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Tytuł:
The use of controlling in organizations operating in Poland; Switzerland and the USA – a comparative study
Stosowanie controllingu w organizacjach funkcjonujących w Polsce; Szwajcarii i USA – analiza porównawcza
Autorzy:
Bieńkowska, Agnieszka
Tworek, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/583933.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
management
controlling
empirical research
zarządzanie
badania empiryczne
Opis:
The purpose of the article is to provide knowledge on the similarities and differences in the use of controlling in organizations operating in Poland, Switzerland and the USA along with the main conditions of this use. This comparison in the indicated countries – so far not undertaken in the presented scope in the literature – is justified because controlling has not only a different history there, but also various solutions. The hypotheses formulated for the purpose of achieving the indicated goal were empirically verified on a sample of 2829 organizations: 1683 operating in Poland, 899 in Switzerland and 247 in the USA. Statistical analysis methods were used, including correlation analysis as well as a one-way analysis of variance and t-student analysis and χ2 test analysis. The presented results of the empirical research allow to show similarities and differences in the use of controlling in organizations functioning in the three examined contexts.
Celem artykułu jest dostarczenie wiedzy na temat podobieństw i różnic w stosowaniu controllingu w organizacjach funkcjonujących w Polsce, Szwajcarii i USA wraz z głównymi uwarunkowaniami tego stosowania. Porównanie to we wskazanych krajach – jak dotąd niepodjęte w prezentowanym zakresie w literaturze przedmiotu – jest zasadne, gdyż controlling ma tam nie tylko odmienną historię, ale także wykształcone różne rozwiązania. Sformułowane na potrzeby osiągnięcia wskazanego celu hipotezy zostały empirycznie zweryfikowane na próbie 2829 organizacji: 1683 funkcjonujących w Polsce, 899 w Szwajcarii i 247 w USA. Zastosowano metody analizy statystycznej, w tym m.in. analizę korelacji, a także jednoczynnikową analizę wariancji oraz analizy t-studenta i analizę testem χ2. Zaprezentowane wyniki badań empirycznych pozwalają na pokazanie podobieństw i różnic w stosowaniu controllingu w organizacjach funkcjonujących w trzech badanych kontekstach.
Źródło:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu; 2020, 64, 6; 38-48
1899-3192
Pojawia się w:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Podstawowe założenia badań empirycznych w prawoznawstwie - próba konfrontacji
Autorzy:
Kotowski, Artur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788228.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-07-22
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
badania empiryczne
filozofia analityczna
prawoznawstwo
empirical research
analytic philosophy
jurisprudence
Opis:
The paper is a critical analysis of fundamental assumptions for the empirical research methodology in the jurisprudence field. It is aimed to compare the profile of empirical methodology with jurisprudence-dominant analytic philosophy. This is archived through a) examining the basic profile of the positivist attitude of a researcher along with assumptions integrating empiricism, which derives from the positivist methodology, into different philosophies of the law which specifically appeal to the naturalism of the legal phenomenon; next b) detailing characteristic features of empirical methods which take jurisprudence specifics into account; and finally c) coming to a set of conclusions concerning the success of research conducted this way in the jurisprudence field.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2017, 2 (210); 87-114
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Odstraszające oddziaływanie kary na sprawcę przestępstwa w świetle badań empirycznych
Deterrent Effect of Punishment on the Offender (a Review of Empirical Research)
Autorzy:
Szamota-Saeki, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699090.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kara
sprawca przestępstwa
badania empiryczne
punishment
criminal offender
empirical research
Opis:
The number of studies on specific deterrence is not large. Some data on this subject can be found in other studies aimed e.g. at evalution of effectiveness of diffrent penal measures, or analysis of criminal careers. One of the reasons of this lack of interest in specific deterrence is a belief,  rather common today and particularly marked in the 1960s, that punishment not only fails to deter the convicted person from futher offenses but – quite the contrary - increases the probability of his futher criminal carrer.  Another reason is probably the great difficulty in distinguishing for research purposes of the impact of specific deterrence from the other effects of punishment. Unfortunately, a statement made by J. Gibbs over twenty years ago still remains valid: there is no theory of specific deterrence, and the hypotheses concerning specific deterrence are vague and difficult to verify empirically. During the last twenty  years, there was a progress in the methodology of research into specific deterrence. New success criteria were introduced into the assessment of deterrent effect of punishment, and the method of random field experiment was used. Researchers started to compare the effect of punishment with the effects of escaning punishment, instead of limiting themselves to comparisons of relative effectiveness of some penalties as opposed to some other ones. The progress was less marked in the formation of the theory of specific  deterrence. It consists in attempts, on the one hand, at a new conceptualization of the problem of deterrence, and on the other hand, at integrating the deterrence hypothesis with other theoretical approaches. The paper consists of seven parts. The Introduction (I) contains analysis of the notion of specific deterrence, the criteria to distinguish between specific and general deterrence, tvpes of deterrence. Also discussed have the recent attempts at a new conceptualization of tne problem of deterrence through inclusion into that notion of not only the “direct costs of legal sanctions” but also “indirect costs”, or through the use of another criterion to distinguish between specific and general deterrence. Chapter II contains a brief discussion of early studies on specific deterrence; the findings have been discussed and numerous methodological flaws pointed out. The conclusion from those studies (that severe penalties involve a higher recidivism rate than lenient penalties) was generally seen as a prove that punishment has no specific deterrent effect on the futher behaviour of convicted persons. This conclusion was unjustified, though. And that for several reasons. The discussed studies often failed to distinguish between the mechanism of deterrence and the other effects of punishment. They also failed to solve the problem of selection bias in sentencing where specific types of penalties are imposed on specific categories of offenders; the difference between such groups of convicted persons is that even before the imposition of penalty, the probability of their relapse into crime was different. The studies examined but a marginal effectiveness of some  penalties as compared to some other ones. What they overlooked, instead, was that the growth in recidivism rate cannot be estimated which would have taken place were no criminal penalties at all imposed on offenders. Chapter III discusses the findings of studies which tested two opposing hypotheses; i.e. that punishment either deters offenders (deterrence hypothesis) or amplifies offendling (amplification hypothesis). Both the conception of deterrence and that of labeling involve too one-sided and simplified an approach to the impact of punishment on the further conduct of offenders as they ignore the possibility of effects  other than the anticipated ones. This was reflected in these studies in which the researches posed instead of posing questions in the categories of “whether” (does punishment deter? does pinishment amplify affending?), instead of trying to define the conditions of emergence of each of those two effects. Analyzed in few studies only were mediating psycho-social processes between punisment and the punished pefsons’ further conduct. The findings of different studies are often inconsistent. Some seem to confirm the amplification hypothesis although researchers sometimes stress that this effect is not stable Other findings point  to the effect of deterrence. Still other studies showed that: punishment seems do not influence a pefson’s further criminal career. Finally, some of the latest findings also indicate the possibility of amplifijing offending under some conditions and of deterring effect on offending - under some other circumstances. Chapter IV discusses the implications of the criminal careers approach for methodology of studies on specific deterrence. What is particularly worthy of attention here is: 1) departure from the use of a sole success criterion in the evaluation of deterrent effect of punishment, and an attempt at grasping the impact of punishment on different dimensions of criminality such as the length of criminal career or fraquency of offenses; 2) investigation of the impact of punishment at different stages of a person’s criminal career. The success criterion  where success means a person’s abstention from further offenses is replaced with the before and after comparison criterion where the intensity of a person’s criminal career before and after punishment is compared; this replacement is of a great importance in studies of effectiveness of penal  measures imposed on chronic offnders. As suggested by the findings, certain penalties may in cessation of delinquency at the initial stage of the criminal career (on the occasion of the first and possibly also the second contact with the police). At further stages of that career, a decrease in the intensity of delinquency of the persons convicted is possible. Chapter V discusses attempts at including the hypothesis of  specific deterrence into the economic model of delinquent behawior, and studies carried out by economists. According to some economists, specific deterrence can be included into the theory of rational choice provided it is treated as a special case of general deterrence. In tlis approach, the experience of a sanction becomes a factor influencing the anticipated sanctions. Chapter VI is devoted to discussion of the results of a series of rondom field experiments conducted in selected cities of the United States. The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of arrest as compared to other reactions to violence against a spouse (nearly all victims in the study were women). The obtained results were not uniform: in some experiments, deterrent effect of arrest was found out, while the rest showed an amplifying effect of arrest on the arrested person’s  further violence against his spouse. The authors explain this divergence of results with a different impact of arrest on different types of persons. Thus the results suggest that arrest has  a deterrent effect on permanently employed suspects; instead, suspects without a regular job tended to use violence more often after the  arrest incident. The last Chapter (VII) recapitulates the findings. They show that it was a premature decision to reject the hyphothesis of specific deterrence. Punishment has a different impact on different persons: in some situations it results in amplication of offending; in some other ones, it deters a person from further offenses; and  in still other situations it seems not to have any effect at all on furter offending. The findings point to a great importance in this respect of the first contacts with the law enforcement agencies. Moreover, the differentiated effect of punishment seems to depend on the offender’s age, sex, and attitude towards risk, and also on his permanent employment. It should be stressed that many studies use a broader definition of punishment, not limited to the penalties  imposed by court. Some researchers treat even a person’s contact with the police as punishment; others believe that this function is performed by arrest. These different working definitions of punishment make it difficult to interpret the findings that relate to absolute deterrence, that is assessment of the effects of imposing punishment as compared to those of escaping punishment. Nearly all studies dealt with recidivism and, first and foremost, the effectiveness of punishment in reducing a person’s further delinquency. To a slight extent only did they try to define the meaning of punishment for those punished, their subjective estimations of probability and severity of punishment. For this reason, interpretation of the findings in the categories of stating whether punishment has a deterrent effect is not always justified.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1995, XXI; 7-39
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Budowanie typów jako droga generowania teorii – wybrane rozwiązania
Building Types as a Way of Generating a Theory – Selected Solutions
Autorzy:
Urbaniak-Zając, Danuta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2141572.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej
Tematy:
badania empiryczne
typ idealny
typ empiryczny
typologia
empirical research
ideal type
empirical type
typology
Opis:
Cechą współczesnych empirycznych badań jakościowych w naukach społecznych, w tym w pedagogice, są ich aspiracje teoretyczne. Za jeden ze sposobów tworzenia teorii uznaje się budowanie typologii. W literaturze przedmiotu „obowiązuje” rozróżnienie na typy idealne i typy realne (empiryczne). Autorka omawiając specyfikę obu typów, zwraca uwagę, iż podział ten jest umowny. Wynika z większej wagi nadawanej jednemu z komponentów typu: komponentowi teoretycznemu lub empirycznemu. W rzeczywistości oba komponenty współwystępują. Związek teorii z empirią jest znakiem nowoczesnych dyscyplin naukowych. Chodzi o to, by ich teorie można było oceniać w świetle danych empirycznych, i o to, by danym empirycznym nadać sens. Utrzymywanie opozycji typ idealny – typ empiryczny nie wydaje się korzystne, przysłania bowiem wspólny „komponent” obu typów, a zaakceptowany porządek osłabia potrzebę pracy myślowej. Autorka sygnalizuje koncepcję typu idealnego M. Webera, koncepcję A. Schütza przyjmującego, że typiki naukowe są wtórne wobec typik codzienności, omawia tworzenie typologii poprzez grupowanie cech przedmiotów, a także funkcje typologii w metodzie dokumentarnej, opierającej się na socjologii wiedzy K. Mannheima.
The characteristic feature of empirical qualitative research in social sciences, including pedagogy, are their theoretical aspirations. Building a typology is said to be one way of creating a theory. In the subject literature there is a differentiation between ideal and real (empirical) types. The author, discussing both types, emphasises that this division is contractual. It results from paying more attention to one of the type components: either a theoretical or an empirical one. As a matter of fact, these both components coexist. The relation of theory with empiricism is a sign of modern scientific disciplines. The aim is to evaluate those theories in the light of empirical data, to which a meaning is given. Maintaining the opposition of an ideal type versus an empirical type does not seem to be advantageous, as it blocks out the “common” component of those two types and the accepted order weakens the need of intellectual work. The author signals M. Weber’s concept of ideal type, as well as A. Schütz’ concept, which assumes that scientific typologies are secondary to the typologies of everyday life. She also discusses the creation of typology by the means of grouping the objects’ features and the typology functions in the documentary method, based on sociology of K. Mannheim’s knowledge.
Źródło:
Teraźniejszość – Człowiek – Edukacja; 2017, 20, 2(78); 115-127
1505-8808
2450-3428
Pojawia się w:
Teraźniejszość – Człowiek – Edukacja
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Komplementarne spojrzenie na raport z badań
Research Report: A Complementary Approach
Autorzy:
Czerwiński, Kazimierz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2138011.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-05-07
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej
Tematy:
badania empiryczne
raport z badań
komunikacja
inkontrologia
communication
empirical research
inkontrology
research report
Opis:
Raport z badań empirycznych jako specyficzny monolog, ale skierowany do innych (także innych badaczy) z intencją zainspirowania ich do krytycznego oglądu zaprezentowanych tez, ale także ewentualnej replikacji i kontynuacji badań. Z tej perspektywy raport staje się elementem specyficznego dialogu, ale pozbawionego bieżącej relacji zwrotnej; możliwa jest jedynie odroczona reakcja odbiorców. Odpowiedzialność autora raportu za ewentualne przemilczenia. Dylemat: w jakim stopniu te przemilczenia chronią osoby badane, w jakim zaś wprowadzają w błąd odbiorców raportu. Związek raportu z etycznym kontekstem badań.
Empirical research report can be seen as a specific monologue addressed to others (including other researchers) in order to inspire them to critically assess its theses as well as to, possibly, reproduce and continue the research. From this perspective, the report becomes part of a peculiar dialogue, which lacks immediate feedback and defers the addressees' response. As the author of the report is accountable for any silences and omissions, a dilemma arises whether the omissions protect the research subjects or whether they mislead the report's target audience. The paper locates the empirical research report in the ethical context of scholarship.
Źródło:
Forum Oświatowe; 2013, 25, 1(48); 11-27
0867-0323
2450-3452
Pojawia się w:
Forum Oświatowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polskie sądy rodzinne w świetle badań empirycznych
Polish Family Courts in the Light of Empirical Research
Autorzy:
Strzembosz, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/962276.pdf
Data publikacji:
1984
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
sąd rodzinny
badania empiryczne
Polska
family courts
empirical research
alimony
family
jurisdiction
judge
Opis:
1. The idea of family jurisdiction is not new, yet it continues to raise animated discussion and controversy. Family courts which exist in many countries have miscellaneous and frequently rather narrow competence. Elsewhere, experiments have been made with family courts for many years now, consisting in taking observations of the works of a few family courts, the traditional orgnization of jurisdiction maintained in the entire country. The family jurisdiction, enforced in Poland on January 1st, 1978, was introduced in the entire territory, the competence of family courts outlined most broadly: all cases directly connected with family relations (affiliation of a child, alimony, nullification and dissolution of a marriage, adoption, limitation, suspension and deprivation of parental authority, institution of legal protection, etc.), cases connected with penal acts committed by juveniles, cases of compulsory treatment of alcoholics in closed hospitals, and offences against family, guardianship, and the youth, fell under competence of family courts.       Family courts which are departments of district courts, have assembled nearly half of the cases coming in a district court. At the same time, cases have been divided between the judges basing on the territorial principle: every judge hears all kinds of cases coming in from the territory he has been assigned. This way, all cases essentially connected with the functioning of a given family were always to be judged by the same judge. The broad competence of a family judge and the fact that he heard all cases concerning the members of a given family was to create conditions in which all problems appearing within that family would be treated on a broad basis in every case, to ensure that each particular pronouncement concerning that family be compact and complementary, to guarantee the correctness of decisions owing to the knowledge of the whole of conflicts which occur in that family, and to make preventive activities broader and deeper.       The creation of family courts caused the liquidation of juvenile courts, all their cases having passed to the family courts, as well as the transference of a considerable part of cases heard before by civil courts and a small number of cases from criminal courts.      Such a far-reaching reform of organization of common jurisdiction has justified the study of the effects of introduction of family courts, the more so as juvenile courts played an important part in the system of preventive measures against delinquency and other forms of social maladjustment. Therefore, it was the aim of the study to find out if family courts realize their function in practice, and what are the factors that determine difficulties or irregularities in case the courts fail totally or partially to fulfill their object.       The study embraced various sources of information about the functioning of family courts, i.e., first of all, statistical data on the jurisdiction in cases which now come within the scope of family courts from two periods: before and after they had been transferred to the family courts (years 1976-1977 and 1978-1981). Another extremely important source of information about the functioning of family courts was the analysis of cases of particular kind judged by juvenile, civil, and criminal couits, and then by family courts. Among the cases which provided a particularly great amount of information as to the way in which family courts fulfilled the goal they were planned to fulfill, were divorce suits, limitation of parental authority, penal acts of juveniles, and criminal cases of offences against family, guardianship, and the youth. Such cases require well-prepared materials before they are examined, comprehensive study of particular legal problems from the point of view of the interest of the family, first of all children that are brought up in it, and finally (apart from divorce suits) active execution of the sentence, as the method of execution determines the results of the entire preceding activity of the court.       A detailed study was made of a standard sample of cases now investigated by 8 family courts - small, medium, and large, each of the 4 family courts created on January 1st, 1978, matched with one of the 4 family courts which had been functioning before that day as experimental courts. In this way comparison could have been made between the functioning of new family courts and those which had been working for some years to find out if the lenght of the period of work of  the family court contributed to eliminating of various mistakes and dificiencies resulting from lack of experience during the first years of work of the family court. The standard of work of the "new" family courts emerging from the analysis of cases was also compared with that of juvenile courts, civil courts, and criminal courts which had been departments of the same district courts, by way of analysis of the same kind of cases judged before the reform of jurisdiction. This comparison was to provide information about changes which took place in preliminary proceedings, setencing, and execution of sentences, after family courts had taken over the cases which had been investigated before by other departments of district courts.       Another source of information was the examination on the spot of the conditions of work of the 8 family courts the files of which had been analysed, including their staff, the system of social probation officers, the number of different duties imposed, and the power to execute decicions.       Finally, the opinion on family courts was asked of family judges themselves, of professional probation officers of these courts, and of solicitors, whose experience in appearing before different courts in cases of the same kind seemed particularly valuable. A questionnaire examination also included the family judges who had judged in juvenile, civil, and criminal courts before the jurisdiction reform, so as to define their attitudes and opinions as regards various problems of family life. The aim of the questionnaire was to find out any differences between the attitudes of former juvenile court judges in comparison with other judges working subsequently in family courts.         2. The analysis of statistical data concerning the 6-year period (including 4 years after family jurisdiction had been introduced) did not reveal any symptomatic difference which could be related to the creation of family courts. As regards divorce suits, for instance, neither the percentage of cases discontinued due to the reconciliation of the parties increased, not that of dismissed cases; in cases concerning parental authority, the structure of decisions did not change; in cases of penal acts committed by juveniles but a small increase of less radical sentences was noticed; finally, as regards cases of offences against family, guardianship, and the youth, the only change was a slight reduction of the number of sentences to the penalty of deprivation of liberty without conditional suspension of execution in favour of limitation of parental authority.        The results obtained through a detailed analysis of court files of cases formerly heard by juvenile, civil, and criminal courts were much the same as regards the contents of issued decisions. Nevertheless, in some spheres of activity of family courts some favourable changes occurred; unfortunately they were accompanied by a considerable regress in other spheres. In particular, family courts investigated the situation of children of divorcing parents more precisely than the civil courts, but on the other hand they neglected material problems, less frequently adjudging alimony amounting to a sum higher than demanded, less frequently deciding ex officio as to the means of using a common appartment by the divorced parties and adjudging eviction from the appartment of the party who particularly grossly disturbed the family peace. In all cases where the court's decision should be properly executed by the family court machine, a considerable deterioration of the way of execution took place. This resulted both from the lack of adequate interest in this problem on the part of family judges who were engaged mostly in jurisdiction, and from remissness of professional probation officers who were also burdened with many other tasks and whose work was supervised by family judges but in a minimal degree. In spite of their contact with many kinds of cases, family judges showed little interest in prevention. It was interesting to find out that also the former juvenile judges who had been accustomed to give a lot of attention to various preventive activities, now did not differ by any means in this respect from the former civil and criminal judges. Also the functioning of the "old" family courts was by no means superior to that of the "new”  ones, and it was even inferior in some spheres - therefore, the standard of work of the courts was determined by other factors and not by the lack of experience.        The analysis of decisions from the point of view of complexity of their approach to the whole of the problems existing within a given family gave no evidence as to any differences between decisions in the same kinds of cases issued by family courts on the one hand, and juvenile, civil, and criminal courts on the other. Also the anticipation that decisions of family courts would be more compact and complementary to each other if several different cases of members of the same family would be heard by the same court, came true but to a minimal extent. Firstly, the percentage of families towards which at least 2 decisions had been issued by a family court during its period of existence was considerably low, amounting to 25 per cent of families ever included in any legal proceedings. Even in the case of those family courts which had been functioning for 7 years, the percentage in question was not high, amounting to 32 per cent. Secondly, in spite of the principle of territorial division of cases among the judges, only in half of cases, all suits concerning a given family were heard by the same judge. Thirdly, due to the nature of a considerable number of cases, the material gathered for them during the proceedings was of no importance as regards the way of examination and the essence of decision issued in the next case (this concerns first of all suits for alimony). Eventually, only in every seventh case both the same judge had heard the former case as well as the present one, and in the former case material had been gathered which was valuable for the better knowledge of the family and the more relevant judgement. It should also be mentioned that in the case of many of the decisions, there was considerable probability that the verdict sentences would have been similar, had they been adjudged by another judge of the same court, or of civil or criminal court. Therefore, it was impossible to ascertain that the creation of family courts had considerably contributed to a greater complexity, compactness, and complementariness of judgements.            The opinions on the functioning of family courts gathered from judges, probation officers, and solicitors have confirmed a number of remarks made during the analysis of court files and the direct examination of the conditions of work of the selected family courts. In spite of the fact that the very idea of creating family courts has been estimated favourably by the majority of the examined persons (62 per cent), a considerable part of them pointed to the following defects: too wide range of tasks of family courts, the resulting overwork which hindered adequate preventive activities, the domination of jurisdiction as compared with other tasks of the family court. One third of the respondents could not see any advantage in the creation of family courts. Half of them was of opinion that the introduction of family courts failed to increase the protection of children and the youth against demoralization (this was most frequently the opinion of the family judges themselves).            The second questionnaire, concerning opinions and attitudes of family judges, revealed the statements of the former juvenile judges concerning family and its problems to be more complete and definite as compared with statements of the former civil and criminal judges, and to take into consideration more frequently the psychological, pedagogical, social in its broadest sense, and even medical, aspects of these problems. One should, however, bear in mind that, as revealed by the analysis of files, no evidence was found of better work of the former juvenile judges as compared with other family judges.          In the final part of the present article an attempt was made to draw conclusions from the results of the study. Having discussed different possible variants of changing the competence of family courts, a definite model of a family court was suggested, characterized by a different internal structure, narrowed competence and a better defined position in the system of prevention of social maladjustment of children and the youth.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1984, XI; 167-225
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wartości preferowane przez nauczycieli szkół sandomierskich. Raport z badań
The Values Preferred by the Teachers of the Sandomierz Schools (A Report of the Research)
Autorzy:
Jusiak, Roman
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1857601.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
hierarchia wartości
zawód nauczyciela
badania empiryczne
hierarchy of values
teacher's job
empirical research
Opis:
The problems of the values preferred by teachers merits our attention, especially under the conditions of political, economic, social and cultural transformations in which Polish society has lived recently. From the social point of view, it is interesting to point the issue of the hierarchy of values approved by teachers. This issue has been shown on the basis of empirical research among the teachers in Sandomierz. All the analyses here tended to define the direction of the gradation of values which the teachers of the Sandomierz schools regarded as important. The analyses sought to determine the variables which condition the approved hierarchy of values. Detailed analyses pinpoint such variables as sex, age, and period of teachers' work, and they differentiate the approved hierarchy of values. The findings show that there is an interrelation between the independent variables under consideration and reveal their role in how the teachers under study rank particular values. A general characterization of the population under study has proved that the percentage of the believing teachers is high and reaches almost 85 per cent; it is, however, lower than the percentage from the research of religiosity in Poland (ca. 90 per cent). It is worth noting that almost 12 per cent of the teachers under study are religiously indecisive, but they are attached to Christian tradition. The ratio of teachers' attitudes towards religious practices points to a relatively high selectivity in their approach to religiosity. Only 42 per cent of respondents do practice systematically (in Polish research − 52.4 per cent, in the Włocław diocese 45 per cent), almost 40 per cent are not systematic, 15 per cent rarely practice, and 3.4 per cent do not practice at all. Out of religious truths the existence of God is most generally accepted (91 per cent), and the least the infallibility of the pope (31 per cent), the existence of hell (ca. 54 per cent). As far as the norms of the Decalogue are concerned, the population under study accepts most the norm you shall not kill, and honour your father; the respondents ranked as the third the commandment concerning the cult of God (75.6 per cent). Among the values in question family values were ranked as the last ones (family happiness and work and sacrifice for one's own children); the second place took values related to religious life (everlasting salvation; preservation of the faith in God). It follows from the research that the socio-political background, with the stress laid on the principle of democracy and freedom, has a clear impact on the fact how teachers appreciate of such values as freedom, dignity, one's own beliefs. At the same time, the same context seems to magnify the tendencies to the individualization of the values of religion. In their approved hierarchy of values the teachers rank very highly family, religion and the values of human life. These are the values for which they would lay down their life. Now in Poland a thesis about the devaluation of the value of human life is being put forward, stressing the widespread phenomenon of abortion, propagation of euthanasia, or else various forms of violence and crime shown in the media. It seems that the democratic context with its emphasis on freedom, pluralism and democracy, is conducive to the formation among teachers attitudes towards their own life and the life of the others. One can notice among the respondents a clear tendency to underestimate and ignore such values as solidarity and social equality. This fact may signal disappointment to this social category, or at least a considerable weakening of a hope that these values can be fully realized. Such hopes were awakened in the beginning of the transformations. After ten years of transformation, the respondents who experience various difficulties and are burdened with big costs of those transformations are able to asses the gap between the expectations and reality.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2001, 2; 29-62
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wybrane aspekty funkcjonowania gminnych spółdzielni „Samopomoc Chłopska” w południowej Polsce w latach 2012-2014
Selected aspects of the functioning of communal "Peasants Self – aid Cooperatives" in southern Poland in 2012-2014
Autorzy:
Bomba, Jarosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2055142.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-12
Wydawca:
Centrum Doradztwa Rolniczego w Brwinowie. Oddział w Poznaniu
Tematy:
gminne spółdzielnie
Samopomoc Chłopska
badania empiryczne
municipal cooperatives
Peasant Self-Help
empirical research
Opis:
Praca oparta jest na badaniach empirycznych przeprowadzonych w Gminnych Spółdzielniach „Samopomoc Chłopska” funkcjonujących w południowej Polsce w województwach: małopolskim, podkarpackim, śląskim, opolskim i świętokrzyskim. Przyjęto założenie, że metodą doboru losowego z każdego województwa zostaną zakwalifikowane po cztery spółdzielnie z ogólnej liczby 367 zlokalizowanych w nich gminnych spółdzielni. Informację tę uzyskano bezpośrednio drogą elektroniczną z Redakcji Monitora Spółdzielczego [monitor@krs.com.pl]. Mimo, że próba jest niewielka, to jednak dobór losowy obiektów daje pewien, zapewne cząstkowy obraz sytuacji ekonomicznej tego typu spółdzielni.
The work is based on empirical research carried out in the Municipal Cooperatives "Samopomoc Chłopska" operating in southern Poland in the following provinces: Małopolskie, Podkarpackie, Śląskie, Opolskie and Świętokrzyskie. It was assumed that using the random selection method, four cooperatives from each voivodship would qualify out of the total number of 367 municipal cooperatives located in them. This information was obtained directly by e-mail from the Editorial Office of Monitor Spółdzielczy [monitor@krs.com.pl]. Although the sample is small, the random selection of facilities gives a certain, probably partial, picture of the economic situation of this type of cooperative.
Źródło:
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego; 2016, 86, 4; 107-115
1232-3578
2719-8901
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wybrane aspekty funkcjonowania gminnych spółdzielni "Samopomoc Chłopska" w południowej Polsce w latach 2012-2014
Selected aspects of the functioning of communal "Peasants Self – aid Cooperatives" in southern Poland- in 2012-2014
Autorzy:
Bomba, Jarosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2055692.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-12
Wydawca:
Centrum Doradztwa Rolniczego w Brwinowie. Oddział w Poznaniu
Tematy:
gminne spółdzielnie
Samopomoc Chłopska
badania empiryczne
municipal cooperatives
Peasant Self-Help
empirical research
Opis:
Praca oparta jest na badaniach empirycznych przeprowadzonych w Gminnych Spółdzielniach „Samopomoc Chłopska” funkcjonujących w południowej Polsce w województwach: małopolskim, podkarpackim, śląskim, opolskim i świętokrzyskim. Przyjęto założenie, że metodą doboru losowego z każdego województwa zostaną zakwalifikowane po cztery spółdzielnie z ogólnej liczby 367 zlokalizowanych w nich gminnych spółdzielni. Informację tę uzyskano bezpośrednio drogą elektroniczną z Redakcji Monitora Spółdzielczego [monitor@krs.com.pl]. Mimo, że próba jest niewielka, to jednak dobór losowy obiektów daje pewien, zapewne cząstkowy obraz sytuacji ekonomicznej tego typu spółdzielni.
The work is based on empirical research carried out in the Municipal Cooperatives "Samopomoc Chłopska" operating in southern Poland in the following provinces: Małopolskie, Podkarpackie, Śląskie, Opolskie and Świętokrzyskie. It was assumed that using the random selection method, four cooperatives from each voivodship would qualify out of the total number of 367 municipal cooperatives located in them. This information was obtained directly by e-mail from the Editorial Office of Monitor Spółdzielczy [monitor@krs.com.pl]. Although the sample is small, the random selection of facilities gives a certain, probably partial, picture of the economic situation of this type of cooperative.
Źródło:
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego; 2016, 85, 3; 107-115
1232-3578
2719-8901
Pojawia się w:
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Opinie diagnostyczne w sprawach nieletnich
Autorzy:
Ostaszewski, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/26917622.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
biegły
badania aktowe
badania empiryczne
nieletni
legal expert
act researches
empirical research
juvenile
Opis:
Dowód z opinii diagnostycznych wydawanych przez rodzinne ośrodki diagnostycznokonsultacyjne jest źródłem bardzo ważnych i rzetelnych informacji dla sędziów orzekających w szeroko rozumianych sprawach dotyczących rodzin i ich członków. Analiza tych opinii była już podejmowana w opracowaniach dotyczących spraw rozwodowych i innych spraw rodzinnych. Celowe było zbadanie roli takich opinii także w sprawach nieletnich, stanowiących kolejną grupę spraw rozpatrywanych przez sądy rodzinne. Specyfika spraw nieletnich daje możliwość szerszego spojrzenia na problematykę diagnozowania osób stających przed sądami rodzinnymi. Pojawiają się w nich bowiem także opinie mające podobny cel i podobną formę jak opinie RODK, ale wydane przez inne organy (biegłych psychologów, biegłych psychiatrów, schroniska dla nieletnich).
Źródło:
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny; 2013, 20; 21-50
2084-5375
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Religijność i moralność polskiej młodzieży – zależność czy autonomia?
Religiosity and morality of Polish youth – dependence or autonomy?
Autorzy:
Boguszewski, Rafał
Bożewicz, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1046322.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-18
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Religijność
moralność
młodzież
sondaż
badania empiryczne
sekularyzacja
Religiosity
morality
youth
survey
empirical research
secularization
Opis:
Artykuł, w oparciu o wyniki aktualnych badań empirycznych o charakterze ilościowym zrealizowanych na próbach ogólnopolskich, ale również w oparciu o wyniki cyklicznych badań prowadzonych wśród młodzieży kończącej edukację na poziomie szkół średnich, koncentruje się na przeobrażeniach w zakresie religijności i moralności polskiej młodzieży, umiejscawiając obserwowane trendy na płaszczyźnie socjologicznych teorii przemian religijności i jej związków z moralnością.
The article is based on the results of current empirical quantitative research carried out on national samples, but also on the results of cyclical research conducted among young people graduating from secondary schools, and focuses on the transformations in the area of religiousness and morality of Polish youth, placing the observed trends on the level of sociological theories of transformations of religiousness and its relation to morality.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL; 2019, 62, 4; 31-52
0044-4405
2543-9715
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Praktyki w zakresie mikroinnowacji w przedsiębiorstwach chińskich – cechy, typy i determinanty
The Practices of Micro-Innovation in Chinese Enterprises: Traits, Types and Affecting Factors
Autorzy:
Zhou, Qing
Yang, Wei
Ma, Xiangyuan
Fang, Gang
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1810847.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-11-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
micro-innovation
basic types
affecting factors
empirical research
mikroinnowacje
podstawowe typy
determinanty
badania empiryczne
Opis:
Mikroinnowacje, jako rodzaj innowacyjnego sposobu myślenia i proces innowacyjny, można podzielić na mikroinnowacje ciągłe, imitacyjne i niezależne. Podział ten oparty jest na wymiarach innowacyjności, zakłóceń rynku i powtarzalności w dziedzinie innowacji. Na podstawie badań teoretycznych i empirycznych w artykule dokonano analizy wpływu głównych determinant mikroinnowacji na kształtowanie ich typów. Determinanty te, do których należą zasoby produktywne, zasoby zarządcze i ograniczenia zewnętrzne, wywierają bardziej znaczący wpływ na mikroinnowacje imitacyjne, a jednocześnie wykazują mniejszą korelację z mikroinnowacjami niezależnymi i ciągłymi. Wdrażając mikroinnowacje, przedsiębiorstwa powinny wybrać odpowiedni typ lub odpowiednie kombinacje różnych typów mikroinnowacji na podstawie kompleksowej analizy wewnętrznych zasobów produktywnych, zasobów zarządczych oraz ograniczeń zewnętrznych.
Micro-innovation, a kind of innovative thinking and innovative manner, can be divided into continuous micro-innovation, imitating micro-innovation and independent micro-innovation based on the dimensions of innovativeness, market disruption and repetitiveness in the innovation domain. On the basis of theoretical and empirical research, this paper analyzes the impact of the main micro-innovation affecting factors on micro-innovation types. Affecting factors including productive resources, management resources and external restrictions have a more prominent impact on imitating micro-innovation, while having a lower correlation with independent micro-innovation and continuous micro-innovation. Enterprises should select an appropriate micro-innovation type or different type combinations according to the comprehensive analysis of enterprise internal productive resources, management resources and external restrictions when implementing micro-innovation.
Źródło:
Studia i Materiały; 2015, 2/2015 (19); 51-65
1733-9758
Pojawia się w:
Studia i Materiały
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Multi-criterial evaluation of electronic payment system variants and evaluation of results of an empirical research focused on an electronic payment system
Autorzy:
Brumercikova, Eva
Bukova, Bibiana
Komsta, Henryk
Rybicka, Iwona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841247.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
Tematy:
multicriterial evaluation
electronic payment system
empirical research
ocena wielokryterialna
elektroniczny system opłat
badania empiryczne
Opis:
While choosing an electronic payment system intended for an immediate communication of a user (passenger) with an electronic terminal of a service provider (carrier), it is necessary to respect system parameters of presented technologies (NFC, EMV, and ABT). The methodology of choosing an electronic payment system within public transport may be divided into three steps as follows: • outlining criteria for variants evaluation, • multi-criterial evaluation of variants, and • evaluation of empirical research results. The presented article introduces more results of the research within VEGA project solving. Specifically, the article presents results of the multi-criterial expert decisionmaking problem using the WSA (Weighted Sum Approach) method and the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method. At the end of the article, there are presented results of empirical research studies focused on an electronic payment system used in public passenger transport. The empirical research studies were realized in the Slovak Republic in 2014, 2016, and 2018.
Źródło:
Transport Problems; 2020, 15, 4, cz. 1; 95-103
1896-0596
2300-861X
Pojawia się w:
Transport Problems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poziom wiedzy młodzieży u progu pełnoletności na temat profilaktyki chorób nowotworowych. Prezentacja wybranych wyników z badania
The level of knowledge of youth on the threshold of adulthood on cancer prevention. Presentation of selected results from the research
Autorzy:
Grzegorczyk, Milena
Kita, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/551285.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
profilaktyka
młodzież
edukacja zdrowotna
choroba nowotworowa
badania empiryczne
prevention
youth
health education
cancer
empirical research
Opis:
Promocja zdrowia jest istotnym zadaniem zarówno dla sektora ochrony zdrowia, jak i instytucji edukacji. Zainteresowane tematem zdrowia członkinie Doktoranckiego Koła Naukowego Socjologii Zdrowia, Choroby i Medycyny zrealizowały badanie: „Poziom wiedzy na temat profilaktyki chorób nowotworowych a zachowania prozdrowotne wśród młodzieży u progu pełnoletności”. W artykule przedstawiono wybrane wyniki z tychże badań, uzyskane na podstawie odpowiedzi udzielonych przez uczniów zielonogórskich szkół ponadgimnazjalnych w okresie od maja do czerwca 2016 r. W artykule zawarto także wprowadzenie do społecznego odbioru tematyki chorób nowotworowych. Autorki postawiły sobie za cel rozpoznanie poziomu wiedzy młodzieży. Skonstruowano kwestionariusz ankiety, który wypełniony został przez 329 uczniów. Zebrane odpowiedzi pozwoliły na analizę empiryczną i wnioskowanie teoretyczne. Wyniki tych analiz przedstawione zostały w prezentowanym artykule. Jak dowiodło badanie, młodzież jest świadoma skali zachorowalności na choroby nowotworowe w społeczeństwie, niemniej jednak ważne jest stałe pogłębianie tej wiedzy w szkole, rodzinie oraz zachęcanie młodzieży do indywidualnych poszukiwań informacji w tym zakresie.
Health promotion is an essential task for both the health sector and education institutions. Interested in the topic of health members of the Doctoral Student Research Sociology of Health, Disease and Medicine met the research: “The level of knowledge about cancer prevention and health behaviors among the youth on the threshold of adulthood”. The article presents selected results from these research, obtained on the basis of the answers given by the students of secondary schools Zielona Gora in the period from May to June 2016. The article also provides an introduction to public perception of the subject of cancer. The authors set themselves the objective recognition of the level of knowledge of youth. Constructed questionnaire, which was completed by 329 students. The responses enabled the analysis of empirical and theoretical reasoning. The results of these analyzes are presented in the present article. As the research showed, the youth is aware of the scale of the incidence of cancer in society, but it is important to continuously deepen this knowledge in school, the family and encourage youth to the individual searching for information in this regard
Źródło:
Relacje. Studia z nauk społecznych; 2016, 2; 193-208
2543-5124
Pojawia się w:
Relacje. Studia z nauk społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rola radnego dzielnicy z perspektywy kompetencji na przykładzie miasta Zabrze
The role of the district councilor from the perspective of competencies on the example of city Zabrze
Autorzy:
Pyszka, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/326395.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
Tematy:
rada dzielnicy
radny
samorząd
kompetencje
badania empiryczne
council district
councilor
local government
competencies
empirical research
Opis:
Zrealizowane badanie dotyczy analizy niezbędnych kompetencji radnych dzielnicowych w lokalnym samorządzie i stopnia, w jakim różne uwarunkowania wpływają na role pełnione przez radnych. W tym celu przebadano kompetencje w dziewięciu obszarach, szukając potencjalnych problemów i rozwiązań. Dane zebrano z wykorzystaniem kwestionariusza ankiety, wywiadów i obserwacji. Uzyskane wyniki sugerują, że kompetencje radnych dzielnicowych zależą od kontekstu i zaangażowania oraz wsparcia urzędników miejskich i otwarcia na partycypację radnych w procesach samorządowych. Analiza wspiera tezę, że kompetencje radnych dzielnicowych powinny być rozwijane z uwzględnieniem specyfiki ich roli i zadań przez świadomy proces zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi w radach i dopasowany do potrzeb proces szkolenia i rozwoju.
This study examines the necessary competencies of the local government councillors and extent to which different conditions influence the roles played by councilors. Nine areas of competencies were employed to test the competencies, problems and possible solutions. The data was gathered from survey questionnaire, interviews and observations. The findings suggest that councilors’ competencies are context dependent and also rely on the level of engagement and support from the city officials and opening on the councillors’ participation in the local government processes. The investigation supported thesis that councilors competencies should be developed according to specific of their role and tasks by the conscious human resource management inside the council districts and customized process of training and development.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska; 2014, 69; 87-106
1641-3466
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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