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    Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6
    Tytuł:
    CRIME AND THE STANDARD OF LIVING IN POLAND
    Autorzy:
    Jaworska, Monika
    Szewczyk, Janina
    Czekaj, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/453774.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Katedra Ekonometrii i Statystyki
    Tematy:
    crime
    standard of living
    statistical analysis
    Opis:
    The purpose of the paper is to conduct a statistical analysis that will examine the problem of crime against the standard of living. The paper attempts to determine the relationship between the level of crime in Poland, and the level of life. A ranking of provinces, determining the level of crime and quality of life, was created. In order to sort the objects the method of multidimensional comparative analysis was used. By using this method, the hierarchy of provinces was created. The research enabled indicating groups of objects that are similar in the examined phenomena.
    Źródło:
    Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych; 2017, 18, 3; 451-462
    2082-792X
    Pojawia się w:
    Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    On the potential for using selected PCA-based methods to analyze the crime rate in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Misztal, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/424843.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
    Tematy:
    crime
    criminal offence
    multivariate exploratory data analysis
    principal component analysis
    factorial maps
    Opis:
    The aim of the paper is to assess the potential for using some selected PCA-based methods to analyze the spatial diversity of crime in Poland during 2000-2017. Classical principal components analysis (PCA) deals with two-way matrices, usually taking into account objects and variables. In the case of data analyzed in the study, apart from two dimensions (objects – voivodships, variables – criminal offences), there is also the dimension of time, so the dataset can be seen as data cube: objects × variables × time. Therefore, this type of data requires the use of methods handling three-way data structures. In the paper the variability of some selected categories of criminal offences in time (2000- -2017) and space (according to voivodships) is analyzed using the between-class and the within-class principal component analysis. The advantage of these methods is, among others, the possibility of the graphical presentation of the results in two-dimensional space with the use of factorial maps.
    Źródło:
    Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics; 2019, 23, 2; 15-32
    1507-3866
    Pojawia się w:
    Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przeciwdziałanie zagrożeniom przestępczością pospolitą dla bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego
    Counteracting Threats Common Crime for Security and Order Public
    Autorzy:
    Maciejczyk, Robert
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/chapters/2191649.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
    Tematy:
    analiza
    bezpieczeństwo
    przestępstwo
    społeczeństwo
    zagrożenia
    analysis
    security
    crime
    society
    threats
    Opis:
    W zmieniającym się technologicznie otoczeniu, gdzie zwiększa się zagrożenie cyberprzestępczością, nie możemy zapominać o zagrożeniach jakie niesie za sobą przestępczość pospolita. Przeciwdziałanie tym zagrożeniom pozostaje równie ważne dla obywateli i służb, które prowadzą działania w obszarach ochrony dóbr jaki są życie, zdrowie i mienie, jak zagrożenia w świecie cyber i przestępczość zorganizowana. Od właściwego zaangażowania służb zależy, poziom bezpieczeństwa jak również odbiór społeczny ich pracy, która obejmu swoim zakresem zapobieganie, przeciwdziałanie jak również wykrywanie sprawców przestępstw. Niezmiernie ważnym elementem pozostaje współpraca służb i instytucji w tym zakresie, jak również działania profilaktyczne na rzecz bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego.
    In a technologically changing environment, where the threat of cybercrime increases, we must not forget about the dangers of common crime. Counteracting these threats remains as important for citizens and services that carry out activities in the areas of protection of life, health and property as threats in the cyber world and organized crime. The proper involvement of the services determines the level of security as well as the public perception of their work, which includes prevention, counteraction and detection of perpetrators of crimes. An extremely important element is the cooperation of services and institutions in this area, as well as preventive measures for public safety and order.
    Źródło:
    Współczesne zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa państwa. Część druga; 195-212
    9788364881770
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Makroekonomiczny model przestępczości i systemu egzekucji prawa dla Polski. Struktura i własności w świetle analizy mnożnikowej
    Macroeconomic model of crime and of the law enforcement system for Poland. Structure and properties in the light of multiplier analysis
    Autorzy:
    Florczak, Waldemar
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/422775.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Główny Urząd Statystyczny
    Tematy:
    przestępczość
    uwarunkowania przestępczości
    wielorównaniowe modele ekonometryczne
    analiza mnożnikowa
    własności modelu
    crime
    determinants of crime
    multi-equation econometric models
    multiplier analysis
    model properties
    Opis:
    W artykule, stanowiącym kontynuację autorskiego opracowania pt. „Makroekonomiczny model przestępczości i systemu egzekucji prawa dla Polski. Specyfikacje i rezultaty szacunku parametrów równań stochastycznych”, omówiono strukturę i własności symulacyjnej wersji modelu WF-CRIME. Jest to pierwsza w kraju – i jedna z nielicznych w świecie – konstrukcja tego typu, umożliwiająca analizę ilościową związków pomiędzy przestępczością a wszystkimi składowymi systemu egzekucji prawa w ramach powiązań symultanicznych. Przeprowadzona analiza dowodzi, iż model charakteryzuje się pożądanymi właściwościami merytoryczno-interpretacyjnymi oraz spełnia wszystkie wymogi statystycznej akceptowalności. Reakcja systemu na zadawane szoki zgodna jest z przesłankami teoretycznymi i logicznymi, zaś wartości mnożników impulsowych wygasają i powracają po kilku okresach do swych bazowych poziomów. Pomimo silnych zależności jednoczesnych i licznych opóźnień w nim występujących, model charakteryzuje się zatem właściwą dynamiką, co pozwala sformułować wniosek o jego przydatności do zastosowań praktycznych prognostyczno-symulacyjnych. Porównanie reakcji systemu - za punkt odniesienia biorąc poziom przestępczości – na szoki zadawane instrumentom polityki karnej z zaburzeniami uwarunkowań zewnętrznych wskazuje na niższą skuteczność oddziaływania na zjawisko przestępczości tych pierwszych. Spośród dostępnych środków administracyjnego oddziaływania na przestępczość najbardziej efektywne w obecnych warunkach wydaje się w pierwszej kolejności zwiększenie nakładów na sądownictwo, następnie zaś na bezpieczeństwo publiczne.
    In this article, being a continuation to Macroeconomic model of crime and of the law enforcement system for Poland. Equations’ specification and the results by the same author, are discussed the structure and the properties of the WF-CRIME model of the Polish law enforcement system. The model is the very first attempt in Poland – and one of few such constructs in the world – to embrace all the chains of the criminal justice system within a macroeconometric framework. The multiplier analyses performed on the model testify to its desirable - both essential and statistical – properties. Much as simultaneous, nonlinear and dynamic the model is, it still responds to shocks in an adequate manner, which proves its practical value. Comparison of the model’s responses to both legal and environmental exogenous shocks shows that the efficiency of the former factors in reducing crime is much lower than that of the latter. From among the available administrative measures of affecting crime it seems sensible to shift more means in the first place to the justice, with the public safety to follow, whereas increasing expenditure on the prison system seems ineffective.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Statystyczny; 2013, 60, 2; 211-234
    0033-2372
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Statystyczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Crime and environment. Analysis of facilities as crime risk factors in Niš, Serbia
    Przestępczość i środowisko: Analiza obiektów jako czynników ryzyka przestępczości w Niszu w Serbii
    Autorzy:
    Stanković, Dušan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375370.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-02-02
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    crime
    environmental facilities
    property and violent crime
    spatial analysis
    risk factors
    przestępczość
    urządzenia środowiskowe
    przestępczość przeciwko mieniu
    przestępstwa z użyciem przemocy
    analiza przestrzenna
    Opis:
    This study aimed to examine the relationship between environmental facilities as risk factors and crime. Police data of property and violent criminal offences registered during 2018 in the city of Niš, Republic of Serbia, has been geocoded. Grid cells of 100 by 100 meters were designed as spatial units for the analysis, and geoinformation data of 12 different facilities were extracted from GIS. The negative binomial regression model was constructed to investigate crime risky facilities. The crime is mostly related to facilities as banks and exchange offices, bus stops, gyms and recreational centers. On the other hand, cafes, nightclubs, and big shopping centers were not significantly associated with crime. Finally, limitations, practical and theoretical usage of the research are discussed.
    This study aimed to examine the relationship between environmental facilities as risk factors and crime. Police data of property and violent criminal offences registered during 2018 in the city of Niš, Republic of Serbia, has been geocoded. Grid cells of 100 by 100 meters were designed as spatial units for the analysis, and geoinformation data of 12 different facilities were extracted from GIS. The negative binomial regression model was constructed to investigate crime risky facilities. The crime is mostly related to facilities as banks and exchange offices, bus stops, gyms and recreational centers. On the other hand, cafes, nightclubs, and big shopping centers were not significantly associated with crime. Finally, limitations, practical and theoretical usage of the research are discussed. Prezentowane badanie ma na celu analizę relacji przestrzeni i obiektów w niej rozmieszczonych oraz przestępczości. W analizach wykorzystano dane policyjne o przestępczości zarejestrowanej w 2018 roku – czynach przeciwko mieniu i z użyciem przemocy popełnionych w mieście Niš w Serbii. Dane te zostały poddane geokodowaniu, względem miejsc zdarzeń przestępczych. Jednostką przestrzenną była komórka siatki o wymiarach 100 na 100 metrów. Dane geoinformacyjne o 12 rodzajach obiektów uzyskano za pomocą oprogramowania GIS. Celem zbadania związku między wybranymi obiektami a przestępczością wykorzystano model regresji dwumianowej. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz pokazały, że przestępczość występuje najczęściej w przestrzeniach, w których mieszczą się banki, kantory, znajdują się w niej przystanki autobusowe, restauracje, siłownie czy ośrodki rekreacyjne. Nieistotny statystycznie z kolei okazał się związek między występowaniem przestępczości a rozmieszczeniem takich obiektów jak: kawiarnie, kluby nocne czy duże centra handlowe. W artykule zostały omówione także ograniczenia oraz praktyczne i teoretyczne możliwości zastosowania przeprowadzonych analiz.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2020, XLII/2; 49-65
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analiza bio-psycho-społecznych uwarunkowań zjawiska niepodejmowania pracy
    Analysis of the bio-psycho-social conditions of attitudes towards work
    Autorzy:
    Rożeńska, Regina
    Przybysz, Rafał
    Szamburska, Jolanta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699276.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1988
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    analiza
    praca
    postawa
    zakres pracy
    uchylanie się
    zatrudnienie
    przestępstwo
    zachowanie
    szansa
    destabilizacja
    osoby
    analysis
    work
    attitude
    operating range
    evading
    employment
    crime
    behaviour
    chance
    destabilization
    persons
    Opis:
    The paper has been devoted to the discussion of the findings of an interdisciplinary empirical study of the phenomenon of evasion of work. An attempt was made in the study to reach the psycho-social and biological conditions of attitudes towards work.             From among the properties that characterize the group of persons evading work, the authors were particularly interessted in: the degree of professional destabilization, committing offences excessive drinking, family destabilization, psychological variables, and state of health.             Subjects of the study were men aged 30-31 from the city of Łódź,  registered as evading work in the employment agency and in social-administrative divisions of the state administrative agencies. Among all of the persons registered in the above-mentioned age group, most motions concern a group of 103 persons (NP). These 103 persons were submitted to direct medical, psychological and sociological examination, while a number of data concerning the entire group of 843 persons were gathered by means of indirect methods (analysis of documents). The latter made it possible to describe in more detail problems as important as crime, excessive drinking or state of health.             As a control group, a group of 204 men (P) working in great industrial plants in Łódź was examined by means of all of the above-mentioned methods.             8 hypotheses have been formula ted that expressed the relations between the separate characteristics of the examined persons. Not all of these hypotheses have been verified acording to our theoretical expectations.             To mention the most important conclusions only, it should be stated that about one-fourth of the total of 845 men were fit for being taken off the register of persons evading work. None on these persons were included in the basic 103-person sample; yet this group was examined for pragmatic reasons together with the population in the case of which indirect of examination were applied (analysis of documents).             Another finding that might seem interesting is that 13 per cent of the examined persons may be suspected with high probability of having seemingly taken a job in order to circumvent the law.             From among other data concerning the entire 845-person population the fact should be taken into consideration that 22.7 per cent of them are treated in mental health and (or in withdrawal clinics, with the majority treated in the former), and that 49,5 per cent of them have committed offences (transgression left out of account), the majority committing the same type of offence repeatedly. As far as the basic group of 103 persons is concerned, one of its most important traits appears to be extensive drinking and crime. The latter shows a somewhat greater intensity as compared with the entire population; as many as 54.5 per cent of persons committed offences, and over 60 per cent of them are recidivists. Crime can be found but in isolated cases in the group of working men (5 per cent). The kind of offences committed in the group of persons evading work seems symptomatic. Their offences are poorly differentiated and practically resolve themselves to three groups: 1 ) against the property; 2) against person; 3) against family with an emphatic prevalence of those of the first group. This structure may be recognized as typical of the population of persons who evade work. The predomination of various kinds of thefts, mostly petty ones, may be treated as the way of securing material resources which for various reasons are not secured in socially accepted ways. A nearly complete absence of serious and most serious offences testifies to a specific type of demoralization which is however not dangerous to the society.             One can also speak in earnest of high intensity of alcoholism in this group. About two-thirds of men drink excessively; over a half of those drinking are alcohol dependent. Generally speaking, the basic problem of destabilization of the professional career may be expressed as follows: Near1y 20 per cent (of the 103-persons group) reveal symptoms of complete professional destabilization, and 35 per cent are considerablv destabilized. A slight degree of professional destabilization can be found in 10 per cent, while in the group of working men (P) this category (together with that characterized by full stabilization) is most numerous one, amounting to nearly 90 per cent. It should also be added that in the latter group (P) there is a number of persons (10.5 per cent) who reveal a considerable degree of professional destabilization.(The index of professional stabilization included among other things number of years in work number of practised professions, length of employment in the trained profession, number of workplaces in which the given person was employed, kinds and lengths of intervals employment).          State of  health undoubtedly plays an important part in professional stabilization. The data from this field point to a considerable decrease of the ability to work. The percentage of persons with disorders of somatic health is high and amounts in the groups NP and P to 91.1 and 88. 8 per cent respectively; these disorders are however of a varying character, with serious ones found in 36 and 21 per cent of groups NP and P respectively. in the unemployed group, the percentage of persons whose diseases are related to their lack of personal hygiene and irrational mode of life (e.g. excessive drinking) is significantly higher. Hence the frequent gastroduodenal troubles, diseases of the urogenital system, and the serious though underrated lesions of dentition. Moreover, in as many as 67 per cent cases in this group, tattooings and self-mutilations characteristic of the delinquent subculture could be found.             As far as the examined persons mental condition is concerned, psychopathic personality disorders can be noticed to predominate decidedly in the group NP-41 per cent; in 18 per cent of these persons, organic grounds of the discovered troubles can be suspected (lesions of the central nervous system); in 4 cases, epilepsy was diagnosed.             Evident disorders of psychic function which limited the ability to work were found in 15 per cent of persons in the unemployed group; slight disorders- in 28 per cent; and trivial ones - in 47 per cent. In group P, the percentages were 2.3 and as many as 52 respectively.             The state of somatic and mental health served as the base for the given person's ability to work. In none of the cases permanent (complete) inability to work was found; 12 per cent had a seriously, 39 per cent significantly, and 33 per cent - slightly limited ability to work (in group P ,5.4;20; and 29 per cent respectively). It may be concluded that significant health troubles (all the more those less serious) do not necessarily constitute a sufficient excuse for renouncing professional activity (not in every case at any rate). The fact should however be taken into consideration that excessive drinking frequently found in the cases of persons evading work and the possible organic background of psychopathic personality disorders many of them are suffering from, may disturb their proper attitude towards work and constitute a relative premise to recognize their ability to work to be lowered, particularly if work is interpreted as a permanent employment.             The level of intelligence fails to differentiate the examined groups if  their level of education is taken into account.             As regards psychological variables, the element which particularly differentiates the two examined groups is a specific type of attitude towards values and ones own development which renders it impossible to define explicitly the probable future course of  behaviour. This type of attitude is found most frequently in those who do not work. Favourable attitudes, admittedly characteristic of the working persons (79.6 per cent), can nevertheless also be found in these evading work (47.3 per cent). Also the fact seems worthy of attention that explicitly negative attitudes occur with a similar frequency in both of the examined groups (P-9.7; NP - 14 per cent).             Besides the general description of the traits that characterized persons who evade work, also the relations between the separate properties seem even more important as they provide information about the coexistence of various phenomena thus making it possible to draw more or less correct conclusions as to the causality of various kinds of behaviour.             In one study, an attempt was made to follow about 40 types of mutual conditions of the analyzed traits. Using statistical measures of dependence between the variables in two cases a very high, in 7 cases-high, and in 15 cases-an average level of the strength of correlation between variables was found.             The most strongly correlated phenomena are those of destabilization and crime on the one hand, and of excessive drinking and the state of mental health on the other hand. A high level of correlation can be found first or all between professional destabilization and excessive drinking, and between the state of mental health and professional destabilization. Instead some of the expected interdependences were not confirmed. There are among them the relation between professional destabilization and the state of somatic health, excessive drinking and the state of somatic health, early educational problems and professional destabilization.             To sum up the above random data, it may be stated that persons who evade work greatly "outpace" those who are employed as regards all of the negative aspects analyzed in the study, this difference being only too evident regarding the. particularly pathological types of behaviour such as crime and excessive drinking. This concerns first and foremost the central issue of professional destabilization. The group of persons who evade work is greatly differentiated in many respects and one can hardly apply towards these persons identical diagnostic and prognostic criteria. There is no doubt, however, that when intending to shape a proper attitude towards work, one should focus ones attention on four planes of the individual's life situation. They are: the family and school milieu, the individual's own vision of his professional activity, the working environment interpreted as the sum of chances and limitations of human activity, and disfunctional behaviour (crime and excessive drinking). In our opinion, also other reference systems should not be left out of account, which undoubtedly play important part in the individuals shaping of his vision of professional activity.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1988, XV; 153-202
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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