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    Tytuł:
    Bezławki - kilka uzupełnień źródłowych dotyczących późnośredniowiecznego zespołu osadniczego na obrzeżach kraju pruskiego
    Bezławki – several additional sources regarding the late medieval settlement complex on the periphery of Prussian lands
    Autorzy:
    Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1365756.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    późne średniowiecze
    Prusy późnośredniowieczne
    zakon niemiecki
    historia społeczna
    historia osadnictwa
    wiejskie skupiska osadnicze
    Bezławki
    Late Middle Ages
    Late Middle Ages Prussia
    Teutonic Order
    social history
    settlement history
    clusters of rural settlements
    Opis:
    This article contributes to our knowledge of the late Middle Ages of the village of Bezławki. Based on sources to date neglected in the scholarly literature, various aspects of the settlement’s functions are presented between 1371 and 1517. From the sources emerges an image of a settlement complex, characterized by significant legal, settlement, economic and socio-professional differences. The analyzed written sources (administrative documents and records) testify to the functioning of the village chartered with the ‘Kulm Law’, where alongside the mayor, peasants, innkeepers, miller and priest lived, or at least owned, the townspeople and those with ‘free’ status of a noble or non-noble background, with the settlement under the governance of the Order and later under the ‘free’, so-called new lords deriving from the group of mercenaries who came to Prussia during the period of warfare in 1454-1466. Within this heterogenous community there were additional dynamic changes taking place in Bezławki in terms of economic activities and the types of production activities associated with them. Only the structure of the governance and the sovereign control of the inhabitants of the settlement by the Teutonic Order remained consistent. Such results should prompt restraint in drawing generic conclusions from single mentions in the sources of individual settlements in late medieval Prussia. A regularly used method of chronological transplantation of specific information back and forth should be applied more carefully and rigorously. The example of Bezławki shows that there are cases when individual elements of the settlement changed much more often than previously thought.
    Źródło:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2016, 291, 1; 31-54
    0023-3196
    2719-8979
    Pojawia się w:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    (Wild)haus w Bezławkach (Bayselauken, Bäslack) – uwagi na temat budownictwa warownego zakonu niemieckiego w późnośredniowiecznych Prusach
    (Wild)haus in Bezławki (Bayselauken, Bäslack) – remarks on the construction of fortifications of the Teutonic Order in late medieval Prussia
    Autorzy:
    Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193954.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Late Middle Ages
    late medieval Prussia
    Warmia (Ermland)
    castles
    construction of fortifications
    the military affairs in the Late Middle Ages
    conflicts
    Opis:
    The article constitutes a collection of remarks concerning military aspects of the construction and functioning of the Teutonic Order’s castle in Bäslack (Bayselauken, Bezławki) in the last decades of the 14th century. Considerations included in the article refer to opinions expressed by the authors of the collective monograph about the late medieval settlement complex in Bezławki published in 2013. It presents the findings of archeological research in the castle and the village in the years 2008–2012. Remarks presented in the article concern three out of six problems which are considered the most essential. While it goes beyond doubt that the castle played an important defensive role and fulfiled function as a getaway spot, the hypothesis of it being a „fortified camp” for the army troops during military actions of the Teutonic Order against the Lithuanians and Ruthenians has been undermined. It is not possible to consider it to play a military role on a strategic level, as do the authors of the monograph of 2013. In the second part of the article the author undermines the hypothesis about the „system” character of the complexes of fortifications situated on the eastern outskirts of Prussia. If the castle in Bäslack was indeed part of some defensive system, this could operate only on the local level and consist of an insignificant number of elements including longitudinal fortifications constituting the so called „landwere”. The next issue addressed by the author was a problem of the typological character of the term „wildhaus”. As in the 14th century the term connoted the location of the fortification on the edges of the Wildniss-areas, the author shows a far-reaching morphological diversity of fortifications on the eastern outskirts of Prussia, which were or could be classified as „wildhaus”. Thus, a „wildhaus” cannot be classified as a morphological type of a fortification. The typology of fortifications based on the morphological criteria cannot be connected with the typology based on the administrative and terminological criteria. Archeological examination of the Bäslack fortification complex evinces its major cognitive potential and makes us aware of how little is known about the functioning of minor fortifications in late medieval Prussia. Further research in this research field belongs to one of the most important elements of historical science in the Prussian regional dimension and related humanities.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 2; 7-46
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Qui bona fide a non domino emit. Digesta justyniańskie jako prawny punkt odniesienia w sporze gminy miejskiej z władcą zwierzchnim w późnośredniowiecznych Prusach
    Qui bona fide a non domino emit: Justinian’s Digest as the Legal Reference Point in the Conflict between the Urban Municipality and its Ruler in Prussia in the Late Middle Ages
    Autorzy:
    Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194315.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Late Middle Ages
    Prussia
    the Teutonic Order
    Elbląg
    towns
    Roman law
    conflicts
    Opis:
    The article addresses the conflict generated in the last decade of the 13th century between the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order and the city of Elbląg. The analysis of the preserved sources allowed us to show the dynamics of the conflict, in which the authorities of Elbląg appealed not only to Canon law, but also to the norms of Roman civil law included in the Digesta (Pandects) of Justinian. It was an untypical conduct for then Prussian circumstances. On 16 August 1300 in Paris, the authorities of Elbląg obtained a legal interpretation concerning several controversial matters issued by two well-known lawyers – the advisor to King Philip IV of France, Pierre de Belleperche and Hugo de Besancon. The ruling was based on the interpretation of the sentence by Ulpian Domitius (Digesta 32,2,13). One of the problems addressed in the interpretation was the range of the military duties falling to Elbląg’s burghers regarding the Teutonic Order. The authorities of Elbląg endeavoured to find a legal explanation to support their negative attitude towards the Teutonic Order’s new practice of summoning new military contingents from the city of Elblag to take part in military activities undertaken by the Teutonic Order in the remote eastern edges of the Prussian Land. The legal opinion issued by both lawyers from Paris was favourable for the inhabitants of Elbląg, as it was stipulated that any decision about summoning was the jurisdiction of the Schultheiß (scultetus) elected by the city council. It is difficult to establish what the actual role of the opinion issued by the Paris lawyers was in the conflict between Elbląg and the Teutonic Order, but the mere fact that Elbląg’s burghers’ asked these lawyers in Paris for help indicates that the inhabitants of Elbląg at the end of the 13th century were not only affluent merchants, but also people with an ambition to exercise power. Such ambitions were supported by the authorities of the city, characterised by wide intellectual and cultural horizons. The actions undertaken by the inhabitants of Elbląg addressed in the article remain one of the very few examples of recourse to the ancient system of Roman law in a conflict concerning a particular local law (in this case the law of the city of Lübeck).
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 3; 7-30
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dokument dotyczący Bezławek z 1409 ROKU
    Autorzy:
    Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1364924.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    Late Middle Ages
    Teutonic Order
    rural settlements
    Freien
    Bezławki (formerly Bäslack)
    Prussia
    Opis:
    The presented contribution contains a discussion and a version of the document on the Bezławki settlement (Germ. Bäslack) dated 29 June 1409. This source survived only as a 16th-century copy included in a larger notebook with excerpts of documents confirming the bestowal of lands, estate sale and purchase transactions and land borders within the Rastenburg Hauptamt. Next to information relevant to the history of Bezławki and the nearby settlements, the discussed document also presents the manner of creating dependencies between the less affluent and the rich landowners belonging to the group of the so-called free men (Germ. Freien). As a result, it illustrates the mediatisation process, which is rather poorly confirmed by source documents and virtually non-researched for Prussia of the 1st half of the 15th century.
    Źródło:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2020, 307, 1; 147-153
    0023-3196
    2719-8979
    Pojawia się w:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zamek w Bezławkach rzekomą bazą militarną Zakonu niemieckiego podczas letniej wyprawy litewskiej 1402 roku
    Bäslack Castle as an alleged military base of the Teutonic Order during the summer Lithuanian expedition in 1402
    Autorzy:
    Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1365788.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    późne średniowiecze
    Prusy późnośredniowieczne
    zakon niemiecki
    wojskowość późnego średniowiecza
    wojna
    zamki
    Late Middle Ages
    Late Medieval Prussia
    Teutonic Order
    Military Matters
    in the Late Middle Ages
    war
    castles
    Opis:
    This article supplements the information on the military functions of the castle of the Teutonic Order in Bezławki published in 2016 in “Zapiski Historyczne”. It refers directly to the perspectives presented in the monograph published in 2013 devoted to the late-medieval settlement complex in Bälsack (Pol. Bezławki), whose authors attributed to this fortified structure the strategic importance and role of a “mustering point”, “exit base” and “military camp” for the troops of the Teutonic Order during their campaigns against Lithuania (and Rus). This hypothesis has already been critiqued in the “Zapiski Historyczne”, where in this text a detailed analysis of the summer Lithuanian campaign of 1402, during which time the castle was supposed to play the aforementioned role, which was to be assigned by the Teutonic Order for the campaign associated with Prince Bolesław Świdrygiełło (lit. Švitrigaila). Meanwhile, this analysis indicated that none of the Order’s troops during the aforementioned campaign from Bezławki gathered the re, nor did they leave from there, nor did they pass through, and the decision to transfer the lease of the fortification to the Lithuanian prince was taken after the expedition, with the arrival of the prince taking place no earlier than in the second half of October 1402.
    Źródło:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2016, 292, 2; 203-211
    0023-3196
    2719-8979
    Pojawia się w:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Święcenia duchowieństwa w późnośredniowiecznych Prusach
    Autorzy:
    Sumowski, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/608109.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    ordinations
    clergy
    Prussian dioceses
    Late Middle Ages
    Prussia
    święcenia
    duchowieństwo
    diecezje pruskie
    późne średniowiecze
    Prusy
    Opis:
    The purpose of the paper is to analyse the question of clergy ordinations in Prussian dioceses in the Late Middle Ages (14th – 1st half of 16th c.). The conditions for ordination and its procedure are discussed, as well as the documentation related to it. The second part of the paper contains an analysis of the only known listing of the ordained from the area of Prussia, coming from the Pomezanian diocese and dated to 1480-1481. Its edition is included, along some other sources related to ordinations.
    Celem artykułu jest analiza problematyki święceń duchowieństwa w diecezjach pruskich w późnym średniowieczu (XIV – I poł. XVI wieku). Omówiono warunki przystąpienia do święceń i proces ordynacji, a także związaną z nim dokumentację. Istotną częścią artykułu jest także analiza jedynego znanego wykazu wyświęconych z terenu Prus, pochodzącego z diecezji pomezańskiej i datowanego na lata 1480-1481. Został on wydany w edycji, obok kilku innych źródeł dotyczących święceń.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Historyczne; 2019, 85
    0324-8585
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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