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Tytuł:
An overview of municipal solid waste management in Poland. The current situation, problems and challenges
Autorzy:
Alwaeli, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/207288.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
municipal solid waste
waste management
environmental policy
waste landfill
Polska
overview
miejskie wysypisko śmieci
gospodarka odpadami
polityka ochrony środowiska
polityka środowiskowa
składowisko odpadów
Polska
przegląd
Opis:
An overview of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Poland has been presented. The processes of waste generation and composition have been described and a comprehensive review of MSWM in Poland has been provided, covering some of the important aspects of waste management, such as the current status of waste collection, transport and disposal in Poland. An additional aim of the present work was to identify the potential barriers and the factors affecting waste management as well as provide recommendations for system improvement in Poland and other similar developing countries. An analysis shows that the state of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Poland is not yet as developed as in many other EU countries. Landfilling is still the predominant method used for the disposal of MSW. Composting and incineration are also used but refer only to a small percentage of the total. According to the latest data (31st December 2014), around 84% of MSW was collected and transported and that ca. 53% was disposed of in landfill, ca. 7% was incinerated at waste-to-energy plants, ca. 11% was treated at organic waste recovery plants and 23% was delivered to sorting. The average generation rate of MSW was 293 kg/capita/year. Generally, recycling in Poland is on the increase, especially concerning easily collectable and recyclable materials such as paper, plastics, glass and metals. Around 37% of MSW collected selectively is recycled.
Źródło:
Environment Protection Engineering; 2015, 41, 4; 181-193
0324-8828
Pojawia się w:
Environment Protection Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
POLSKA HISTORIOGRAFIA PROCESÓW O CZARY. ZARYS PROBLEMU
POLISH HISTORIOGRAPHY OF WITCH-TRIALS. ISSUE OVERVIEW
Autorzy:
HAJDRYCH, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/909856.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
historiography
Polska
witchcraft
witches
witchcraft trials
Opis:
Over the last 20 years in Poland there has been a great increase in interest in witch trials of modern times. Th is paper gathers information about the most important Polish papers writt en on that subject and published between 1925 and 2016. Th e paper especially focuses on the period aft er World War II, when the subject of witch trials was researched by B. Baranowski, as well as on modern times (represented by M. Pilaszek, J. Wijaczka and T. Wiślicz).
Źródło:
Historia@Teoria; 2017, 2, 4; 209-221
2450-8047
Pojawia się w:
Historia@Teoria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Place of NATO in Russian Security Policy in The 21st Century – Overview of The Matter
Autorzy:
Lisiakiewicz, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2003760.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
NATO
Polska
Russia
security
Opis:
In 2006 Dimitry Trenin stated that Russia left the West and began to work on creation of her own sphere on influence. The area of Russian activity in particular was the post-Soviet zone where Moscow wanted to rebuild their dominant position. Sergey Karaganow added: “Moscow has realized that she neither wants to nor she can afford to integrate with the West on the conditions proposed by the West – the type of integration without the right of veto”38. Alexander Dugin, an Euro-Asian ideologist claimed: “We proved that we did not give a damn about NATO and we were not afraid of it. We have the nuclear weapon and we are ready to use it. Russia crossed the line from which she can not withdraw anymore. This is a course for the revival of Russian sovereignty and the position of regional power – in practice, not just in words”39. The above quotations reflect the Russian attitude to the NATO and show the role of this organization for Russia. Undoubtedly, the Alliance is perceived by Russia as a threat and a rival. The reasons of such perception are primarily the Alliance’s claims to play the role of a “guardian” of global peace, attempts to interfere in the area recognized by Russia as her sphere of influence, strengthening the position of NATO in Eastern Europe and project of development new defence technologies such as missile defence. Since the 90s Russia consistently has been trying to undermine the importance of NATO and to put it into the frame of international structures of security governance. In 2010 minister Sergey Lavrov argued that NATO is a relic of a bygone era and should be subjugated to the principles of the UN Security Council.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2017, 22; 76-87
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kierunki polityki państwa wobec rodziny w latach 1989–2015
Overview of the Polish family policy in 1989–2015
Autorzy:
Sobociński, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11541873.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
family policy
social policy
Polska
transformation
familialism
Opis:
The paper presents main directions of family policy in Poland. The author distinguishes and analyses three main periods: the transformation period (1989–1997), the transition period (1997–2005), and the mature period (2005–2015). The paper identifies and discusses three most durable characteristics of the Polish model of family policy, i.e. the lack of coherence and institutional integrity, pro-natalism, and familialism. In general, differences between main political actors in the area of family policy have not been significant. However, the tensions between pro-market and culturally conservative ideas have influenced the policies to the largest extent.
Źródło:
Studia BAS; 2016, 1(45); 31-54
2080-2404
2082-0658
Pojawia się w:
Studia BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Comprehensive overview of the Polish-Ukrainian cross-border cooperation
Kompleksowy przegląd polsko-ukraińskiej współpracy transgranicznej
Autorzy:
Parlinska, A.
Zamora, O.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/37601.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
Polska
Ukraine
cooperation
cross-border cooperation
Euroregion
socioeconomic analysis
Opis:
The article is dedicated to the comprehensive analysis of the cross-border cooperation between Polish and Ukrainian border regions, which are involved in euroregions, established on their basis. The analysis covers theoretical aspects, financial issues of the cross-border collaboration, as well as socio-economic aspects research of the investigated territories development. Authors’ aim is to compare the principles and tendencies of territories development within cross-border Polish-Ukrainian regions in order to provide a comprehensive vision of the cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and Poland within Carpathian Euroregion and Euroregion Bug.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki szczegółowej analizy i oceny transgranicznej współpracy regionów przygranicznych Polski i Ukrainy, w którą zaangażowane są euroregiony. Analiza obejmuje zarówno aspekty teoretyczne, kwestie finansowe współpracy transgranicznej, jak i aspekty społeczno-ekonomiczne rozwoju badanego terytorium. Celem autorów jest porównywanie zasad i tendencji rozwoju terytoriów w polsko-ukraińskich regionach transgranicznych w celu zapewnienia całościowej wizji współpracy transgranicznej między Ukrainą i Polską w ramach Euroregionu Karpackiego i Euroregionu Bug.
Źródło:
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia; 2013, 12, 4
1644-0757
Pojawia się w:
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Neotectonics of Poland: An overview of active faulting
Autorzy:
Zuchiewicz, Witold
Badura, Janusz
Jarosiński, Marek
Commission on Neotectonics, Committee for Quaternary Research, Polish Academy of Sciences
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2026796.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
neotectonics
active faulting
Polska
Opis:
Neo tec tonic stud ies in Po land con cern mainly mani fes ta tions of those tec tonic move ments that have been ac tive in Late Neo gene and Qua ter nary times, as well as geo deti cally meas ured re cent ver ti cal and hori zon tal crus tal mo tions. Among prob lems of par ticu lar in ter est, the fol low ing should be listed: pe rio dic ity of neo tec tonic (mostly Qua ter nary) ac tiv ity, es ti ma tion of the para me tres of the neo tec tonic stress field, am pli tudes and rates of Qua ter nary and re cent move ments, de vel op ment of neo tec tonic troughs and young faults, mu tual re la tion ships among pho to linea ments, geo - logi cal struc tures and re cent seis mic ity, as well as the role of tec tonic re ac ti va tion of fault zones due to hu man ac tiv ity. Neo tec tonic faults in Po land have de vel oped in Neo gene and Qua ter nary times due to re ac ti va tion of La ramian or older struc tures, or in the Qua ter nary due to re ac ti va tion of Neo gene faults. The size of throw of Qua ter nary faults changes from 40–50 m and >100 m in the Sude tes and the Lublin Up land, to sev eral – sev eral tens of me ters in the Car - pa thi ans. The av er age rate of fault ing dur ing Qua ter nary times has been 0.02 to 0.05 mm/yr, what en ables one to in -clude these struc tures into the do mains of in ac tive or low- activity faults. A simi lar con clu sion can be drawn from the re sults of re peated pre cise lev el lings and GPS cam paigns. Strike- slip dis place ments have been pos tu lated for some of these faults. Iso lated faults in Cen tral Po land have shown mid dle Qua ter nary thrust ing of the or der of 40–50 m, and some of the Outer Car pa thian over thrusts tend to re veal young Qua ter nary ac tiv ity, as in di cated, i.a. by con cen tra tions of frac tured peb bles within the thrust zones. Epi sodes of in creased in ten sity of fault ing took place in the early Qua ter - nary, in the Ma zo vian (Hol stein ian) In ter gla cial, and dur ing or shortly af ter the Odra nian (Dren the) gla cial stage. Some of the faults have also been ac tive in Holo cene times. Re cent seis mic ac tiv ity is of ten re lated to strike- slip faults, which in the Car pa thi ans trend ENE–WSW and NE–SW, whereas out side the Car pa thi ans they are ori ented par al lel to the mar gin of the East- European Plat form and the Sudetic Mar ginal Fault. Fu ture in ves ti ga tions should put more em - pha sis on pa laeo seis mo tec tonic phe nom ena and prac ti cal ap pli ca tion of neo tec tonic re search.
Źródło:
Studia Quaternaria; 2007, 24; 5-20
1641-5558
2300-0384
Pojawia się w:
Studia Quaternaria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The stratigraphy of Zechstein strata in the East European Craton of Poland : an overview
Autorzy:
Peryt, Tadeusz Marek
Skowroński, Leszek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2060632.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
Zechstein
stratigraphy
palaeogeography
East European Craton
Main Dolomite
Platy Dolomite
Polska
Opis:
The sedimentary and stratigraphic patterns established for Zechstein of the western part of the Peribaltic Syneclise (and in particular the eastern Łeba Elevation) were applied to other parts of the East European Craton (EEC) in Poland: the eastern Peribaltic Syneclise and the Podlasie region. A very large number of mostly fully-cored borehole sections in the Puck Bay region certainly predestines the eastern Łeba Elevation area to use it as a model. The most part of the EEC, except of its part adjacent to the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone, during the Zechstein deposition represents the marginal parts of the basin. The fauna occurring in the Zechstein carbonate deposits of the EEC makes it possible to distinguish between the Zechstein Limestone and the younger carbonate strata, but certainly not between the Main Dolomite and the Platy Dolomite and hence the facies models for the Zechstein that have been previously developed in the western part of the Peribaltic Syneclise augmented by sequence stratigraphic approach seem to be the best tool to apply in other peripheral areas in the EEC area. The Zechstein sequence in the western part of the Peribaltic Syneclise consists, in general terms, of three parts: (1) carbonate platform of the Zechstein Limestone (occurring only in the north-westernmost corner of the study area and passing into basin facies dominant in the most part of the area); (2) the PZ1 evaporite platform system composed of sulphate platforms and adjacent basin system and constituting the major part of the Zechstein sequence; and (3) the Upper Anhydrite-PZ3 cover. There is a consensus, as far as the western part of the Peribaltic Syneclise is concerned, that the Platy Dolomite platform is wider than the Main Dolomite platform. In the easternmost part of the Peribaltic Syneclise, the stratigraphical interpretations are diverse. We have included the anhydrite overlying the Zechstein Limestone into the Upper Anhydrite, and concluded that the overlying interbedded mudstone and anhydrite also belong to the Upper Anhydrite. When above the Upper Anhydrite one carbonate unit occurs, it is assigned either to the Main Dolomite and Platy Dolomite, or to the Platy Dolomite. The same conclusion is proposed for the marginal parts of the Podlasie Bay. The deposition of Zechstein Limestone resulted in the origin of carbonate platforms along the basin margins which changed an inherited topographic setting. The Lower Anhydrite deposits are lowstand systems tracts (LST) deposits, lacking in more marginal parts of the western and eastern Peribaltic Syneclise and in the major part of the Podlasie Bay. The accommodation space existed and/or created during the Lower Anhydrite and the Oldest Halite deposition in the Baltic and Podlasie bays was filled and at the onset of the Upper Anhydrite deposition, a roughly planar surface existed except in the area ad jacent to the main Polish basin. The Upper Anhydrite deposits are transgressive systems tracts deposits and then highstand systems tracts deposits and they encroached the Zechstein Limestone platforms. The Upper Anhydrite deposition was terminated by sea level fall, and the Upper Anhydrite deposits in the marginal areas became subject to karstification. The Main Dolomite transgression took place in several phases but its maximum limit did not reach the Upper Anhydrite limit. The deposition of the PZ2 chlorides (LST deposits) resulted in the filling of the accommodation space that was inherited after the deposition of the Main Dolomite and the Basal Anhydrite. Subsequently, the area became exposed, and marine deposits (Grey Pelite and Platy Dolomite) related to the last major transgression during the life of the Zechstein basin that resulted in a flooding of the exposed surface of older Zechstein deposits, including the area that was emergent during deposition of the PZ2 cycle. Microbial carbonates, being stromatolites and thrombolites, are a common feature of all Zechstein carbonate units but in particular this is the case of the Platy Dolomite. There are no direct premises allowing for convincing settlement doubts regarding the stratigraphical position of the upper carbonate unit in many cases, but several lines of evidence suggest that, as in the entire Zechstein basin, the Main Dolomite considerably shifted basinward, and the Platy Dolomite - landward, although it is difficult to ascertain whether the original Platy Dolomite extent was similar to or greater than the limit of the Zechstein Limestone as elsewhere in the Zechstein Basin.
Źródło:
Geological Quarterly; 2021, 65, 4; 21--27
1641-7291
Pojawia się w:
Geological Quarterly
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The stratigraphy of Zechstein strata in the East European Craton of Poland : an overview
Autorzy:
Peryt, Tadeusz Marek
Skowroński, Leszek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2055871.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geologiczne
Tematy:
Zechstein
stratigraphy
palaeogeography
East European Craton
Main Dolomite
Platy Dolomite
Polska
Opis:
The sedimentary and stratigraphic patterns established for Zechstein of the western part of the Peribaltic Syneclise (and in particular the eastern Łeba Elevation) were applied to other parts of the East European Craton (EEC) in Poland: the eastern Baltic Syneclise and the Podlasie region. A very large number of mostly fully-cored borehole sections in the Puck Bay region certainly predestines the eastern Łeba Elevation area to use it as a model. The most part of the EEC, except of its part adjacent to the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone, during the Zechstein deposition represents the marginal parts of the basin. The fauna occurring in the Zechstein carbonate deposits of the EEC makes it possible to distinguish between the Zechstein Limestone and the younger carbonate strata, but certainly not between the Main Dolomite and the Platy Dolomite and hence the facies models for the Zechstein that have been previously developed in the western part of the Peribaltic Syneclise augmented by sequence stratigraphic approach seem to be the best tool to apply in other peripheral areas in the EEC area. The Zechstein sequence in the western part of the Peribaltic Syneclise consists, in general terms, of three parts: (1) carbonate platform of the Zechstein Limestone (occurring only in the north-westernmost corner of the study area and passing into basin facies dominant in the most part of the area); (2) the PZ1 evaporite platform system composed of sulphate platforms and adjacent basin system and constituting the major part of the Zechstein sequence; and (3) the Upper Anhydrite-PZ3 cover. There is a consensus, as far as the western part of the Peribaltic Syneclise is concerned, that the Platy Dolomite platform is wider than the Main Dolomite platform. In the easternmost part of the Peribaltic Syneclise, the stratigraphical interpretations are diverse. We have included the anhydrite overlying the Zechstein Limestone into the Upper Anhydrite, and concluded that the overlying interbedded mudstone and anhydrite also belong to the Upper Anhydrite. When above the Upper Anhydrite one carbonate unit occurs, it is assigned either to the Main Dolomite and Platy Dolomite, or to the Platy Dolomite. The same conclusion is proposed for the marginal parts of the Podlasie Bay. The deposition of Zechstein Limestone resulted in the origin of carbonate platforms along the basin margins which changed an inherited topographic setting. The Lower Anhydrite deposits are lowstand systems tracts (LST) deposits, lacking in more marginal parts of the western and eastern Peribaltic Syneclise and in the major part of the Podlasie Bay. The accommodation space existed and/or created during the Lower Anhydrite and the Oldest Halite deposition in the Baltic and Podlasie bays was filled and at the onset of the Upper Anhydrite deposition, a roughly planar surface existed except in the area adjacent to the main Polish basin. The Upper Anhydrite deposits are transgressive systems tracts deposits and then highstand systems tracts deposits and they encroached the Zechstein Limestone platforms. The Upper Anhydrite deposition was terminated by sea level fall, and the Upper Anhydrite deposits in the marginal areas became subject to karstification. The Main Dolomite transgression took place in several phases but its maximum limit did not reach the Upper Anhydrite limit. The deposition of the PZ2 chlorides (LST deposits) resulted in the filling of the accommodation space that was inherited after the deposition of the Main Dolomite and the Basal Anhydrite. Subsequently, the area became exposed, and marine deposits (Grey Pelite and Platy Dolomite) related to the last major transgression during the life of the Zechstein basin that resulted in a flooding of the exposed surface of older Zechstein deposits, including the area that was emergent during deposition of the PZ2 cycle. Microbial carbonates, being stromatolites and thrombolites, are a common feature of all Zechstein carbonate units but in particular this is the case of the Platy Dolomite. There are no direct premises allowing for convincing settlement doubts regarding the stratigraphical position of the upper carbonate unit in many cases, but several lines of evidence suggest that, as in the entire Zechstein basin, the Main Dolomite considerably shifted basinward, and the Platy Dolomite – landward, although it is difficult to ascertain whether the original Platy Dolomite extent was similar to or greater than the limit of the Zechstein Limestone as elsewhere in the Zechstein Basin.
Źródło:
Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae; 2021, 91, 4
0208-9068
Pojawia się w:
Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wykorzystanie energii geotermalnej w Polsce w latach 2019–2021
Geothermal energy applications in Poland in 2019–2021
Autorzy:
Kępińska, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2076238.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
energia geotermalna
aplikacje geotermalne
przegląd
Polska
geothermal energy
geothermal applications
overview
Polska
Opis:
The article presents an overview of the geothermal energy applications in Poland from 2019 to May 2021. It covers district heating, balneotherapy, recreation, as well as other single uses and heat pumps (shallow geothermal). In those years, many projects were implemented, especially drillings, aimed at recognition and accessing geothermal resources, primarily for space heating (in individual cases for cogeneration). The implemented investment projects, research and development works, and other activities and initiatives are indicated. The development of geothermal energy in Poland is compared with the progress in other European countries (based on most recent data for 2020, announced in June 2021). The share of geothermal energy in the group of renewable energy sources in Poland is presented. The role of public support programs, which have substantially Stimulated the development of this field in recent years, is shown, and strategic documents, which should favour its wider use as a low-emission local energy source, are mentioned.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2021, 69, 9; 559--565
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fluxes and balance of mercury in the inner Bay of Puck, Southern Baltic, Poland: an overview
Autorzy:
Boszke, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/49003.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Oceanologii PAN
Tematy:
mercury
total mercury
Polska
environment pollution
balance
flux
Baltic Sea
Puck Bay
ecosystem
Opis:
The aim of the study was to analyse the balance of mercury (Hg), i.e. the content of this metal, its inflow and outflow, in the ecosystem of the Bay of Puck. Based on literature data and the results of the author’s own study, this analysis has shown that the main source of Hg pollution is the atmosphere. An estimated 1.1–3.8 kg of Hg enters annually from the atmosphere, whereas the mass of Hg carried there by river waters per annum is about 7 times lower (0.13–0.44 kg year−1). The 0.9 –2.7 kg year−1 of Hg released from Bay of Puck waters to the atmosphere is of the same order as the quantity deposited from the atmosphere. The total amount of Hg deposited in the upper (0–5 cm deep) layer of the sediments has been estimated at 240–320 kg, its rate of entry being c. 2.25–2.81 kg year−1. 0.25–1.25 kg year−1 of Hg are released from the bottom sediments to bulk water, while 0.61–0.97 kg remains confined in aquatic organisms, including 133 g in the phytobenthos, 2.6 g in the zooplankton, 420–781 g in the macrozoobenthos and 34 g in fish.
Źródło:
Oceanologia; 2005, 47, 3
0078-3234
Pojawia się w:
Oceanologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Złoża soli w Polsce w ujęciu przeglądowym
Overview of salt deposits in Poland
Autorzy:
Kuc, Witold
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/487345.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka
Tematy:
złoża soli
Polska
badania przeglądowe
surowiec
przemysł chemiczny
technika górnicza
salt deposits
Polska
minerals
chemical industry
mining industry
Opis:
It is a well-known fact that the basis for the existence of mines are minerals (i.e. deposits thereof). Within the present-day borders of Poland, salt deposits are related to two areas. Both are designated by the occurrence of evaporates belonging to epochs distant in time: Zechstein and Miocene. Rock salt of the Miocene epoch occurs in a belt of parallel latitude designated by the border of thrusting over of the Carpathian flysch formations. In these areas, tectonic enrichment of the evaporates took place as a result of scraping them from an area with a width of several dozen kilometres. Tectonic accumulation of salt resulted in emergence of deposits with utility characteristics in several places. Bochnia and Wieliczka are the oldest centres where salt mines were built. The deposits were examined gradually, starting from the Middle Ages, in the course of their exploitation. Such long period of production activity also includes present day utilisation of water from the Wieliczka Salt Mine performed in the saltworks nearby. Production of evaporated salt in the area of Lesser Poland adjoining the Carpathian Mountains constitutes a separate thread in the history of economy. The presence of active salt springs in this area in the middle Neolithic period changed the mode of life of nomadic groups of people. From hunters and gatherers, they transformed into settled producers of evaporated salt. Activity in this area of economy continued to develop until the Middle Ages, when deposits of rock salt were discovered. Since that moment, salt evaporation has been combined with mining activities. Salt brine extracted from the mine provided material for the saltworks operating on the surface; exploitation of rock salt was performed in parallel. Such a state of affairs continued until 1724. At the beginning of the 19th century, attempts were made to reintroduce the production of evaporated salt, yet it was eventually reinstated in 1913 after opening of saltworks near the Kinga Shaft. Therefore, it may be stated that a salt-making centre has existed here for several centuries which, in a certain period, was extended onto a mine. Nowadays, apart from ongoing securing work and control of the state of the mining pits, the basic activity of the salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia is limited to the tourist, recreational, entertainment and spa offer. The long production history of the salt deposits is today testified by salt evaporation, initiated already in the Neolithic Age. One may venture saying that after the industrial activity has ceased, a certain return to the sources took place: unfortunately, not the salt spring sources, as they ceased to be active a long time ago. In Wieliczka, the resources are provided by salty waters of the mine and in Łapczyca near Bochnia (SALCO company), rich brine is procured from boreholes. Therefore, today only these two centres make references to the distant salt evaporation traditions. A thorough picture of the genesis of sub-Carpathian salt deposits and the operation of both mines with respect to historical, cultural, technical and natural issues is contained in the display and publication offers and presented during events organised by the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka. The institution tries to be a centre collecting information about the history of the salt mining industry in Poland, with special attention given to the oldest salt mines in Bochnia and in Wieliczka. The rank of both facilities is confirmed by the entry in the UNESCO World Heritage List: on 23 June 2013 both mines were entered in the list as the Cracow Saltworks along with the Saltworks Castle (the Salt Mine in Wieliczka was entered in the list on 9 September 1978). Bearing in mind such finale of the story, it is worth appreciating the causal factor of nature examined and described by geologists. It was included in numerous studies investigating the genesis of Miocene salt deposits. Examination of the geological structure of deposits and, subsequently, relating their genesis to regional processes, forms a separate part of history. It may start with practical mining activities which, already in the 17th century, found their expression in maps illustrating the situation of mining pits (Marcin German, William Hondius). Conclusions about the form of the deposit may be drawn from them. Questions about its genesis were probably asked earlier. Systematic geological studies commenced in the 19th century focused more on the Wieliczka deposit (Ludwik Emanuel Hrdina, Jan Nepomucen Hrdina, Julian Niedźwiedzki and others). In the course of time, the structure of the deposit was connected to the regional scale of geological processes. Among an incomplete list of researchers discovering the secrets of the Miocene salt, it is necessary to mention the names of Antoni Gaweł, Józef Poborski, Kamila Skoczylas-Ciszewska and Aleksander Garlicki. The work of geologists led to the examination of subsequent deposits. The knowledge gathered during these studies offers a beautiful illustration for the determining relation between geological processes and the mining history of the region. Contemporary stages of exploitation of Miocene salt are designated by the presence of deposits in Barycz, Łężkowice and Siedlec-Moszczenica. However, all of the mining centres related to them ended their operation before the end of the 20th century. Deposits documented in Rybnik and Wojnicz constitute some type of a reserve from this period. Today, their future is unknown, yet a description of their structure also constitutes an important supplement for the knowledge about the formation of Miocene salt series in the area of thrusting over of the Carpathian flysch and outside of it. There is a series of archaeologically documented production sites of evaporated salt dating back to the middle Neolithic period. They occur in the vicinity of later salt mines. Other centres with the tradition of salt evaporation are hidden behind the name of spa resorts: Iwonicz Zdrój, Rabka Zdrój, Busko Zdrój, and these that aspire to such role, making references to the salt-working past, e.g. Sól, Sołonka, Dębieńsko, Dębowiec and Zabłocie. The Zechstein evaporates are related to mining centres located on the deposits discovered in the 19th century. At that time, Inowrocław appeared on the map of salt mining and slightly later Wapno. Both centres already have historical significance, nowadays modestly reminded by the artefacts (e.g. geological specimens) and by descriptive and photographic documents in greater numbers. It is also necessary to mention much older traditions of producing salt from salt springs located on the surface. In Kujawy, such activity already took place in the ancient times; traces of a graduation tower from the beginnings of our era were discovered in the area of present-day Inowrocław. In post-war economy, salt from the Zechstein deposits started to play a growing role. New deposits were documented and subsequently exploited in diapir structures, e.g. in Kłodawa, Góra, Mogilno and Rogóźno, Damasławek, Lubień and Łanięta. The exploited deposits are documented in higher categories, yet the basic data about the structure, such as the caprock, the salt table, the form of diapir, its size, resources and types of salt were determined for all. This also refers to bedded deposits in the region of Łaba and Sieroszowice–Kaźmierz. As it turned out, numerous Zechstein salt deposits are fit for the construction of cavern storage facilities for liquid and gas hydrocarbons. Work in this direction was commenced in 1975 in the diapir deposit “Lubień Kujawski” and stopped in 1981. The first utility storage was established in post-exploitation voids (open pit exploration via leaching) of the “Góra” mine. Subsequent ones were established in “Mogilno” and “Mechelinki” deposits (the last storage facility in 1916). As can be seen from the examples presented above, the history of salt mining includes another aspect of application of salt deposits. It has to be emphasised that each decision on the possibility of opening a storage facility is related not only to the documentation of the salt deposit as such, but it also requires examination of its structure, properties of the rocks and geological structure of the neighbouring area. The history of two locations is related to salt evaporation: in Kołobrzeg, it is slightly overshadowed by health resort functions and in Ciechocinek, one of the graduation towers continues to function in cooperation with saltworks. In both cities, salt tradition is to be connected to the presence of Zechstein formation of evaporates.
Źródło:
Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce; 2016, 31; 151-208
0137-530X
Pojawia się w:
Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przegląd europejskich systemów kształcenia monterów rusztowań
Overview of European education systems for scaffolding fitters
Autorzy:
Poprawa, Marcin
Tyc, Dagmara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/160458.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polski Związek Inżynierów i Techników Budownictwa
Tematy:
rusztowanie
montaż rusztowań
szkolenie
system kształcenia
Europa
Polska
scaffolding
scaffolding assembly
training
education system
Europe
Polska
Opis:
W artykule omówiono systemy szkoleń monterów rusztowań w wybranych krajach europejskich. Zestawiono rozbudowane systemy kształcenia funkcjonujące w Niemczech, Wielkiej Brytanii i Francji z mniej skomplikowanymi rozwiązaniami Polski i Finlandii. Omówiono również systemy obowiązujące w Szwecji i Norwegii oraz przedstawiono możliwość uznawania w Polsce kwalifikacji zdobytych w innych krajach europejskich.
The article discusses education systems for scaffolding fitters in selected European countries. Comprehensive education systems functioning in Germany, Great Britain and France have been compared with less complex solutions present in Poland and Finland. The paper discusses systems implemented in Sweden and Norway and outlines the possibility of recognition in Poland of qualifications acquired in other European countries.
Źródło:
Przegląd Budowlany; 2020, 91, 7-8; 29-31
0033-2038
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Budowlany
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bark beetles in the Tatra Mountains. International research 1998-2005 - an overview
Autorzy:
Grodzki, W.
Turcani, M.
Jakus, R.
Hlasny, T.
Rasi, R.
McManus, M.L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38438.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
bark beetle
beetle
Tatras Mountains
Picea abies
population dynamics
Polska
Slovakia
Opis:
This paper is a review of fundamental information on bark beetles and their interactions with several predisposing factors (air pollution, drought/temperature interactions, windthrows, management activities) that are thought to contribute to the outbreaks in the High Tatra Mountains. The findings of many research projects indicate that the impact of air pollution on bark beetle populations is indirect and complex and that the disturbances in the physiology and natural resistance of trees may be of crucial importance to bark beetle population dynamics. An active forest protection approach is needed to be applied to the secondary Norway spruce forests affected in the past by human activity. Bark beetle populations in natural and near-natural forests (mainly in the upper montane zone) are regulated by natural mechanisms; bark beetles are therefore a natural factor contributing to forest development, including the transition of future generations of spruce.
Źródło:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry; 2010, 52, 2
0071-6677
Pojawia się w:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Negotiations, expropriation and compensation for establishing cemeteries in Poland an overview of the subject matter
Negocjacje, wywłaszczenie i odszkodowanie w procesie zakładania cmentarzy w Polsce zarys problematyki
Autorzy:
Lis, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1041582.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-03-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
wywłaszczenie
odszkodowanie
cmentarze
Polska
expropriation
compensation
cemeteries
Polska
Opis:
The subject matter of this work is the functioning of a specific market of undeveloped real estate intended for cemeteries. There is a need in Poland not only to expand the existing cemeteries but also to establish new ones. However, such investments are successfully made only in a few gminas, not to mention big cities, where they seem even harder to be carried out. The aim of this article is to outline the issues of negotiations, expropriation and compensation in the process of investment implementation in Poland. In the negotiation process between a gmina (commune) and a private entity, carried out for the purchase of land intended for cemeteries, it has been proved that the gmina must assume the cost of the investment at approximately 55% of the purchase price of land intended for single-family housing on a given local market. Additionally, the author indicates the limitations associated with the location of investments in local spatial development plans as well as the limitations in terms of conducting effective negotiations for purchasing land intended for cemeteries by means of an agreement. The main problem indicated in the work is the location damage (suffered or not), which has largely contributed to blocking the contractual purchase of land and substantially complicates and delays termination of the expropriation procedure.
W opracowaniu podjęto problematykę funkcjonowania nietypowego rynku nieruchomości niezabudowanych przeznaczonych pod cmentarze. W Polsce występuje potrzeba powiększania i zakładania nowych cmentarzy. Nieliczne gminy potrafią skutecznie przeprowadzić takie inwestycje. Największe trudności występują w miastach. Celem niniejszego artykułu było zarysowanie problematyki negocjacji, wywłaszczeń i odszkodowań w procesie realizacji inwestycji w Polsce. W procesie negocjacji pomiędzy gminą a podmiotem prywatnym realizowanym dla nabycia gruntów przeznaczonych pod cmentarze dowiedziono, że gmina musi zakładać koszt realizacji inwestycji na około 55% ceny zakupu gruntów, przeznaczonych pod zabudowę mieszkaniową jednorodzinną na danym rynku lokalnym. W opracowaniu wskazano na ograniczenia związane z lokalizacją inwestycji w miejscowych planach zagospodarowania przestrzennego oraz ograniczenia w zakresie efektywnego przeprowadzenia rokowań o nabycie gruntów przeznaczonych pod cmentarz w drodze umowy. Wskazano, że głównym problemem jest szkoda lokalizacyjna (zaistniała lub nie), która w znacznym stopniu przyczynia się do zablokowania trybu umownego wykupu gruntu i zasadniczo komplikuje i przeciąga w czasie zakończenie procedury wywłaszczeniowej.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica; 2019, 35; 47-57
1508-1117
2353-4826
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zasady legalizacji pobytu cudzoziemców i struktura cudzoziemców w Polsce
(The Principles of Legalization of Foreign Nationals’ Residence in Poland – a Structural Overview
Autorzy:
Zdanowicz, Mieczysława
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698630.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
cudzoziemcy
zasady legalizacji pobytu
struktura cudzoziemców w Polsce
kryminologia
foreign nationals
legalization of residence
criminology
Polska
Opis:
The status of foreign nationals residing in the Republic of Poland is far from uniform. Individuals seeking refuge, to whom assistance should be offered in pursuance of international obligations or nationwide legislation, make up an unique group in many respects. As of May 1, 2015, foreign nationals on the Polish territory are eligible for the following forms of statutory protection: 1) refugee status, 2) subsidiary protection, 3) political asylum, or 4) temporary protection. Yet another privileged group of foreign nationals comprises all individuals benefiting from the freedom of movement of persons within the European Union. The rules applicable to the citizens of EU Member States who reside in Poland, as well as to members of their families, are subject to regulations originating in two legal systems, namely the national legislation and that adopted by the European Union. The EU Directive 2004/38/EC was transposed into the Polish legal system through an act of parliament of 2006. The rules of residence pertaining to EU citizens and members of their families vary, depending on the length of stay: 3 months, over 3 months, and permanent residence. In view of the actual length of residence of an EU citizen (a third-country national) in Poland, the formal requirements regarding the legalization of stay, vary. By far the least formalized approach applies to a foreigner intending to stay in Poland up to 3 months, whereas a stay of over 3 months requires a temporary residence permit. Apart from that, there is still an option of obtaining a permanent residence permit, and a long-term EU residence permit. Low-level cross-border traffic is a legal instrument meant to facilitate cross-border co-operation of local communities with the visa regime between the two neighbouring countries still in place. It makes crossing the border considerably easier in terms of the formalities actually entailed, while tangibly assisting in the development of cooperation between the neighbouring communities in the domain of culture, family relations, social interaction, etc. The total number of foreign nationals residing in Poland is relatively small. The group is well diversified in terms of individual status and the actual length of stay. Out of the group of persons clearly intending to enjoy the benefits offered by an internationally warranted protection status in Poland, a higher proportion satisfies the requirements for a subsidiary protection rather than the bona fide refugee status. EU citizens residing in Poland constitute a varied group with respect to their actual length of stay. By far, the most numerous is the group staying for up to 3 months. In the remaining group of foreign nationals, there are ones who have received a temporary residence permit. Much smaller is the number of persons who have received a permanent residence permit and a long-term EU residence permit. The opportunity to engage in low-level cross-border traffic is highly appreciated by the local communities.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2016, XXXVIII; 441-458
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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