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    Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3
    Tytuł:
    KOBIETA W PRUSACH 1871–1933
    WOMEN IN PRUSSIA IN 1871–1933
    Autorzy:
    Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/418640.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych
    Tematy:
    women
    family
    Prussia
    industrialization
    education
    work
    Opis:
    In Prussia the turn of the 20th century brought about enormous civilization progress which was accompanied by an improvement in the standards of living. This process had already taken place in the German Reich and was followed by political, social and economic changes which affected women as well. Most importantly, at that time they gradually won more educational rights. Until the 19th century women’s educational attainment was limited to primary education and home schooling by governesses. Subsequently, girls were admitted to secondary schools for girls and eventually they were granted the right to sit high school final examinations and access tertiary education. Since mid-19th century women were allowed to join political organizations and after World War I they acquired political rights. Although much depended on a person’s individual disposition and personality, the middle-class mentality of the time was considerably patriarchal, hence equal rights in real interpersonal relationships became a fact only in the 20th century. Contrary to popular misconceptions, working women were commonplace already in the 19th century; unfortunately, as a rule the reason for women’s work was poverty, while attractive professions requiring high qualifications remained unavailable to women. The first changes consisted in allowing women into the teaching profession on graduating from teacher training colleges and then allowing them into the medical and legal colleges and professions. As a consequence of a dramatic decrease in the rate of infant and child mortality, women ceased to be ‘birth machines’, as they had been perceived until then, and instead of giving birth to six or eight children, they had two or three, which had a dramatic impact on their living conditions and opened new life perspectives for them.
    Źródło:
    Colloquium; 2017, 9, 2; 45-74
    2081-3813
    2658-0365
    Pojawia się w:
    Colloquium
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przemiany przestępczości w Prusach w XVIII i XIX wieku (do 1871 r.)
    The Transformation of Crime in Prussia in the 18th and 19th Centuries (until 1871)
    Autorzy:
    Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/418896.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych
    Tematy:
    police
    jail
    imprisonment
    punishment
    enlightenment
    justice
    Prussia
    Opis:
    One of the features of premodern era in Prussia was relatively low crime rate with a different structure than it is nowadays. Moreover, there was a different perception and functioning of sphere of justice and of law enforcement. With regard to the size of transgression, the rural territories characterized in minor transgression, whereas bigger cities characterized in more serious crimes; due to the fact that bigger cities did not give security against hunger, ensured anonymity and the ability for perpetrators to hide. Similarly to the contemporary world of crime, theft was a dominant crime, whereas murder was most severely punished. Furthermore, the role of crimes against morality was significant; importantly, the concept of sin was basically synonymous with crime and was reflected in the regulation matters. Generally, it was universal phenomenon and occurred not only in Prussia. Nevertheless, Prussia was reformed quicker. Moreover, the threat of vagrants and beggars, who did not have a dwelling, aroused concern; they might have constituted as much as 10% of the population in the 18th c. Aggressive behaviours and those associated with physical violence against women and children intensified. The ‘excessive’ beating was criticised, nonetheless the phenomena of beating as such was not considered as an offence. Violence com-mitted by a father and husband against his family belonged to the prerogatives of power. In the period of Enlightenment, the authorities of Prussia, and above all Frederick II brought about the elimination of a number of anachronisms in the perception and treatment of crime. Taking into consideration the European revolution, the above mentioned changes happened very quickly. Firstly, equality before the law was introduced, however it was not implemented properly; patrimonial jurisdiction, on the other hand, was at first limited and later on eliminated. Proportionate punishment appeared; tortures and the cruellest punishments ceased being applied. Imprisonment began to spread, along with the religious tolerance. Witch hunt and barbarous penalties for so-called moral offenses (sex before marriage, prostitution) were abandoned, likewise death punishment for homosexual and suicides etc. Since the 18th cen-tury the institution of the police began to develop, before that time it did not exist at all. The number of criminal activities increased due to urbanisation and industrialisation. Large agglomerations emerged, giving their dwellers anonymity; moreover, the phenomenon of strong family, which at the same time was an economic unit, withered. In the industrial capitalism the central place was occupied by the nuclear family. The member of this family was a worker who was at risk of unemployment with a weak sense of security. It is difficult to assess the impact of the increasing secularization on the increase in crime. However, the negative influence of wrecking the old social and community ties (religion, family, and commune) has to be highlighted. Rebellions caused by hunger (either connected with infertility or epidemics) were other major aspects of crime in the 19th c.
    Źródło:
    Colloquium; 2014, 6, 3; 65-96
    2081-3813
    2658-0365
    Pojawia się w:
    Colloquium
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    „Bzik na punkcie mieszkania”, czyli mieszkanie i jego otoczenie w Prusach w latach 1871 – 1918
    Autorzy:
    Łukasiewicz, Dariusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1591225.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
    Tematy:
    Prussia
    housing sector
    industrialisation
    Prusy
    mieszkalnictwo
    industrializacja
    Opis:
    Własny dach nad głową w epoce industrializacji i urbanizacji w Prusach po 1871 roku był marzeniem dla wielu nieosiągalnym, szczególnie dla chłopów, robotników rolnych, dniówkowych, fabrycznych, rzemieślników, uboższych pracowników umysłowych i niższych urzędników. Na sposób zamieszkiwania wielki wpływ miało też rozszerzające się wraz z industrializacją i wielkim napływem ludności do miast zjawisko ubożenia niższych warstw miejskich, do którego, oprócz złych warunków mieszkaniowych, zaliczało się też nieodpowiednie wyżywienie i zaspokojenie innych potrzeb życiowych. XIX stulecie wytworzyło jednak mieszczańskie kulturowe wyobrażenie przyjaznego domu, będącego obszarem odpoczynku wobec zagrożeń świata, które stało się fundamentem dzisiejszych masowych wyobrażeń. Wówczas wszakże tylko niewielki odsetek owo przyjazne oparcie otrzymał, przytłaczająca większość dom traktowała jedynie jako sypialnię.
    To have a roof over one’s head was an unattainable dream for many people in Prussia after 1871 in the era of industrialisation and urbanisation. The groups for whom that problem was the most acute were: peasants, agricultural labourers, labourers paid per day, factory workers, craftsmen, poorer white collar workers and low-ranking officials. The dwelling forms were strongly influenced by a growing phenomenon of pauperisation of lower urban classes, industrialisation, an enormous inflow of people into towns, inappropriate nutrition and an inadequate satisfaction of other basic needs. Yet, it was in the 19th century when the bourgeois cultural image of a friendly home was constructed, which has become a space of rest against the threats of the outside world and a basis for the present-day mass concept. But, at that time only members a tiny part of the society managed to get this friendly retreat; for the overwhelming majority their homes were just sleeping places.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Zachodniopomorski; 2016, 4; 55-104
    0552-4245
    2353-3021
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Zachodniopomorski
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3

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