception is, in general, that criminal law norm is still valid. It exceptionally evokes to the moral condemnation of a deed as a subject of that message. the representatives of the theory of positive general prevention educe the purpose of the punishment from the entire penal law system. Penal law and the penalty itself come in those ideas on the very same grounds. Therefore it is not a theory of punishment but a theory of the penal law. these theories agree that the positive, integrating effect can be brought about only by a just punishment. a very typical feature of the German ideas is using the term of guilt in reference to functionality. It makes them vulnerable to a reproach that, in fact, they are veiled absolutist theories.        I analyse five ideas of the positive general prevention in this article. It was my aim to select those ideas which could indicate its diversity. Mayer's theory contributed to the rebirth of the socio-educational theory of punishment function in German studies. It belongs to the movement of the expressive punishment theories. According to Mayer penalty has an educational aspect for the society by strengthening or creating morality of the community.        Integrating prevention, as understood by H. Muller-Dietz, is an activity of punishment which is based on creating and strengthening the ways that law is perceived by the citizens. The integrating function is realised by the regulatory and court systems of justice.       The most popular in Germany is the theory of G. Jakobs. It clearly refers to the theory of systems by Niklas Luhmann. Jakobs stresses that punishment expresses a protest against breaking a norm paid by the offender. It shows that the norm broken with a deed is still valid and that it is determinant as an orientation example for social interactions.       A very strong feature of W. Hasserman’s idea is the emphasis of how the penal law system influences the entirety of social control processes. Streng refers to the psychoanalysis and psychology of the punishing society, in order to explain the general preventative activity of punishment. He mentions three unconscious, emotional sources of punishment.       In the conclusion I discuss the significance of the presented theories for the studies of criminal law and the practices of administration of criminal justice.  
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2004, XXVII; 43-66
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Negatywne konsekwencje imperializmu ekonomii na przykładzie ekonomicznej analizy prawa karnego
    Autorzy:
    Żuk, Andrzej Jakub
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2036864.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-14
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    Economics imperialism
    boundaries of economics
    Law & Economics
    criminal law
    retributivism
    drug policy
    Imperializm ekonomii
    granice ekonomii
    ekonomiczna analiza prawa
    prawo karne
    retrybutywizm
    polityka antynarkotykowa
    Opis:
    Celem pracy było ukazanie negatywnych skutków imperializmu ekonomii w obszarze prawa karnego, na płaszczyźnie teoretycznej i praktycznej. Przejawem tego imperializmu jest ekonomiczna analiza prawa karnego opierająca się na podejściu ekonomicznym i utylitarnym. W części teoretycznej ukazano ograniczenia dwóch głównych filarów ekonomicznej analizy prawa: racjonalności instrumentalnej (kalkulacyjnej) jednostki oraz efektywności ekonomicznej (utylitarnej) działania prawa, na tle tradycyjnej teorii prawa karnego (retrybutywizmu). Następnie w części praktycznej przeciwstawiono się ekonomicznie motywowanemu postulatowi legalizacji narkotyków, wykazując słabości takiej argumentacji oraz przedstawiając alternatywny, choć również ugruntowany ekonomicznie, scenariusz negatywnych konsekwencji społecznych i ekonomicznych końca prohibicji narkotykowej.
    The aim of the work has been to show the negative effects of economics imperialism in the area of criminal law, on the theoretical and practical levels. The manifestation of this type of imperialism is the economic analysis of criminal law, based on an economic and utilitarian approach. The theoretical part shows the limitations of the two main pillars of the economic analysis of law: the instrumental (calculational) rationality of an individual and the economic (utilitarian) effectiveness of law, against the background of the traditional theory of criminal law (retributivism). Then, in the practical part, the economically motivated postulate of legalizing drugs has been opposed, demonstrating the weaknesses of such arguments and presenting an alternative, although also economically well-grounded, scenario of negative social and economic consequences of the end of drug prohibition.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny; 2021, 4; 135-155
    1898-2166
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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