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    Wyświetlanie 1-7 z 7
    Tytuł:
    Assessment of extremes in air temperature over north-east and west coast regions of India
    Autorzy:
    Tondgimenba, J.
    De, U.S.
    Krishnakumar, G.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11981.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    assessment
    extreme
    air temperature
    maximum temperature
    minimum temperature
    trend
    climate change
    coastal region
    India
    Opis:
    The projected effect of climate change is the increase of both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. An attempt has been made to study the extremes in temperature over two regions of India i.e. North-East Region (NER) and West Coast Region (WCR). A detailed analysis indicated that in the NER, ten stations indicate increase in annual extreme minimum but significant at four stations. Post-monsoon season is very predominant where five stations show significant increase. In the WCR, all the stations indicate increasing trend in annual extreme maximum temperature significant at nine stations. Majority of the stations indicate significant increasing trend in all the seasons except monsoon season.
    Źródło:
    Papers on Global Change; 2012, 19
    2300-8121
    1730-802X
    Pojawia się w:
    Papers on Global Change
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Extreme temperature days in Kolobrzeg in the years 1976-2005 and their relation to atmospheric circulation types
    Dni charakterystyczne pod względem termicznym w Kołobrzegu w latach 1976-2005 i ich związek z typami cyrkulacji atmosferycznej
    Autorzy:
    Baranowski, D.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/85161.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Pomorska w Słupsku
    Tematy:
    extreme temperature
    day
    Kolobrzeg town
    atmospheric circulation
    circulation type
    thermal condition
    air temperature
    monthly temperature
    Opis:
    In this work a general characteristics of thermal conditions in Kołobrzeg in the years 1976-2005 is presented. The most important part of the paper is the analysis of extreme temperature days (very frosty, frosty, warm and hot) in relation to the types of atmospheric circulation (according to the classification proposed by Osuchowska-Klein 1978). Daily mean and extreme air temperature data for the weather station in Kołobrzeg were the basis of the paper. The obtained results provide strong evidence that the occurrence of days with extreme air temperatures depends mostly on the atmospheric circulation pattern. Particularly high and low air temperatures in Kołobrzeg, in most cases, are not determined by the character (cyclonic or anticyclonic) of atmospheric circulation, but mainly by the direction of air advection. More detailed analysis has revealed that in the winter months (Dec-Feb) the highest frequency of days with sub-zero maximum temperatures is usually associated with the incursion of continental polar air during anticyclonic circulation types. Conversely, maritime air flow from the Atlantic Ocean most often induced by zonal circulation (especially during cyclonic types over Poland) regularly brings warming in winter. In the warm halfyear (Apr-Sep) strong and persistent advection of the air from the southern or eastern sector (in anticyclonic types: E1, E, D2C and cyclonic ones: F and B) is the most important factor determining the occurrence of warm and hot days in Kołobrzeg. The days with tmax ≥ 25oC appear most rarely during the types accompanied by the winds from the western or northern sector.
    Pierwszą część pracy stanowi ogólna charakterystyka warunków termicznych w Kołobrzegu w 30-leciu 1976-2005. Głównym celem opracowania jest jednak określenie częstotliwości występowania w Kołobrzegu charakterystycznych pod względem termicznym dni (bardzo mroźnych, mroźnych, ciepłych i gorących) oraz wyróżnienie typów cyrkulacji atmosferycznej (według klasyfikacji B. Osuchowskiej-Klein 1978) sprzyjających ich występowaniu. Ze względu na brak katalogu typów cyrkulacji z ostatnich 10 lat badanego okresu, analizę dni charakterystycznych pod względem termicznym w poszczególnych typach cyrkulacji atmosferycznej ograniczono do 20-lecia 1976-1995. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz ustalono, że występowanie najniższych temperatur zimą najczęściej związane jest z napływem powietrza z sektora północno-wschodniego zarówno w cyklonalnych (E0), jak i antycyklonalnych (E, E1) typach cyrkulacji, natomiast napływ wilgotnych mas powietrza z zachodu (cyrkulacja strefowa) w cyklonalnych typach przynosi zimą zdecydowane ocieplenie. W ciepłym półroczu (IV-IX) adwekcja powietrza z sektora południowego lub wschodniego (w cyklonalnych typach cyrkulacji: F i B oraz antycyklonalnych: E1, E, D2C) sprzyja większej częstotliwości występowania dni ciepłych i gorących. Najrzadziej dni z tmax ≥ 25°C towarzyszą typom cyrkulacji sprowadzającym do Polski masy powietrza z sektora północnego i południowo-zachodniego. W półroczu chłodnym występuje większe zróżnicowanie termiczne między poszczególnymi typami cyrkulacji atmosferycznej.
    Źródło:
    Baltic Coastal Zone. Journal of Ecology and Protection of the Coastline; 2011, 15
    1643-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Baltic Coastal Zone. Journal of Ecology and Protection of the Coastline
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Extreme daily air temperatures in Poland (2000-2013)
    Autorzy:
    Szczepanek, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/60217.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Stowarzyszenie Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich PAN
    Tematy:
    extreme temperature
    daily air temperature
    Polska
    2000-2013 period
    maximum temperature
    air temperature
    minimum temperature
    trend
    Opis:
    This work concentrates on the analysis of monthly trends of extremes daily temperatures, both minimum and maximum. Analysis was done for the period 2000–2013, based on freely available hourly temperature measurements from 60 Polish stations. Percentiles Tmin10 for minimum and Tmax90 for maximum daily temperature within each month were used as thresholds for selection of extreme temperature values. Count of days with extreme temperatures below/above threshold described every month. Significance of days count trend was analyzed with Mann–Kendall test at the significance level 0.05. For maximum temperatures, significant decreasing trend was found only for 3 station-months. For minimum temperature, 26 significant trends were found and presented in the form of map.
    Źródło:
    Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich; 2014, IV/3
    1732-5587
    Pojawia się w:
    Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ocena dokładności stosowanych metod obliczania średnich i ekstremalnych dobowych wartości temperatury powietrza w Arktyce Kanadyjskiej w XIX wieku
    Estimation of accuracy of methods used calculation of mean and extreme daily air temperature values in the American Arctic in the 19th century
    Autorzy:
    Przybylak, R.
    Vizi, Z.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260639.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2005
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Klimatologów Polskich
    Tematy:
    Arktyka Amerykańska
    temperatury powietrza
    średnia i ekstremalna amplituda dobowa
    American Arctic
    air temperature
    mean and extreme daily air temperature
    Opis:
    W artykule omówiono różne metody obliczania średnich dobowych temperatury powietrza w Arktyce Amerykańskiej w XIX wieku. Oceniono dokładność stosowania tych metod biorąc pod uwagę jako średnią wzorcową tzw. średnią dobową rzeczywistą temperaturę powietrza obliczaną z 24 danych cogodzinnych. Drugim problemem badawczych, który podjęto w artykule, jest oszacowanie wielkości błędów jakie się popełnia wybierając z różnych zbiorów danych godzinowych (co 1-, 2-, 3-godziny itd.) najwyższe i najniższe dobowe temperatury powietrza. Jako wzorzec w tym przypadku wykorzystano wartości temperatur maksymalnych i minimalnych powietrza odczytane z termometrów ekstremalnych. Podobną analizę przeprowadzono także dla amplitudy dobowej temperatury powietrza. Dla wszystkich analizowanych parametrów termicznych i dla wszystkich metod obliczania/wyznaczania średnich dobowych temperatury powietrza i temperatur ekstremalnych obliczono m. in. przeciętne błędy estymacji ich średnich miesięcznych wartości.
    Knowledge about the history of climate in the Arctic is more and more important and necessary, especially at present when we are approaching the Fourth International Polar Year 2007-2008. Generally speaking, the history of the climate in this area during the 20th century is quite well known. On the other hand, little is known about the climate in the 19th century. Moreover, while we have extensive meteorological data for this period, in particular for the American Arctic, these data have many errors and biases. One of the most important biases is connected with the way in which daily mean air temperature has been calcu-lated. In the American Arctic during the 19th century nine different methods (m1-m9) were used. For the analysis we also added two presently used methods (m10-m11). The main aim of this paper is to estimate the magnitudes of errors which are connected with the use of the above methods of calculating daily means. As a real daily mean, the mean calculated using hourly data (m1) was used. Because in the American Arctic the mean daily air temperature is still calculated using formulae m11, we also calculated differences relative to this mean. Another issue which we undertake in the present paper concerns the estimation of errors which are the result of the method which was adopted to determine extreme temperatures (Tmax and Tmin) and the diurnal temperature range (DTR). We checked this for ten different methods (nine used in the 19th century) which used hourly, 2-, 3-, and 4-hourly etc. readings of air temperature for the purposes of calculation (see formulas m1-m10 for more details). As a base, real data, temperature readings from the extreme thermometers were used. For the analysis, hourly temperature data as well as daily Tmax and Tmin for the period 1979-1983 were used for the four meteorological stations (Eureka, Resolute, Coral Harbour and Iqaluit) located in the American Arctic. The results of our investigations are presented in Tables 1-5. The main conclusions can be summarized as follows: 1. Mean monthly temperatures obtained using methods m2-m5 and m9 of daily mean temperature calculation do not need to be corrected. The greatest errors (overestimation by 0.5 to 1.5°C) were found for the methods m6-m8 (owing to a lack of measurements during the night hours). The method m11 also produces significant errors. Generally, using this method, the mean monthly temperatures are most often lower (by 0.2 to 0.7°C) in relation to all methods analysed in the present paper (see Tables 1 and 2). 2. In accordance with expectations, mean monthly Tmax and Tmin determined using different methods are lower/higher than the respective monthly means calculated based on the readings from the maximum and minimum thermometers. When we determine Tmax and Tmin using hourly, 2-, and 3-hourly data, their monthly means are lower/higher, though generally by no more than 1.0°C. Greater errors are more clearly seen in the cold half-year than in the warm half-year (see Tables 3 and 4), 3. Mean monthly DTR calculated using hourly, 2-, and 3-hourly temperature data are lower than real values by about 0.5 to 2.0°C. For other methods of DTR calculations their errors are significantly greater - lower by about 3.0 to 4.0°C (see Table 5).
    Źródło:
    Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej; 2005, 15; 27-39
    1234-0715
    Pojawia się w:
    Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ekstrema zimowe opadów atmosferycznych, temperatury powietrza i poziomu wód gruntowych w 40-leciu 1961-2000 we Wrocławiu-Swojcu
    Winter extreme precipitation, air temperatures and ground water levels in the years 1961-2000 in Wrocław-Swojec
    Autorzy:
    Biniak, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/337757.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2005
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy
    Tematy:
    okres zimowy
    opady atmosferyczne
    poziom wód gruntowych
    temperatura powietrza
    wartości ekstremalne
    air temperature
    extreme values
    groundwater level
    precipitation
    winter period
    Opis:
    W pracy dokonano analizy opadów atmosferycznych, temperatury powietrza oraz zmian poziomu wód gruntowych w okresach zimowych 40-lecia 1961/1962-2000/2001 we Wrocławiu-Swojcu. W celu pełniejszej oceny zmienności wartości ekstremalnych analizowanych elementów agrometeorologicznych rozpatrywano je w różnych przedziałach czasu, tj. pentady, dekady i miesiąca. Zwrócono uwagę nie tylko na częstość występowania wartości ekstremalnych badanych czynników, ale również przeanalizowano okresy ich pojawiania się oraz tendencje.
    The analysis of daily values of extreme precipitation, ground water level and air temperature in the winter periods of the years 1961/1962-2000/2001 in Wrocław-Swojec are presented in the paper. To better estimate variability of these anomalies, the elements were analysed for different time interval of 5 and 10 days and a month. Apart from the frequency of extreme values, the periods and trends in their occurrence were also considered.
    Źródło:
    Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie; 2005, T. 5, z. spec.; 45-55
    1642-8145
    Pojawia się w:
    Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Temporal variability of precipitation extremes in Estonia 1961–2008
    Autorzy:
    Paadam, K.
    Post, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48285.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Oceanologii PAN
    Tematy:
    air temperature
    climate change
    cold period
    Estonia
    extreme precipitation
    global temperature
    Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
    precipitation
    surface temperature
    temporal variability
    water vapour
    Opis:
    Daily precipitation data from 40 stations are used to investigate the temporal variability of precipitation extremes in Estonia. The period covered is 1961–2008, characterized by a uniformity of observational practice. Precipitation extremes are quantified by yearly and seasonal values of two different parameters: daycount indices based on 95th and 99th percentile thresholds. Trend significance was assessed with the Mann-Kendall test. Results show that the frequency of both indices has increased. No significant negative trends were found. An increase of 15.8 events over the 99th percentile per decade was observed for Estonia. The indices selected for this study may be called ‘soft’ climate extremes, but the number of such events is large enough to allow for meaningful trend analysis in a roughly half-century long time series.
    Źródło:
    Oceanologia; 2011, 53, (1-TI)
    0078-3234
    Pojawia się w:
    Oceanologia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sekularne i ekstremalne procesy erozji wodnej gleb na Pojezierzu Drawskim
    Secular and extreme soil erosion processes in the Drawskie Lakeland
    Autorzy:
    Majewski, Mikołaj
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/295194.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Geomorfologów Polskich
    Tematy:
    gleba
    erozja wodna
    proces sekularny
    proces ekstremalny
    Pojezierze Drawskie
    warunki meteorologiczne
    rzeźba terenu
    litologia
    temperatura powietrza
    opady atmosferyczne
    klimat
    pokrywa śnieżna
    przemarznięcie gruntu
    soil
    water erosion
    secular process
    extreme process
    Drawskie Lakeland
    meteorological conditions
    relief of the terrain
    lithology
    air temperature
    precipitation
    climate
    ice sheets
    Opis:
    Soil erosion by water is one of the most important factors affecting contemporary landscape changes within the lowland geoecosystems in Central Europe. Soil erosion by water mainly depends on: rainfalls (especially its intensity and erosivity), length of slope and its inclination, type of cultivation and usage of land, anti-erosion treatments and susceptibility of soils to erosion. The aim of conducted research was to evaluate conditioning and magnitude of secular and extreme soil erosion processes in the Drawsko Lakeland with special considering of rainfall erosivity index (EI30). The main goal was realised through several research tasks. The first task involved examination of surface runoff and slope wash conditionings, course and quantity in the testing plot located within the Chwalimski Potok catchment. The second task was related to evaluate rainfall impact to soil erosion by water processes. It was realised by computation rainfall characteristics: intensity, kinetic energy and erosivity. In order to assess secular and extreme soil erosion impact to land relief changes, research were provided with additional details by conducting three field experiments with simulated rainfall. Stationary observation and quantitative researches of soil erosion (at testing plots) have been conducting within the Chwalimski Brook catchment for three hydrological years (2012–2014). The slope with the test area is located within the 1st order catchment being a subsystem of the Młynski Brook catchment and then followed by the upper Parsęta catchment. This area covers 4.8 hectares and is characterised by short slopes with small height variances up to 10 meters. Historically, the area was covered with agricultural crops, currently they cover about 10% of the area. The slope is covered with gleyic retisols and its average inclination is about 4 degrees with its south-east exposure. The measuring system of soil erosion covered 5 testing plots with different agricultural use (bare fallow, meadow, potatoes, spring and winter crops). Plots are 42 metres long and 4 metres width. In the bottom edge of each plot catchers with volume of 800 dm3 were installed. In this research, only data from black fallow were considered. Such tillage is recognised as a standard in soil erosion studies. Two experiments have been conducted in this testing plot. The third one has been conducted on slope located within an area of undulated morainic plateau in the Kłuda catchment. The slope is characterised by greater height variances than in Chwalimski Brook catchment. The slope, where the experiment has been conducted, is situated within local closed depression and is covered by sands underlain by boulder clay. Its average slope is about 10° with its southwest exposure. Although annual precipitation in the three-year measurement period was comparable with mean value from multi-year period (1987–2014), its intensity and erosivity were distinguishably lower. Such rainfall conditions are not favourable for extreme soil erosion by water processes, thus any relief forms from such geomorphological processes were not observed in the Drawsko Lakeland. Due to lack of that kind of forms, in 2013 and 2014, three field experiments were conducted. The main aim of experiments was to evaluate the impact of high intensity rainfall on soil surface. The first experiment consisted of 5, the second and the third of 4 rainfall simulations. The rainfall was created by using a purpose-built rain simulator, consisting of 3 and 6 sprinklers placed around the testing plot. Despite the slope inclination in the Kłuda catchment was 2.5 times steeper than Chwalimski Potok’s slope, surface runoff attained smaller volume, because of remarkably higher infiltration rate. In 2012–2014, surface runoff and soil loss has occurred 8 times each year. The maximal monthly surface runoff volume was registered in February 2012, and it equalled 10.1 dm3 m−2 and the maximal soil loss value was registered in May 2013 and equalled 3,198 kg ha−1. Annual runoff volumes were between 31.2 dm3 m−2 in 2012 and 38.8 dm3 m−2 in 2013, whereas annual soil loss values ranged from 740 kg ha−1 in 2012 to 5,700 kg ha−1 in 2013. Soil erosion values caused by simulated rainfall during field experiments were similar or significantly higher than annual values. Surface runoff was between 31.2 dm3 m−2 in the first experiment and 34.2 dm3 m−2 in the second one, whilst soil loss was between 4,632 kg ha−1 and 8,637 kg ha−1. The achieved experiment results have been compared with soil erosion rate achieved from stationary observations. The results show that runoff and soil loss considerably increase during rainfalls with high amount, intensity and erosivity. Furthermore, individual extreme erosive events may exceed annual (secular) soil erosion processes. Conducted stationary research indicates that annual soil erosion primarily depends on individual rainfall and erosive events, which considerably exceed mean values. In order to evaluate the soil susceptibility to erosion by water in the Drawsko Lakeland, high resolution potential and actual soil erosion risk maps were prepared. The qualitative assessment of soil erosion risk was based on geoinformation technologies. The model considers following conditions affecting the size of soil erosion: slope steepness and aspect, topographic factor LS (unit upslope contributing area), lithology, rainfall erosivity (Modified Fournier Index calculated from monthly and annual precipitation data) and land use and land cover from Corine Land Cover 2006. To prepare the map of potential soil erosion risk, land use from Corine Land Cover was not considered. Thematic maps have been reclassified into a 4-degree division. The results of the soil erosion risk assessment in the Drawsko Lakeland reveal the fact that a majority of its area is characterized by moderate or low erosion risk levels. Areas with high erosion risk are mostly located in the northern part of the Lakeland. The achieved results from stationary observations and field experiments may indicate that the soil loss magnitude significantly increases during rainfall with higher intensity, greater totals and accumulated in time rainfall events. This may confirm the high potential of soil erosion by water processes of above- -average magnitude and intensity in the discharge of material from agricultural used slopes.
    Źródło:
    Landform Analysis; 2020, 39; 1-106
    1429-799X
    Pojawia się w:
    Landform Analysis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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