Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "SETTLEMENT" wg kryterium: Temat

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
    Wyświetlanie 1-13 z 13
    Tytuł:
    Human settlement in Polish territory during the Last Glacial Maximum (ca 24,000–19,000 cal. BP): the calm before a new deal
    Autorzy:
    Połtowicz-Bobak, Marta
    Bobak, Dariusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1366022.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-24
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    LGM
    settlement
    Gravettian
    Epi-Gravettian
    Polska
    Opis:
    Human presence in Poland during the Late Pleniglacial is evidenced by Gravettian sites, mostly from Małopolska. Such settlement almost disappears from the archaeological record during the period between 24 and 19 ky cal. BP. Only a few sites from that period have been discovered – two workshops without absolute chronology, and some meagre records of settlement with uncertain dating to the LGM. The Polish territory was resettled in the19th and 16th millennium cal. BP onward, the settlers being associated with the Epi-Gravettian and Magdalenian cultures.
    Źródło:
    Acta Geographica Lodziensia; 2020, 110; 21-31
    0065-1249
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Geographica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polish-Ukrainian relations in 1918-1930
    Autorzy:
    Rudnicka, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2151249.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum
    Tematy:
    Ukraine
    Polska
    settlement
    emigration
    population
    independence
    Opis:
    The article was devoted to the Warsaw settlement. The present article contains analysis of the etiology of the war Polish - Ukrainian - Russian. In it an issue of the Ukrainian emigration was also addressed in the Second Polish Republic
    Źródło:
    Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne; 2017, 1(18); 33-44
    1730-0266
    Pojawia się w:
    Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Аграрна політика польського уряду в оцінці Францішка Буяка
    Agrarian policy of the Polish government in the estimation of Franciszek Bujak
    Autorzy:
    Baran, Zoya
    Sypko, Bogdana
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28655324.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    agrarian reform
    F. Bujak
    Polska
    settlement policy
    Opis:
    In 1920 and 1925 in Poland, two laws were passed to solve the agrarian problem. The founder of the scientific school for the study of economic history, F. Bujak, outlined his vision of the problem, which was closely linked to the economic development of the country and the raising of the educational, cultural and political level of the peasantry. The adherent of the concept of agrarianism, the ideology of solidarity, the scientist opposed the revolutionary solution of the land issue, insisting on the legal basis for reform in the interests of the people and the state, and not individual political forces. He opposed the free requisitions of land (criticized the government scheme for payment for parceled land in the law of 1920), as well as its free transfer to the peasants. F. Bujak did not see an opportunity to grant the land to all those who wished and expressed his opposition to the excessive fragmentation of land. F. Bujak considered peasant farms in the size of 10-20 ha as the basis of agriculture in Poland, which is more profitable from an economic point of view. Warning that the settlement policy in the eastern territories could cause confrontation and, in general, contradict international regulations. Positively evaluating the new law of 1925 in the direction of eliminating the defects of the previous one (reimbursements were to be made at market prices, clearly defined categories of individuals who were eligible for land, the upper limit for newly-created farms, etc.), the scientist saw another inaccuracies and suggested ways to eliminate them. In general, the reform did not solve the land problem, and the settlement policy, which was the basis of the agrarian reform, only caused an aggravation of interethnic relations on the eastern territories.
    Źródło:
    Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2019, 3(39); 89-102
    2082-0976
    Pojawia się w:
    Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Abiotic environmental conditions of former settlement in the vicinity of Ulów in Roztocze (SE Poland)
    Autorzy:
    Rodzik, Jan
    Nitychoruk, Jerzy
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/52586856.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Tematy:
    conditions of ancient settlement
    environment of Roztocze
    Polska
    Opis:
    The paper presents the environmental conditions of the location of a multicultural settlement functioning from the Palaeolithic to the modern times in an area of an alleged settlement void. The location of the settlement was evaluated in terms of transport and communication possibilities at the regional scale and local environmental conditions. Field research was conducted, as well as the analysis of the hydrogeological and geomorphological conditions in the context of water supply and soil conditions for the development of agriculture. The detailed analysis applied an ALS (Airbone Laser Scanning) image and geological-soil coring. The study area is located on the crossing of prehistoric transport routes the course of which depends on the variability of the natural environment at the regional scale. At the local scale, settlement was favoured by abiotic parameters of the natural environment: easily arable soils, beneficial microclimate, and hydrogeological conditions providing for the presence of water in the plateau area.
    Źródło:
    Folia Quaternaria; 2017, 85; 65-79
    0015-573X
    2199-5915
    Pojawia się w:
    Folia Quaternaria
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Uwagi na temat procesu kształtowania granic wsi w Polsce do końca XVIII wieku w kontekście morfogenetycznym
    Remarks on the process of shaping the village boundaries in Poland until the end of the eighteenth century in the morphogenetic context
    Autorzy:
    Figlus, Tomasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/965464.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    boundary
    village
    settlement
    Polska
    granica
    wieś
    osadnictwo
    morfogeneza
    Polska
    Opis:
    W artykule omówiono w zarysie proces kształtowania granic wsi w Polsce w średniowieczu i epoce nowożytnej. Analizy następstwa stosowanych procedur delimitacji oraz demarkacji granic w krajobrazie kulturowym wsi dokonano w świetle odpowiednio wyselekcjonowanego materiału źródłowego w konfrontacji z wynikami dotychczasowych badań geograficzno-historycznych w tym zakresie. W pracy podjęto także problem powiązania kwestii formowania granic z zagadnieniem pochodzenia form osadniczych w ujęciu morfogenetycznym. Pozwoliło to na wykrycie wielu prawidłowości i dało podstawę do ustalenia współzależności w sferze osadnictwa wiejskiego w okresie staropolskim.
    The article discusses the process of shaping the boundaries of the rural settlements in Poland until the end of the eighteenth century. Analysis of the procedures of delimitation and demarcation of limits in the cultural landscape of the village was carried out on the basis of the collected historical sources in the form of documents, descriptive materials and judicial maps in the confrontation with the results of geographical and historical research. In this work the problem of forming the boundaries was also connected with the issue of the morphogenesis of villages. The process of so called ujazd was the most important form of shaping the spatial extent of the villages in the Middle Ages. During the feudalization of social relations one can indicate the process of linearization of zonal boundaries. The course of demarcation gradually changed in the context of codification of border law. On the basis of comparative analysis of internal limits of the medieval villages one can identify the regular and irregular forms of layout. External limits and geometric form of village depended mainly on the temporal sequence of settlements formation. In the Modern Period the institutionalization of shaping the boundaries occurred in association with the development of the land jurisdiction. In this context, complex procedures of demarcation were commonly used, taking into account the ways of limitation and border marks used in the field. New measurement techniques and maps of border disputes were also an important innovation of demarcation. Rural settlements from that period were varied from the point of view of internal and external limits. Villages formed in the process of so called pomiara włóczna, Frederician colonization and some Olęder villages showed a high degree of regularity of internal division, and their external limits were clearly dominated by linear segments. A significant part of the manorial villages, pre-industrial settlements and a part of the Olęder villages were much less regular, both in terms of internal divisions and external limits.
    Źródło:
    Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej; 2015, 4; 253-276
    2300-0562
    2450-0127
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analysis of strengthening of the foundations of historic building
    Analiza wzmocnienia fundamentów budynku historycznego
    Autorzy:
    Kokocinska-Pakiet, E.
    Bajno, D.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40328.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    strengthening
    monument
    settlement
    building
    sacral architecture
    Polska
    history
    geotechnical parameter
    Źródło:
    Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura; 2018, 17, 2
    1644-0633
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Antropogeniczne formy ukształtowania terenu występujące we wsiach olęderskich na obszarach zagrożonych powodzią
    The anthropogenic landforms occurring in the olender settlement on the flood danger areas
    Autorzy:
    Lewandowska, J.
    Laks, I.
    Sroka, Z.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/162683.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polski Związek Inżynierów i Techników Budownictwa
    Tematy:
    Polska
    dolina rzeczna
    obszar zagrożony powodziami
    osadnictwo holenderskie
    osadnictwo niemieckie
    drenaż terenu
    Polska
    river valley
    flood risk area
    Dutch settlement
    German settlement
    land drainage
    Opis:
    Podobieństwo układów wsi olęderskich oraz założeń wiejskich w Holandii jest wynikiem przeniesienia przez kolonistów rodzimych tradycji budowlanych, w tym również metod kształtowania rzeźby terenu. Specyficzne antropogeniczne formy ukształtowania terenu są charakterystyczne dla układów ruralistycznych lokowanych w dolinach rzecznych, gdzie występuje zagrożenie powodziowe. Zastosowanie terpów, wałów, rowów melioracyjnych zwiększa odporność na destrukcyjne działanie żywiołu w trakcie epizodów powodziowych. Przeprowadzona analiza wskazuje na potrzebę uwzględniania tych form przestrzennych, mających istotny wpływ na przyszłe funkcjonowanie obszarów osadnictwa olęderskiego, w trakcie prac rewitalizacyjnych czy planistycznych.
    The resemblance of the olender settlement in Poland and the rural pattern of villages in Netherland is the result of native construction tradition transition by colonist, including methods of landform creation. Specific anthropogenic landforms are characteristic for rural patterns located in river valleys, where flood danger exists. The usage of terps, foodbanks, ditches increasing endurance of areas on the flood disaster. The research analysis shows necessity to include in revitalization or planning works that landforms, which has essential impact on functionality of olender settlement.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Budowlany; 2017, 88, 9; 66-69
    0033-2038
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Budowlany
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sentimentality versus transformation of the historical traditional rural landscape (a case study: the landscape of dutch law settlement in Poland)
    Autorzy:
    Markuszewska, Iwona
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1051083.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-03-31
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    historical traditional rural landscape HTRL
    Dutch law settlement
    place identity
    Polska
    Opis:
    The study concentrated on social attitudes towards landscape heritage and the how the place of living was perceived in the context of the transformation of the rural landscape that is currently taking place. The following question was formulated: Are individuals’ approaches to landscape and their attachment to their place of living essential in terms of landscaping and future landscape changes? The research revealed that individual perceptions of rurality and the historical traditional rural landscape (HTRL) varied in different groups of interviewees. Nevertheless, observing the loss of the landscape’s beauty was a traumatic experience, and destructive changes to the landscape were difficult to accept for most of individuals who had spent their lives in the countryside and who felt a strong sense of patrimony. Conversely, the HTRL presented a less important value to other respondents, thus the destruction they observed of the local heritage induced less painful feelings in them. Overall, the results suggest that it is one’s personal interest that will ultimately decide about his/her preservation of the HTRL in the nearest future.
    Źródło:
    Quaestiones Geographicae; 2019, 38, 1; 53-70
    0137-477X
    2081-6383
    Pojawia się w:
    Quaestiones Geographicae
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Villae iuris valachici. Z problematyki rozwoju osadnictwa wołoskiego w Polsce na przykładzie ziemi sanockiej
    Villae iuris valachici. The problems of the development of Vlach settlement in Poland in the case of Sanok region
    Autorzy:
    Figlus, Tomasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/684413.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    osadnictwo
    wieś
    Wołosi
    Polska
    ziemia sanocka
    settlement
    village
    Vlachs
    Polska
    Sanok region
    Opis:
    The article presents the results of research on selected aspects of the development of Vlach settlement confronted with the effects of the previous geographic and historical studies on this topic. The study addresses the origin and direction of migration of Vlach people in Southern, and Central and Eastern Europe, especially in Poland. This serves as a backdrop for a discussion of results of the author's comparative studies based on the collected source material. Also discussed are the issues of the distinguishing factors of Vlach law, as well as the methodological problems in identifying villages founded according to this law in Sanok region in Medieval and modern times. The paper also analyses the spatial distribution and chronological sequence of the formation of Vlach villages in the context of ownership relations and the physiographic diversity of the area of research.
    W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących wybranych aspektów rozwoju osadnictwa wołoskiego w konfrontacji z efektami dotychczasowych studiów geograficzno-historycznych na ten temat. W pracy podjęto kwestię pochodzenia i kierunków migracji ludności wołoskiej w Europie Południowej i Środkowo-Wschodniej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ziem polskich. Na tym tle omówiono wyniki studiów porównawczych autora oparte na zebranym materiale źródłowym. Zaprezentowano zagadnienie specyfiki prawa wołoskiego i problemy metodyczne w zakresie identyfikacji wsi lokowanych na tym prawie na ziemi sanockiej w późnym średniowieczu i epoce nowożytnej. Dokonano również analizy rozkładu przestrzennego i sekwencji chronologicznej powstawania wsi wołoskich w kontekście stosunków własnościowych oraz zróżnicowania fizjograficznego terenu badań.
    Źródło:
    Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej; 2016, 5; 11-37
    2300-0562
    2450-0127
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Uwagi do dziejów osadnictwa na obszarze dawnego powiatu orłowskiego w średniowieczu
    Comments on the history of settlement in the area of former Orłów district in the Middle Ages
    Autorzy:
    Ćwikła, Łukasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2129994.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-06-28
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    powiat orłowski
    średniowieczne osadnictwo
    Polska
    średniowiecze
    Orłów district
    medieval settlement
    Polska
    The Middle Ages
    Opis:
    W artykule sformułowano kilka uwag i spostrzeżeń o charakterze teoretyczno-metodologicznym na temat dziejów osadnictwa na obszarze dawnego powiatu orłowskiego, a także zasygnalizowano pojawienie się nowych punktów osadniczych na wspomnianym terytorium. W tekście wykazano krytycyzm względem formułowania wniosków na temat chronologii poszczególnych osiedli, wyciąganych na podstawie błędnie określonego kształtu wsi, zwłaszcza zaś przesuwania metryki osad do okresu wczesnego średniowiecza. Ponadto udało się wskazać na nową datę pierwszego zapisu źródłowego odnośnie do kilku miejscowości znajdujących się na terenie powiatu.
    In this article, several theoretical and methodological remarks and observations have been formulated regarding the history of settlement in the former Orłów district, and also the emergence of new settlement points in this area. This text demonstrates criticism towards formulating conclusions about the chronology of individual settlement points, drawn on the basis of an incorrectly defined shape of the village, and especially the shifting of the settlement metrics to the early Middle Ages. Moreover, it was possible to indicate the new date for the first source entry for several localities in the district.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Nauk Historycznych; 2022, 21, 1; 285-300
    1644-857X
    2450-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Nauk Historycznych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Spatial variability of the socio-economic development in terms of population and settlement at the level of NUTS 4 units. The case study of Poland, Slovakia and Lithuania
    Zróżnicowanie poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego w aspekcie ludność i osadnictwo na poziomie jednostek NUTS 4. Przykład Polski, Słowacji i Litwy
    Autorzy:
    Krupickaite, Dovile
    Konecka-Szydłowska, Barbara
    Hauke, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023187.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014-03-20
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    population
    settlement
    NUTS 4
    Polska
    Slovakia
    Lithuania
    ludność
    osadnictwo
    jednostki NUTS 4
    Polska
    Słowacja
    Litwa
    Opis:
    The aim of the study is to analyze disparities in socio-economic development in terms of population and settlement in supranational dimension. The analysis was carried out on the example of three countries: Poland, Slovakia and Lithuania and refers to units of local level – NUTS 4, with 379, 79, and 60, respectively, units. The time range of research covers the period 2000–2010. The main result of the analysis is identification of three types of areas: areas of growth, transition and stagnation in terms of the population-settlement for these three countries treated together as a single object at a local level (NUTS 4). We also investigate the spatial auto-correlation with the use of the global statistics I – Moran, together with an analysis of the local index of spatial dependence (LISA) and separate determinants that most affect the level of socio-economic development value measured by the synthetic index in terms of population and settlement at the local level.
    Celem opracowania jest analiza zróżnicowania poziomu rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego w aspekcie ludność i osadnictwo w wymiarze ponadkrajowym. Analiza prowadzona na przykładzie trzech państw: Polski, Słowacji i Litwy i odnosi się do jednostek poziomu lokalnego NUTS 4, które liczą odpowiednio 379, 79 i 60 jednostek. Zakres czasowy badań obejmuje lata 2000–2010. Podstawowym wynikiem przeprowadzonej analizy jest wydzielenie w układzie trzech państw na poziomie lokalnym (NUTS 4) obszarów wzrostu, przejściowych i stagnacji w aspekcie ludnościowo-osadniczym. Ponadto obliczono wartości lokalnej statystyki I – Morana wraz z analizą lokalnych współczynników zależności przestrzennej (LISA) i wydzielono determinanty, które najbardziej wpływają na wartości wskaźnika syntetycznego Ws w aspekcie ludność i osadnictwo na poziomie lokalnym.
    Źródło:
    Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna; 2014, 25; 135-149
    2353-1428
    Pojawia się w:
    Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Anthropogenic impact of urban settlements on inorganic anions content in selected watercourses in the Subcarpathian region of Poland
    Autorzy:
    Kolebuk, T.
    Madej, D.
    Pieniazek, R.
    Bilek, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/871397.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego. Państwowy Zakład Higieny
    Tematy:
    anthropogenic impact
    urban settlement
    river
    water pollution
    chloride
    nitrate
    sulphate
    ion chromatography
    inorganic anion content
    watercourse
    Subcpathian region
    Polska
    Opis:
    Background. Legislation for environmentally protecting surface waters in Poland and the EU is considered a priority because of the large human impact on this environmental feature in both highly industrialised countries as well as those that are agriculturally well developed. The biggest threats are regarded as being sewage arising from economic, industrial and agricultural pollution along with rain water run-off from fields treated with fertilizers. One of the most characteristic indicators of pollution exposure in surface waters are inorganic anions which form the principal components of town sewage and fertilizers. Objectives. The estimate the effect that six selected sites of human settlement have on variously sized watercourses running through. The human environmental impact was based on determination of chlorides, nitrates and sulphates concentrations in such waters. Materials and Methods. Water samples were obtained from the following rivers and towns, respectively; the Nil in Kolbuszowa, the Mleczka in Przeworsk, the San in Jaroslaw, the Wislok in Rzeszow, the Bystrzyca in Olimpow and an unnamed watercourse in Niwiska. Sampling sites were chosen at 4-6 points along each watercourse for a given locality. Analyte levels were measured by ion chromatography using the Dionex ICS 1000 instrument. Results. Mean chlorides concentrations were found to vary from 8.52 (±0.17, n=3) mg/L to 78.41 (±0.19, n=3) mg/L, mean nitrates were 6.76 (±0.00, n=3) mg/L to 23.97 (±1.50, n=3) mg/L and mean sulphates from 29.89 (±1.57, n=3) mg/L to 62.48 (±2.99, n=3) mg/L. The clearest environmental effect of settlements on watercourses were observed for the small to medium sized towns of Kolbuszowa, Przeworsk and Jaroslaw in the form of frequently elevated chlorides levels from sewage. Conclusions. By designating various sampling locations, along the watercourses for measuring the human environmental impact of nearby settlements, it is possible to identify sources of river pollution and thus take appropriate remedial action, as and when required.
    Wprowadzenie. Ochrona wód powierzchniowych traktowana jest przez polskie i europejskie ustawodawstwo priorytetowo ze względu na wysoki stopień antropopresji na ten element środowiska, zarówno w krajach wysoko uprzemysłowionych jak i z rozwiniętą gospodarką rolną. Za najgroźniejsze uznaje się zanieczyszczenia ściekami bytowo-gospodarczymi, przemysłowymi i rolnymi, a także wodami opadowych z pól użyźnianych nawozami sztucznymi. Jednym z najbardziej charakterystycznych wskaźników narażenia wód powierzchniowych na zanieczyszczenia są aniony nieorganiczne, stanowiące składnik ścieków komunalnych i nawozów sztucznych. Cel badań. Celem niniejszej pracy było oszacowanie wpływu wybranych sześciu jednostek osadniczych na przepływające przez nie różnej wielkości cieki wodne. Stopień antropopresji określony został na podstawie oznaczania zawartości chlorków, azotanów (V) i siarczanów (VI) na przebiegu cieku wodnego przez jednostkę osadniczą. Materiał i metody. Próbki wody do badań pobierano z rzek: Nil w miejscowości Kolbuszowa, Mleczka w miejscowości Przeworsk, San w miejscowości Jarosław, Wisłok w miejscowości Rzeszów, Bystrzyca w miejscowości Olimpów i z bezimiennego cieku wodnego w miejscowości Niwiska. Miejsca pobierania próbek wytypowano w czterech do sześciu punktach cieku wodnego, charakterystycznych dla danej miejscowości. W pobranych próbkach oznaczano zawartość chlorków, azotanów (V) i siarczanów (VI) przy użyciu chromatografu jonowego Dionex ICS 1000. Wyniki. W badanych próbkach średnia zawartość chlorków wahała się od 8,52 (±0,17, n=3) mg/l do 78,41 (±0,19, n=3) mg/l, azotanów (V) od 6,76 (±0,00, n=3) mg/l do 23,97 (±1,50, n=3) mg/l i siarczanów (VI) od 29,89 (±1,57, n=3) mg/l do 62,48 (±2,99, n=3) mg/l. Najwyraźniejszy wpływ jednostek osadniczych na cieki wodne obserwowano w przypadku ich przebiegu przez małe i średnie miasta: Kolbuszową, Przeworsk i Jarosław. Antropopresja jednostek osadniczych manifestuje się najczęściej wzrostem stężeń chlorków będących składnikiem ścieków komunalnych. Wnioski. Typowanie kilka punktów poboru próbek wody do badań, zlokalizowanych na odcinku cieku wodnego poddanego antropopresji, pozwala zidentyfikować źródła zanieczyszczeń rzek i ustanowić odpowiednie działania naprawcze.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny; 2015, 66, 2
    0035-7715
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dom to nie tylko dach i cztery ściany… O budownictwie w późnej starożytności w Europie Północnej i Środkowej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ziem polskich
    A House Means Not Only Four Walls and a Roof… On House Building in Northern and Central Europe in Late Antiquity with Special Consideration of Poland
    Autorzy:
    Schuster, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048809.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    okres przedrzymski
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    okres wędrówek ludów
    budownictwo
    długi dom
    archeologia osadnictwa
    Polska
    Pre-Roman Iron Age
    Roman Iron Age
    Migration Period
    house building
    long-house
    settlement archaeology
    Polska
    Opis:
    One of the most interesting, but sometimes slightly underestimated topics of research as a whole into the Late Antiquity of the ‘barbaric’ part of Europe is the development of longhouses and settlements. This paper is an attempt to combine the results of long-term research on construction and settlements from the Iron Age (with a main focus on the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period) in the western part of Central Europe and Scandinavia with the results of relevant research in Poland. This is no easy task. Despite undeniable research progress in recent decades, settlement archaeology in Poland is still in the early stage of searching for patterns of recognition and reconstruction of longhouses that can contribute to the determination of individual house types. The aim of this paper is to convince the Polish research community that it is necessary to change its perspective on the subject of Iron Age house building and especially on the spatial organisation of settlements. Too often, one can observe an avoidance of careful and accurate analysis of archaeological objects in relation to the reconstruction of house plans – partly out of fear of misinterpretation, partly due to inability, partly because of habit and use of well-worn research paths, but often also out of a lack of reflection on the regularities and laws of statics and carpentry methods. In this way (unnecessarily), a gap was created between two (artificially created) zones of barbaric Europe that lacks one of the basic features of working on archaeological material within the so-called Germania magna: comparability. For a long time, the pit house was regarded as the main residential building in Late Antiquity in the area of Poland. Additionally, post houses were and are being reconstructed that could never have existed in this way. As a result of efforts to adapt the shape of the house to his own needs and economic requirements, a man living in Central and Northern Europe had already created a universal building in the Neolithic (Fig. 2) that we call a longhouse. However, this building is not a homogeneous creation. In different periods of time, in regionally determined varieties, it occurs in different forms. On the basis of certain design features, arrangements of roof-bearing structures and other elements, these varieties are recognised as house types. Similarly to the classification of artefacts and analysis of the distribution of different types, variants and varieties, the analysis of house types also helps us to determine the peculiarities of individual societies and groups, to track their development and to recognise zones of common tradition and contact networks. At this point, I would venture to say that construction traditions even more closely reflect the characteristics of individual societies than, for example, brooches whose forms have undergone rapid fashion changes and influences from various milieus. For large areas in western Central Europe and Scandinavia, we can determine house types that can be grouped into overarching categories, defining building tradition zones (Hauslandschaften). In the relevant works, such regions east of the Oder have not yet found their place. It is high time to change that. I decided to review in the first part of the paper the most important issues related to Iron Age house building, given the fact that this paper cannot cover and discuss all aspects of the issue. Construction details, forms and basic types of longhouses in northern Central Europe are discussed, followed by the layout of farmsteads and settlements. The second part of the article attempts to relate the results of settlement archaeology in western Central Europe and Scandinavia to research results in Poland, often based on a reinterpretation of published features. When discussing the main features – the description of the post hole, the appearance and foundation of the post itself, the walls, doorways, roofs and house types, as well as the layout of farmsteads and settlements – I always had in mind and attempted to refer to the situation in Poland. It is a trivial statement that the most important feature in settlement research is the post hole. We owe the first detailed description of the archaeological feature which we call a post hole to A. Kiekebusch (1870–1935), an employee and later a department head of the Märkisches Museum in Berlin. He had contact with C. Schuchhardt (1859–1943), one of the founders of the Römisch-Germanische Kommission in Frankfurt am Main. From 1899, he, in turn, conducted excavations in the Roman legionnaire camp of the Augustus period in Haltern on the northern edge of the Ruhr region, during which, for the first time on a large scale, attention was paid to the remains of ancient post foundations. Thus, research in Haltern can be regarded as the beginning of modern settlement archaeology. During research on the early Iron Age stronghold Römerschanze in Potsdam, Schuchardt transferred the discovery of the research value of the post hole to ‘barbarian’ archaeology. The aforementioned A. Kiekebusch participated in research on Römerschanze; C. Schuchardt’s innovative research methods made a huge impression on him. In the publication of results of his own excavation of a Bronze Age settlement in Berlin-Buch, he described the appearance and properties of the post hole on eleven (!) pages (Fig. 4). The turn of the 19th/20th cent. is also a breakthrough in settlement archaeology in the Scandinavian countries. Here, however, the road was slightly different than on the continent, in a figurative sense from the general to the detail. Geographical conditions and construction methods, sometimes quite different from the way houses were erected in Central Europe, were conducive to the discovery of real Iron Age ruins of three-aisled houses and in this way it was known almost from the very beginning of settlement research that the houses were elongated and based on the structure of regularly placed roof-bearing posts. For example, in 1924, plans were published of the remains of burnt down houses in the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age settlement at Kraghede in northern Jutland that was discovered in 1906 (Fig. 5). The posts of these houses have survived partly as charred wood, which greatly facilitated the interpretation of discovered traces. The 1920s and 30s witnessed a real leap in settlement archaeology, which was also observed on the continent, e.g. in the Netherlands. A.E. van Giffen (1888–1973) conducted excavations in 1923–1934 in the area of the warf/Wurt/wierde/terp at Ezinge in the Dutch part of Friesland – a Late Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age settlement. These names, mentioned in Dutch, Frisian and North German dialects, refer to an artificial hill in the North Sea shore region, created to protect house sites against high tide and floods. Moisture in the earth was conducive to the preservation of organic materials, and because of this van Giffen also found ‘real’ ruins of houses (Fig. 6). Large-scale excavations of this type in Germany were conducted in 1954–1963 at the Feddersen Wierde site. The results of this research were just as spectacular as in the case of the settlement at Ezinge (Fig. 46, 47). Large-scale research began in various countries in the 1960s as part of extensive research projects. In Denmark, the nationwide ‘Settlement and Landscape’ project resulted, among others, in the uncovering of a huge area with several settlements/farm clusters from the Pre-Roman Iron Age at Grøntoft, Jutland (Fig. 1). The completely surveyed, enclosed settlement from the Pre-Roman Iron Age at Hodde, Jutland must be mentioned in this context, too. At Vorbasse in Jutland, a huge area from the Late Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlement was uncovered. After pioneering research at Feddersen Wierde in the 1970s, as part of the ‘North Sea Programme’ project of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Community), research began at the 1st to 6th cent. CE settlement site at Flögeln in the German part of the southern coast of the North Sea. The results became fundamental not only for this region of Germany. As part of the competitive project ‘Research on Iron Age settlements’ of the Academy of Sciences in East Berlin, large-scale excavations were conducted in settlements of the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlements at Tornow in Lower Lusatia and at Herzsprung in the Uckermark. Already at the turn of the 1950s/60s, the famous Early and Late Roman Iron Age settlement at Wijster in the northern Netherlands was excavated, but the area studied was not comparable in size to the areas of the above-mentioned sites. In 1974, excavations began at Oss in the southern part of the country, starting in 1979 within the so-called Maaskant-Project of the University of Leiden, which led to the unveiling of an extremely large area, consisting of many, slightly dispersed excavations at so-called native settlements from the Pre-Roman Iron Age and the time when this region was part of the Roman Empire. North of the Rhine and Waal, in the northern Netherlands, the Peelo site is situated. Here, in the 1970s and 1980s, extensive excavations at several neighbouring settlement sites were carried out as part of the ‘Peelo project’ of the Biologisch-Archaeologisch Instituut of the University of Groningen. Similar large excavations were conducted in the 1980s at Colmschate in the eastern Netherlands by the Rijksdienst voor Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Archeologische Werkgemeenschap Nederland and Archeologie Deventer. The settlement traces date back to the Bronze Age up to medieval times. In the meantime, many new and important large-scale settlement excavations took place that cannot all be mentioned here. In the following chapters, I discuss the most important basic features of longhouses, beginning with the post hole and the post itself. Along with the growing sensitivity of archaeologists towards this issue and thanks to the good condition of surviving posts, there are more and more examples of houses where planks were used as roof-bearing poles. Excellent examples are the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age house at Jerup on Vendsyssel-Thy and two Late Roman Iron Age houses at Ragow and Klein Köris, both south of Berlin (Fig. 8). In some cases, there is evidence that the post was secured in the ground, such as a plank basement at the settlement of Klein Köris, anchoring at Feddersen Wierde or stones used as stabilisation like at Herzsprung (Fig. 7). In eastern Brandenburg, we have seen partial or complete post-hole fillings of burnt or unburnt clay, especially in the case of granaries. Depending on the function of the post, the sizes of the post holes can differ. The deepest post holes often belong to roof-bearing and doorway posts. It is interesting that this applies not only to three-aisle, but also to two-aisled houses (Fig. 10). This fact can be useful in the case of incomplete house plans. The basic typological division of longhouses refers to the general roof-bearing construction (three-aisled, two-aisled, one-aisled and so-called four-aisled houses). Three-aisled houses were not invented in the Iron Age; they appeared as early the Early Bronze Age (Fig. 11) within a large zone including northwestern France and Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden. Although closely related to the idea of keeping livestock in the same building where people lived, well-dated three-aisled houses with a stall do not date to earlier than around 1400 BCE. During the Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age, the area of occurrence of these houses contracted slightly; they were erected in a wide zone south of the North Sea, in the Netherlands and northern Germany, Jutland, on the Danish islands and in southern areas of Norway and Sweden. Due to intensive settlement research carried out since the 1990s, we know that – at least in the Roman Iron Age – all of Mecklenburg, Western Pomerania, most of Brandenburg and some regions at the Middle Elbe belonged to this zone of three-aisled houses. The layout of two-aisled houses differs slightly due to construction based on only one row of roof-bearing posts. The arrangement and number of posts are often not as regular as in the case of three-aisled houses, which can create problems when interpreting house plans. Two-aisled longhouses, known from Neolithic sites, and sometimes appeared in a surprising similar form at Bronze Age, Roman Iron Age and Migration Period sites south of the Baltic Sea (Fig. 13), were replaced in Scandinavia and the southern North Sea coast region by three-aisled houses as early as the Middle Bronze Age. The zone of appearance of two-aisled houses is not that well specified and seems to have changed over time. In the west, it is situated to the south of the three-aisled house zone, reaching Westphalia, eastern Brandenburg and parts of Saxony. In Lower Lusatia and south of Berlin, so-called four-aisled houses were discovered (Fig. 14, 63). It is not easy to interpret the plans of these buildings. Here, I present a new proposition for the characteristic post arrangement as supporting a loft (Fig. 64). In the case of one-aisled houses, the inner space is free of posts (Fig. 15) since the walls took over the roof-bearing function. It was a very demanding construction because poor carpentry of joining elements above the wall line inevitably led to its destabilisation and collapse, so it appeared on a larger scale at the beginning of the Middle Ages. However, we also know a few one-aisled longhouses dating to an earlier period. In the next chapter, all elements of the walls are discussed. Special attention is drawn to the fact that rows of posts and walls do not necessarily line up. Since the wall construction is not connected to the house frame or roof, its roof-bearing function can often be excluded (Fig. 20). As the ruins at Feddersen Wierde demonstrate, the line of the wall and that of lateral posts may differ. A special feature are the outer, eave-supporting posts (Fig. 21) that we know from houses in both the west and in the east, but at different times. Such constructions seem to appear in Poland, too. Most of the walls were probably built using the wattle and daub technique. It was predominant used in Central and Northern Europe, but was not the only technique. Houses with wall trenches might have been built with palisade-like walls, with planks (Fig. 26) or as log constructions (Fig. 27). Sometimes there are no traces of the walls at all and the construction must have been over-ground (Fig. 25, 29). With respect to log construction, one drawback is the need for timber, which in regions with limited timber resources can be decisive for choosing another wall variant. For constructing the huge Early Bronze Age house (33.5×ca. 8 m) at Legård on Thy-Vendsyssel (Fig. 27), it was calculated that about 150 oak trees were needed! Most longhouses were built with a rectangular plan, but a quite high number of longhouses in Northern and Central Europe had apse-shaped gable walls (Fig. 30). Roof reconstruction of three-aisled houses with that characteristic seems to pose no problem (Fig. 40–44), but in the case of two-aisled houses with a roof-bearing post in the apse-shaped gable wall, the task of reconstruction is challenging. Regarding the interior structure of Iron Age longhouses, we have a lot of information from the well-preserved house ruins at Feddersen Wierde (Fig. 47–50) and burnt down houses from Denmark (Fig. 51). They prove the widespread use of houses with a living area and stall under one roof. In other cases, the inner division is proven by the existence of small trenches where the partition walls of the boxes were placed (Fig. 52, 53). For now, we cannot determine the precise range of this economic model; the easternmost houses with stall trenches were discovered in Lower Lusatia (right on the German-Polish border). Placing animals under the same roof as people is not a phenomenon limited to antiquity. In some regions of Germany and the Netherlands, it was a fairly common form of farming in modern times. Some of these houses survived until the 1970s (Fig. 54). This type of house was found in a long zone from the vicinity of Amsterdam to the Hel Peninsula – mainly in the zone of the historical range of the Low German language, which is therefore called Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus. At a time when Bronze Age and Iron Age longhouses began to be intensively researched in the Netherlands and Germany, the memory of the original functioning of Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus, so similar to ancient buildings, was still alive, and the grandparents or parents of these researchers often lived in them or knew of such houses anecdotally (Fig. 55:1–3). Some very old buildings showed common structural features with houses from the Roman Iron Age. A comparison of the characteristics of ancient and modern houses has greatly facilitated approaching the subject and interpreting the results of excavations. However, it has sometimes also led to the use of inadequate terms that survive to this day and which are misleading. For example, if the famous researcher of rural architecture J. Schepers talked about Germanisches Hallenhaus or W. Haarnagel in his monumental monograph uses the term dreischiffige Hallenhäuser, they were influenced by the use of almost the same name of the above-mentioned medieval and modern houses that in terms of internal division are so similar to three-aisled longhouses from the Iron Age. However, there is a significant functional difference: the term Halle (hall) in Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus refers to a room with a threshing floor in the central nave, located between livestock bays. This room is large and hall-like, and that is why the houses were given the name Hallenhaus. The ‘hall’ in Late Antiquity (Fig. 58, 59) and medieval times had a completely different meaning and does not mean the same as in the case of rural houses from later times. In the next chapter, I discuss congruencies of house plans as a source of interpretation of incompletely preserved longhouses and for typological divisions. In regard to the latter, we have to take into account the state of preservation, touch-ups, repairs, modifications, extensions and superposition of house plans that influence the interpretation of the record. The same applies to farmsteads and even whole settlements that have been shifted, rebuilt, changed in layout and so on (Fig. 75–80). The issue of forms and structures of settlements is a rather complicated topic, because the condition for their assessment is a completely uncovered site. Such objects are rare, and even if a large complex is excavated, we can only assess the arrangement of objects within the excavations. This statement sounds trivial, but I emphasise this fact because we cannot be sure that there were no satellite units belonging to the given settlement nearby. This is well illustrated by the plan of extremely interesting features at Galsted in southern Jutland (Fig. 81). Its second phase represents another step of settlement evolution and is similar to what we know from settlements such as Nørre Snede in eastern Jutland (Fig. 82). The layout of farmsteads – although already present at some Late Pre-Roman Iron Age sites – represents the state of development of Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlements. The earliest settlements of this type stem from Jutland, while the tendency to set up large, enclosed rectangular or trapezoidal farms in northern Germany is observable from the late 1st cent. CE and in the northern Netherlands from the 2nd cent. CE. The phenomenon of ‘stationary’ settlements is also known from East Germany, including the already mentioned settlements at Dallgow-Döberitz, Wustermark, Herzsprung or Göritz. Probably such settlements were discovered in Poland, too (see below). Settlements of this type replaced settlements with a different structure, dating to the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Their features included a loose arrangement of farms (rather unfenced) spread out over a large area (Fig. 1) and instability of house and farm sites. Houses and farmsteads were not occupied for a long period of time, but changed relatively quickly (the so-called wandering/shifting settlements). In the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age in Jutland and – in a slightly different form – in the northern Netherlands, completely enclosed settlements appeared. It was a fairly short-lived phenomenon (that ended in the 1st cent. CE), but the first step to stationary settlements, where farmsteads were designed to last for a longer period of time. At sites such as Nørre Snede in Jutland or Flögeln at the North Sea, there was a slow shifting of farmsteads, but over a period of several hundred years. With such a slow pace of changes in the positions of houses and farms, we can actually talk about stationary farms/settlements. It should be emphasised that the structure of settlements during the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period was not compact and there were no clusters of houses around a free square, as is sometimes suggested in Polish literature (admittedly on the basis of insufficient evidence). The image of settlements at that time resembles instead a group of several farms, sometimes in rows. We also know this spatial organisation from settlements in the left-bank regions of the Oder and Neisse Rivers (the German-Polish border) and there is no reason to believe that it was different to the east of these rivers. Despite undeniable progress in recent decades, settlement archaeology in Poland is still at the very beginning of searching for patterns for the recognition and reconstruction of longhouses that can contribute to the determination of individual types. Before completing this stage, analyses at a higher heuristic level do not yet make sense. All attempts to reconstruct settlement structures and search for references in building traditions to other regions in the Barbaricum have ended and often continue to end in failure. There are several reasons for this. First of all, this type of work from the second half of the 20th cent. mainly consisted of incorrect assumptions and axioms – especially regarding the dominance of pit houses in settlements. Secondly, the material that was available cannot create a suitable base for far-reaching conclusions – often the uncovered parts of the settlements were and are still too small to decipher the structures at all; sometimes it is not even possible to say in which part of a given settlement (or farmstead) the researchers conducted excavations. Another, also quite important point is the inaccurate or incompetent recognition of plans for alleged or actually non-existent post houses (Fig. 83). For decades, ‘buildings’ have been published that have no right to exist. Even in contemporary works, we can still find reconstructions (basically recreations) of primitive huts without statics or carpentry rules (Fig. 83), which were exceeded – if they had existed – by longhouses, even in the Neolithic. If buildings were created that have never existed, then obviously the image of a given farmstead must be false, not to mention the settlement structure. The necessity to verify published materials from settlements resulting from the state of research as I have described it does not need to be particularly emphasised. In a sense, the above-mentioned region between the Oder and the Elbe can be a benchmark for Poland. With regard to the state of research on settlements and the research paradigm, the situation in recent decades has been very similar to the situation in recent years in Poland. Until the early 1990s, the regions east of the Elbe could barely contribute to research on the subject of longhouses in the Barbaricum. It seemed that the presence of such buildings at settlements east of these regions that B. Trier (1969) had examined in his basic monograph on Iron Age longhouses was impossible. The very few examples were treated as exceptions. But due to large, often linear investments in infrastructure renewal in the early 1990s, the situation in Eastern Germany changed radically. Suddenly, longhouses started to appear at almost every settlement surveyed. One of the first excavations of this type was carried out in 1994 at the settlement site at Dallgow-Döberitz, a few kilometres west of Berlin, where at least 28 longhouses were discovered, primarily of the three-aisled variety. Publication of research results at Herzsprung in the Uckermark became a milestone, proving in the Oder region the existence not only of three-aisled longhouses, but farmsteads with a layout that was known only until that time from southern Scandinavia and the western part of Central Europe. In 1994–1997, 25 longhouses, mainly two-aisled, were uncovered at Göritz in Lower Lusatia. Today, a similar shift in settlement archaeology is taking place in Poland. Nevertheless, the attempts to distinguish longhouses at settlements in Poland and, at the same time, the frequent lack of experience of archaeologists in this field led to the creation and inclusion of objects that either did not exist in this form or not at all. The biggest obstacle is the lack of models to recognise house types, reflected by the arrangement of posts. There are still very few confidently confirmed three-aisled longhouses in Poland, yet this fact seems to result from the state of research rather than reflect the realities of the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period. To date, we do know four ‘definite’ buildings of this type, three from Pomerania and one from Mazovia; two others houses from central and southern Poland probably also belong to this group: the house I/A at Czarnowo in Western Pomerania (Fig. 85), a not fully uncovered house at Ostrowite in southeastern Pomerania (Fig. 86:1), a house at Leśno in southeastern Pomerania (Fig. 87), and a house in Rawa Mazowiecka (site 38) in western Mazovia (Fig. 88). In my opinion, the traces of a house at Kuców in Central Poland have to be interpreted as two rows of the roof-bearing posts of a three-aisled building (Fig. 89:1), while a house at Domasław in Lower Silesia also probably belongs to the three-aisled type (Fig. 90). Today, we know more examples of two-aisled houses than of three-aisled houses, which primarily appear only in the Przeworsk Culture area. It seems that in fact two-aisled houses were dominant in the area of this cultural unit, but it is still a bit too early to determine this with great certainty. The largest series of longhouses results from excavations of the settlement at Konarzewo near Poznań (Fig. 91), a smaller group we know from the Bzura River region (Fig. 94). The latter form a group that can be used to define the first longhouse type in Poland, the Konotopa type. A very interesting house was discovered in the 1960s at Wólka Łasiecka in Central Poland (Fig. 95). Although the arrangement of the posts is very clear, it can be read in the source publication, and sometimes in later ones, that this building is a three-aisled house. Actually, we are dealing with a two-aisled house with additional, external eave-supporting posts. In the case of the settlement at Izdebno Kościelne in western Mazovia, one can point to a house that was not included in the analysis of the site plan (Fig. 97). The same applies to a two-aisled longhouse at Janków in Central Poland (Fig. 96). It also belongs to the ‘verified’ buildings which were distinguished after the publication of the research results. The above-mentioned house at Wólka Łasiecka can be interpreted as a ‘lime kiln building’ on the basis of similar houses that, for example, were discovered at Klein Köris near Berlin and Herzsprung in the Uckermark. At the latter site, several buildings of this type have been even discovered, at least four of which were longhouses (e.g. Fig. 99:1.6). Lime kiln houses in other forms at this settlement (Fig. 100:3) and subsequent ones (Fig. 99:7, 100:1.2) show that there are many variants of such buildings. It might seem that production halls with limes kilns are a special feature of the settlements of Central Europe from the left-bank regions of the Oder and Neisse to the Vistula. However, the example from Osterrönfeld and houses from the settlement at Galsted in southern Jutland that are not yet published warn against this inference. It is not an exaggeration to claim that previous attempts to distinguish farmsteads in Poland have usually lacked sufficient evidence; often such an activity was and is simply impossible. There are several reasons for this: in the first place, often there are no reliable house plans, also the excavation area is too small and – it should be strongly emphasised – the research results are presented as a schematic plan only or in the form of a plan with symbols. Recently, contrast has been emphasised between the interpretation of the ‘farmstead’ approach among researchers from ‘west of the Oder’ and researchers in Poland, which in my opinion results mainly from the state of research and – probably even in a decisive way – from the research paradigm, and under no circumstances reflects ancient conditions. The results of excavations in recent years have shown that such an contradiction – if used to refer to archaeological material – is only apparent and artificial. The basis for analysing settlement structures in terms of farmsteads is quite narrow, although there are few proposals worth considering. In a separate article, I re-analysed published research results in the area of the settlement at Wytrzyszczki in Central Poland in terms of some longhouses. In addition to the alternative interpretation of buildings, the published plan and field documentation analysis provide the basis for a new interpretation of the spatial organisation of the uncovered part of the settlement (Fig. 102–104). An interesting arrangement of objects was observed at the settlement in at Mąkolice in Central Poland. Both post and pit houses as well as production facilities were uncovered here. The dispersion of all objects is quite clear, but several issues remain an open question (Fig. 105). Closely related to the form of the farmsteads is their arrangement relative to each other, meaning the form of a settlement. Polish literature holds the view that one of the basic forms of settlements of the Przeworsk Culture (because it is the only one we can say anything about) is the circular settlement. The above-mentioned settlement from Wytrzyszczki in Central Poland and well-known settlement from Konarzewo near Poznań cannot be called circular under any circumstances as has happened in the literature (Fig. 104, 106). Concerning the spatial organisation of settlements from areas east of the Oder, I am convinced that they did not differ from settlements in areas west of this river (Fig. 108, 109). The latest field research results provide us with more and more arguments confirming this thesis. The basic unit of each settlement was a farmstead, which was spatially organised as economic units in the western and northern regions of the Barbaricum.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 3-159
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-13 z 13

      Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies