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Tytuł:
Architecture of positioning and tracking solutions for maritime applications
Autorzy:
Ilcev, S.D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2211830.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
ships tracking
Global Navigation Satellite System
satellite asset tracking
radio frequency
satellite transponder
tracking
positioning
global ship tracking
Opis:
This paper discusses the current and new satellite transponders for global tracking and detecting of oceangoing ships, assets, crew, passengers and any moving objects at sea for enhanced vessels traffic control and management. These transponders are able to monitor all maritime assets and to improve safety, security of movements and collision avoidance, especially during very bad weather conditions and visibility. By deployment of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in integration with Inmarsat, Iridium and other satellite systems in one unit with antenna, it is possible to provide reliable positioning and tracking solutions for civilian maritime, other mobiles and personnel at different Radio Frequency (RF) bands. The existing and forthcoming space and ground segment for positioning and tracking solutions as a modern Satellite Asset Tracking (SAT) onboard ships, and other relating systems are discussed and benefits of these new technologies and solution for improved positioning and tracking are explored.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2022, 16, 3; 481--489
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Comparative analysis of unmanned aerial vehicles used in photogrammetric surveys
Autorzy:
Specht, M.
Widźgowski, S.
Stateczny, A.
Specht, C.
Lewicka, O.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201468.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
unmanned aerial vehicle
unmanned vehicles
photogrammetry
drone
inertial navigation system
hydrography
Global Navigation Satellite System
LiDAR
Opis:
There are many manufacturers on the market offering various types of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). The multitude of drones available on the market means that the choice of a UAV for a specific application appears to be a decision problem to be solved. The aim of this article is a comparative analysis of drones used in photogrammetric surveys. The criteria for evaluating the UAVs were: availability and product support, payload (min. 5 kg), price (PLN 100,000), as well as space available for measurement modules. These are the requirements that must be met for the implementation of the INNOBAT project, the aim of which is to develop an integrated system using autonomous unmanned aerial and surface vehicles, intended for bathymetric monitoring in the coastal zone. The comparative analysis of drones was based on 27 companies producing UAV. Based on the analysis, 6 drones that met the project requirements were selected. They were: Aurelia X6 Pro, Aurelia X8 Standard LE, DroneHexa AG, FOX-C8 XT, Hercules 10 and Zoe X4. Selected UAVs differ from each other, among others, in the number of rotors, flight duration and resistance to weather conditions. Individual characteristics of drones may have a different rank depending on their application, therefore the selection of UAVs should be made after prioritisation criteria of a given project.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2023, 17, 2; 433--443
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Estimation of Flight Path Deviations for SAR Radar Installed on UAV
Autorzy:
Łabowski, M.
Kaniewski, P.
Konatowski, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/221533.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Synthetic Aperture Radar
inertial measurement unit
Global Navigation Satellite System
Opis:
The paper presents a method of calculation of position deviations from a theoretical, nominally rectilinear trajectory for a SAR imaging system installed on board of UAV. The UAV on-board system consists of a radar sensor, an antenna system, a SAR processor and a navigation system. The main task of the navigation part is to determine the vector of differences between the theoretical and the measured trajectories of UAV center of gravity. The paper includes chosen results of experiments obtained during ground and flight tests.
Źródło:
Metrology and Measurement Systems; 2016, 23, 3; 383-391
0860-8229
Pojawia się w:
Metrology and Measurement Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mobile Radio Beacons in Coastal Reserved Navigation System for Ships
Autorzy:
Kelner, J. M.
Ziółkowski, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841623.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
radio beacons
coastal reserved navigation system
navigation system
signal Doppler frequency
Global Navigation Satellite System
Terrestrial Navigation System
Radio Navigation System
Opis:
At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) dominated navigation in air, sea, and land. Then, medium-range and long-range terrestrial navigation systems (TNSs) ceased to be developed. However, with the development of GNSS jamming and spoofing techniques, the TNSs are being re-developed, such as the Enhanced Loran. The Polish Ministry of Defense plans to develop and implement a medium-range backup navigation system for the Polish Navy which will operate in the Baltic coastal zone. This plan is a part of the global trend. This paper presents the concept of a reserve TNS (RNS) that is based on the signal Doppler frequency (SDF) location method. In 2016, the concept of the RNS, which is based on stationary radio beacons located on coastal lighthouses, has been presented. From the military viewpoint, the use of the mobile radio beacons, which may change their location, is more justified. Therefore, the paper presents an idea of using the mobile beacons for this purpose. In this paper, effectiveness of the mobile RNS is shown based on simulation studies.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2020, 14, 3; 603-610
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Estimation of UAV Position with Use of Smoothing Algorithms
Autorzy:
Kaniewski, P.
Gil, R.
Konatowski, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/221380.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Inertial Navigation System
Global Navigation Satellite System
Integrated Navigation System
Synthetic Aperture Radar
Kalman Filter
smoothing algorithm
Opis:
The paper presents methods of on-line and off-line estimation of UAV position on the basis of measurements from its integrated navigation system. The navigation system installed on board UAV contains an INS and a GNSS receiver. The UAV position, as well as its velocity and orientation are estimated with the use of smoothing algorithms. For off-line estimation, a fixed-interval smoothing algorithm has been applied. On-line estimation has been accomplished with the use of a fixed-lag smoothing algorithm. The paper includes chosen results of simulations demonstrating improvements of accuracy of UAV position estimation with the use of smoothing algorithms in comparison with the use of a Kalman filter.
Źródło:
Metrology and Measurement Systems; 2017, 24, 1; 127-142
0860-8229
Pojawia się w:
Metrology and Measurement Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Model of the signal of the Galileo Satellite Navigation System
Autorzy:
Džunda, M.
Čikovský, S.
Melniková, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201440.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Global Navigation Satellite System
navigation system
Galileo
E1 signal
interference
chaotic impulse interference
narrowband interference
simulation method
Opis:
This article presents an analysis of the Galileo E1 signal and its sensitivity to different types of interference. The research involved modeling white noise, chaotic impulse interference, and narrowband interference and the effects of these interfering signals on the E1 signal. Based on the available information, spectral structures were created for the mentioned types of interference, and subsequently, these interferences were integrated into the E1 signal in the Matlab program environment. A Kallman filter was used to filter out white noise from the additive mixture of the E1 signal and white noise. The research aimed to analyze the influence of white noise, chaotic impulse interference, and narrowband interference on the spectral power density of the E1 signal. The results of this work can be used in the design of robust receivers and signal structures capable of withstanding these types of interference.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2023, 17, 1; 51--59
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A PPP baseline approach for bridge passing
Autorzy:
Lass, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201435.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
inland waterways
precise point positioning
Global Navigation Satellite System
multisensor data fusion
multi-antenna
navigation and timing
inertial navigation system
rate of turn
Opis:
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are increasingly used as the main source of Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) information for inland water navigation. In order to enable automated driving and facilitate driver assistant functions, it becomes of crucial importance to ensure high reliability and accuracy of the GNSS-based navigation solution, especially in challenging environments. One challenging phase of inland waterway navigation is bridge passing which leads to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) effects such as multipath and loss of tracking. This work presents a Precise Point Positioning (PPP) based algorithm in a two-antenna system where one antenna is at the bow and the other is at the stern. Additionally, gyroscope data from an IMU is used. In contrast to a separated position calculation of the two antennas, only one antenna position is estimated and the other is derived from the baseline between the antennas. This allows for accurate positioning even if one antenna does not receive any GNSS measurements. The presented scheme is evaluated using real measurement data from an inland water scenario with multiple bridges. In comparison with a standard PPP scheme as well as an RTK algorithm, the presented approach shows clear advantages in challenging scenarios.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2023, 17, 1; 33--40
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
VR teleoperation to support a GPS-free positioning system in a marine environment
Autorzy:
Lager, M.
Topp, E. A.
Malec, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841575.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
navigation systems
autonomous surface vehicle
graphical user interface
Global Positioning System
Global Navigation Satellite System
unmanned ground vehicles
terrain-aided navigation
VR teleoperation
Opis:
Small autonomous surface vehicles (ASV) will need both teleoperation support and redundant positioning technology to comply with expected future regulations. When at sea, they are limited by a satellite communication link with low throughput. We have designed and implemented a graphical user interface (GUI) for teleoperation using a communication link with low throughput, and one positioning system, independent of the Global Positioning System (GPS), supported by the teleoperation tool. We conducted a user study (N=16), using real-world data from a field trial, to validate our approach, and to compare two variants of the graphical user interface (GUI). The users experienced that the tool gives a good overview, and despite the connection with the low throughput, they managed through the GUI to significantly improve the positioning accuracy.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2020, 14, 4; 789-798
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Testing and measuring GNSS parameters
Autorzy:
Novak, A.
Novak Sedlackova, A.
Nemec, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/249926.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy TTS
Tematy:
globalny system nawigacji satelitarnej
GNSS
procedury lotów
parametry lotu
Global Navigation Satellite System
flight procedures
flight parameters
Opis:
This paper describes the consistent preview of the testing and measuring GNSS parameters. The Measuring and testing GNSS requires three essential components: aircraft with flight crews, procedures or navigation aid requiring validation, and a Flight Inspection System (FIS). A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), as a source of position information available worldwide is considered as a key enabler to future navigation.
Źródło:
TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego; 2013, 10; 1225-1232, CD
1232-3829
2543-5728
Pojawia się w:
TTS Technika Transportu Szynowego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
GPS/GNSS spoofing and the real-time single-antenna-based spoofing detection system
Autorzy:
Ochin, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135406.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
Global Navigation Satellite System
Global Positioning System
anti-terrorism
anti-spoofing
transport safety
spoofer
spoofing detection algorithm
Opis:
The idea of C/A codes GPS/GNSS Spoofing (Substitution), or the ability to mislead a satellite navigation receiver into establishing a position or time fix which is incorrect, has been gaining attention as spoofing has become more sophisticated. Various techniques have been proposed to detect if a receiver is being spoofed – with varying degrees of success and computational complexity. If the jammer signals are sufficiently plausible then the GNSS receiver may not realize it has been duped. There are various means of detecting spoofing activity and hence providing effective mitigation methods. In this paper, a novel signal processing method applicable to a single antenna handset receiver for spoofing detection has been described. Mathematical models and algorithms have been developed to solve the problems of satellite navigation safety. What has been considered in the paper is a spoofing detection algorithm based on the analysis of a civil satellite signal generated by mobile C/A GPS/GNSS single-antenna receivers. The work has also served to refine the civilian spoofing threat assessment by demonstrating the challenges involved in mounting a spoofing attack.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2017, 52 (124); 145-153
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The concept of time in navigation
Autorzy:
Weintrit, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116645.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
time
marine navigation
positioning
Navigation and Timing (PNT)
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
Universal Time Coordinated (UTC)
International Atomic Time TAI
Global Navigation Satellite System
history of navigation
Opis:
The article discusses the concept of time in navigation, especially in marine navigation, as well as selected time measures, among others: Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), Universal Time Coordinated (UTC), International Atomic Time TAI (Temps Atomique International), GPST (Global Positioning System Time) eLoran Time and interrelation between these measures. Understanding how time is involved in navigation, and using it, is one of the navigator's most important duties. Nowadays we have satellite navigation to help us know where we are. These satellites contain several very precise and accurate clocks, because time and location are completely and totally inter-related in satellite navigation. There is growing interest internationally concerning the vulnerability Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) to natural and man-made interference, plus the jamming and spoofing of their transmissions. These vulnerabilities have led to a demand for sources of resilient PNT (Positioning, Navigation and Timing) [16], including a robust means of distributing precise time nationally and internationally.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2017, 11, 2; 209-219
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New threat to global transport. GNSS receiver spoofing
Autorzy:
Gucma, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/224112.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
GNSS Receiver
Global Navigation Satellite System
signal spoofing
anti-spoofing technique
global transport
threats
GNSS
komunikacja globalna
zagrożenia
Opis:
Transport and logistics in XXI century relies on the several technical systems for assuring safe and reliable operations. One of widely used systems are satellite positioning systems, used to monitoring transport means and cargo itself. Reliability of the whole transport chain is often combined with singular reliability of satellite monitoring system. Possible threats to precise positioning of any vehicle is GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) deliberate interference. So called spoofing interference can mislead receiver in transport objective for reporting entirely wrong position and timing. To fight with this phenomena’s antispoofing techniques are developed. This paper will provide a review of late researches in field of GNSS anti-spoofing on the side of receiver. GNSS receiver vulnerabilities for a spoofer (device) attack will be presented as well as anti-spoofing algorithms. Possible limitation, costs as well as countermeasures methods will be shown thoroughly. Some of recent trends in anti-spoofing techniques in the world will be outlined up to date.
Źródło:
Archives of Transport; 2015, 35, 3; 7-14
0866-9546
2300-8830
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Transport
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelling GPS positioning performance in Northwest Passage during extreme space weather conditions
Autorzy:
Špoljar, D.
Jukić, O.
Sikirica, N.
Lenac, K.
Filjar, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841553.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Global Positioning System
Northwest Passage
Global Navigation Satellite System
Software Defined Radio (SDR)
GNSS SDR Receiver
GPS Position
Opis:
New shipping routes are emerging as a result of iceberg melting in polar regions, allowing for more efficient transport of people and goods. Opening of the Northwest Passage, the maritime route connecting Pacific Ocean with Atlantic Ocean through Arctic region, is considered such a development. The increasing transport exploitation of the Northwest Passage requires the quality assessment of maritime navigation aids for compliance with the established requirements. Here we contribute to the subject with addressing the polar commercial-grade GPS positioning performance in the Northwest Passage in the extreme positioning environment conditions during the massive 2003 space weather storm, a space weather event similar to the Carrington Storm of 1859, the largest space weather event recorded. The GPS positioning environment in the Northwest Passage during the Carrington-like storm in 2003 was reconstructed through the GNSS SDR receiver-post processing of the experimental GPS observations. The raw GPS dual-frequency pseudoranges and navigation messages were collected at the International GNSS Service (IGS) reference station at Ulukhaktok, Victoria Island, Canada. Pseudorange processing and GPS position estimation were performed in three scenarios of pre-mitigation of the ionospheric effects, known as the single major contributor GPS positioning error: (i) no corrections applied, (ii) Klobuchar-based corrected GPS positioning, and (iii) dual-frequency corrected GPS positioning. Resulting GPS positioning error vectors were derived as positioning error residuals from the known reference station position. Statistical properties of the northing, easting, and vertical components of the GPS positioning error vector were analyzed with a software developed in the R environment for statistical computing to select suitable methods for the GPS positioning error prediction model development. The analysis also identified the most suitable theoretical fit for experimental statistical distributions to assist the model development. Finally, two competitive GPS positioning error prediction models were developed, based on the exponential smoothing (reference) and the generalized regression neural networks (GRNN) (alternative) methods. Their properties were assessed to recommend their use as mitigation methods for adverse massive space weather effects in polar regions.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 1; 165-169
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Russian ALFA System in the Context of the Development of Radionavigation in the 21st Century
Autorzy:
Felski, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063950.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
navigational systems
radionavigation
ALFA system
marine navigation
ground-based radionavigation system
ground-based augmentation system
Global Navigation Satellite System
21st century challenges
Opis:
For nearly the entire post-World War II period, naval and air navigation relied primarily on ground-based radionavigation systems. However, the spontaneous development of satellite systems gradually led to their disappearance. They are currently used partly in air operations and marginally in maritime navigation in some areas around Asia, in Russia and in the Middle East. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, the threat of effective interference with satellite systems began to be raised, which led to an increased interest in restoring or upgrading ground-based systems as backup systems in the Western world. In this context, the approach of Russia is interesting, as it is associated with the vast majority of deliberate GPS interference. There are reports in the world literature that various ground-based radionavigation systems operating in Russia are still observed. The article analyses, on the basis of the few available sources, information on the ALFA system, about which the least is known, and there are many indications that it is ready for use.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 3; 723--728
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Accuracy Evaluation of Real-Time GNSS Precision Positioning with RTX Trimble Technology
Ocena dokładności precyzyjnego pozycjonowania GNSS w czasie rzeczywistym z wykorzystaniem technologii RTX Trimble
Autorzy:
Ochałek, A.
Niewiem, W.
Puniach, E.
Ćwiąkała, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/395769.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
Global Navigation Satellite System
data processing
statistical analysis
real-time systems
GNSS
przetwarzanie danych
analiza statystyczna
systemy czasu rzeczywistego
Opis:
In this paper, authors present results of accuracy verification of the Trimble RTX technology. The GNSS receiver Spectra Precision SP60 was used in Cyprus (Kato Paphos Archaeological Park). To evaluate the accuracy of the receiver, two measuring test networks (consisting of 30 and 55 control points) were established. All points were determined in four measuring cycles. Additionally, in order to make more advanced analysis of the data, the bases were also measured by using another GNSS receiver - Geomax-Zenith 25. The point positions, in this case, were conducted in the local coordinate system of Kato Paphos Archaeological Park by using RTK positioning technology. To make a comparison, it was necessary to transform the coordinates based on different groups of fitting points. Analysis allowed to conclude that the Spectra Precision SP60 receiver and the RTX Trimble technology guarantee repeatable results (on the level of 4 cm) of point positioning measurements.
W artykule autorzy przedstawiają wyniki analizy dokładności technologii Trimble RTX. Odbiornik GNSS Spectra Precision SP60 wykorzystano podczas badań na Cyprze (Park Archeologiczny Kato Pafos). Aby ocenić dokładność odbiornika, ustalono dwie bazy testowe (składające się z 30 i 55 punktów kontrolnych). Wszystkie punkty zostały określone w czterech cyklach pomiarowych. Dodatkowo, w celu bardziej zaawansowanej analizy danych, pomiary zostały również wykonane przy użyciu innego odbiornika GNSS - Geomax-Zenith 25. Pozycjonowanie w tym przypadku, zostało przeprowadzone w lokalnym układzie współrzędnych parku archeologicznego Kato Pafos z wykorzystaniem technologii pozycjonowania RTK. W celu porównania wyników badań konieczne było przetransformowanie współrzędnych do jednego układu. Transformację wykonano na podstawie różnych grup punktów dostosowania. Analiza otrzymanych wyników pozwoliła stwierdzić, że odbiornik Spectra Precision SP60 i technologia RTX Trimble gwarantują porównywalne wyniki pozycjonowania (na poziomie 4 cm).
Źródło:
Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports; 2018, No. 28(4); 49-61
2080-5187
2450-8594
Pojawia się w:
Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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