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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 394
Tytuł:
Polityka Unii Europejskiej wobec zjawiska uchodźctwa w dobie kryzysu migracyjnego
The European Union’s refugee policy during the migration crisis
Autorzy:
Stromska, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32466457.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Fundacja PSC
Tematy:
European Union
migration policy
asylum policy
refugee policy
Opis:
The European Union’s refugee policy started to develop after the migration crisis in the beginning of the 21st century. In that perspective the refugee issue became the main topic in a public debate in the European Union which divided Member States for supporters and opponents of the common migration and asylum policy for the whole organization. Article presents an issue of the European Union’s migration and asylum policy which was implemented because of the mass incoming of migrants and refugees to the Europe. That situation intensified in 2015 after the beginning the conflict in Syria. The article is theoretic and explanatory. Realization of that purpose required using typical methods for social science - document and literature analysis. The investigations of documents and literature allowed to present the European Union’s common migration and asylum policy as well as the Member States’ domestic policy. In the article there was an analysis of the chosen EU legislation and regulations which decide about the protection of the rights of refugees, the rules of admitting and relocation refuges by the European Union’s Member States as well as collaboration and action to protect the rights of refugees.
Źródło:
Alcumena. Pismo Interdyscyplinarne; 2020, 1(1); 17-27
2719-9851
Pojawia się w:
Alcumena. Pismo Interdyscyplinarne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problemy Unii Europejskiej w 10 lat po największym rozszerzeniu
The problems of the European Union 10 yearsafter the greatest enlargement
Autorzy:
Kowalski, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/569866.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
European Union
cohesion policy
reindustrialization
fiscal policy
Opis:
10 years after the biggest enlargement of the European Union, the community is not free from problems. The decline in the share of industry in GDP of the Union and the plans to stop this decrease by the newly created reindustrialization policy belong to the most serious ones. Another important problem is the declining competitiveness of the European economy and insufficient technical and scientific progress. Also fiscal issues adversely affect the functioning of the EU economy and, in particular, the individual Member States.
Źródło:
Ekonomia XXI Wieku; 2014, 3(3); 49-62
2353-8929
Pojawia się w:
Ekonomia XXI Wieku
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
FORMALNO-ORGANIZACYJNE UWARUNKOWANIA POLITYKI MŁODZIEŻOWEJ NA POZIOMIE EUROPEJSKIM, KRAJOWYM I REGIONALNYM
FORMAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF YOUTH POLICY AT EUROPEAN, NATIONAL AND REGIONAL LEVEL
Autorzy:
KOŁOMYCEW, ANNA
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/513341.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
youth policy
youth
region
regional policy
European Union
Opis:
This article presents the formal and organizational basis for the implementation of youth policy at the European, national and regional level. The author made an attempt to verify to what extent the existing mechanisms inherent in the model of youth policy in the broad sense, understood as a system of cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder activities for young people, are treated subjectively, not only as beneficiaries of the initiatives taken by the public authorities. In the first part of the submitted paper, the author focused on the construction of a European system of youth policy, outlining the solutions adopted by various European institutions in recent years. In the second part, the Polish solutions for youth policy were presented. The last part of the given article concerns the formal and institutional arrangements for young people adopted on the regional level in Poland. The present paper is based on an analysis of legislation and strategic documents, desk research and internet sources. In the last part of this work, the author has used the comparative method.
Źródło:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo; 2013, 11, 4; 33-50 (18)
1732-9639
Pojawia się w:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wspólna polityka zagraniczna UE. Iluzja czy rzeczywistość? (w kontekście polityki wschodniej)
Autorzy:
Grupa, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2158549.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Studiów Międzynarodowych i Edukacji Humanum
Tematy:
Foreign policy
European Union
European Neighbourhood Policy
Eastern Partnership
Opis:
This article presents the common foreign policy in the context of the European Union's Eastern policy. The EU enlargement to the East contributed to changes in the geopolitical system in this part of the continent and, therefore, changed the way of cooperation be- tween these countries. It shows that the neighbourhood policy has become a tool for strengthening international cooperation and with the help of economic and political and financial support, one can see the changes that occur in the countries of Eastern Europe.
Źródło:
Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne; 2011, 1(1); 183-189
1730-0266
Pojawia się w:
Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Die Übersetzungspolitik der Französischen Revolution: Europäische Mehrsprachigkeitspolitik ante litteram?
The translation policy of the French Revolution: A European policy of multilingualism ante litteram?
Autorzy:
Schreiber, Michael
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/51975140.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-11-11
Wydawca:
Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT – Wrocławskie Wydawnictwo Oświatowe
Tematy:
translation policy
language policy
multilingualism
French Revolution
European Union
Opis:
The language policy of the French Revolution is known today especially for the imposition of the national language and the oppression of the regional languages in France. In my contribution, I want to focus on a less known aspect: the translation policy. From 1790 on, several decrees stipulated the translation of national laws and decrees into the regional languages in France and other European languages. I will compare this translation policy with the policy of multilingualism within the institutions of the European Union. I will argue that there are some interesting similarities and some major differences.
Źródło:
Studia Translatorica; 2021, 12; 15-26
2084-3321
2657-4802
Pojawia się w:
Studia Translatorica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Regional policy in Poland and its importance for development policy
Autorzy:
Chudy-Hyski, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/62456.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Stowarzyszenie Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich PAN
Tematy:
regional policy
Polska
development policy
cohesion policy
development strategy
operational programme
European Union
future
Opis:
The subject of the article is regional policy in Poland conducted according to the principles governing the European Union cohesion policy. The author addresses especially the key issues of regional policy, defines its objectives and instruments as well as the main models. The discussion provides the background for the subsequent analysis of the current and future shape of regional policy implemented in Poland. The aim of the article is cognitive and pointing to the changes of directions and character of activities aiming at working out the proper development strategy for Poland, in compliance with the European Union directives but also meeting the needs of regions on different levels. Regional policy currently pursued in Poland and based on the idea of the European Union cohesion policy aims at creating the system of planning and management of spatial management integrated with the main tendency of socioeconomic planning. The condition enabling conscious space development is possessing and using appropriate legislative, administrative, organizational, promotional, information and other instruments. Polands regional policy conducted within the frame of common cohesion policy and targeting common objectives is financially supported by the EU funds and financial means from the Cohesion Fund. The shape of regional policy in Poland is determined by the striving to identify strong regions which would be able to push the economic development of the country strengthening at the same time less innovative regions. Polish regional policy included in the EU development programmes is using the instruments adjusted to the individual properties of regions, where the leading player is a region characterized by a considerable autonomy in this respect affecting the way in which the existing pro-development possibilities are used. Such solution of the planning and implementation of development policy draws Poland closer to contemporary concepts of regional development theory, showing the region as an autonomous, socio-economic system, creating a vision of development and evaluated for its effectiveness. The future shape of Polish regional policy will depend on such concepts which emphasize the role of regions, ascribing them a growing importance in the national development policy.
Źródło:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich; 2009, 07
1732-5587
Pojawia się w:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Constraints in the process of paradigm change in the EU agricultural development
Ograniczenia w procesie zmian paradygmatów rozwoju rolnictwa w UE
Autorzy:
Grochowska, R.
Kosior, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/37553.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
paradigm
public policy
European Union
agricultural development
Common Agricultural Policy
Opis:
The purpose of this article is to assess the changes in proclaimed paradigms regarding development of the agricultural sector in the EU with particular focus on barriers to these changes. The theoretical part highlights the types of changes in the public policies, the main models of paradigm developments and the impact of institutional factors, including structures of policy networks on their changes. In the next part the CAP proclaimed paradigms are shown against the effects of the current policy. At the same time, these elements of policy network structure which contribute to the replication of the existing patterns of development are indicated. The summary contains refl ections on the possibility of institutional change in the development of the CAP. It was found that only further reduction of the agricultural budget after 2020 can become a source of conflict between the actors (stakeholders) around available resources and may change the balance of power in the decision-making process in the CAP.
Celem artykułu jest ocena zmian zachodzących w głoszonych paradygmatach dotyczących rozwoju sektora rolnego w UE, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem barier hamujących te zmiany. Część teoretyczna naświetla rodzaje zmian w politykach publicznych, główne modele rozwoju paradygmatów oraz wpływ czynników instytucjonalnych, w tym struktur współpracy sieciowej (policy networks) na ich zmiany. W kolejnej części głoszone paradygmaty WPR są ukazane na tle dotychczasowych efektów funkcjonowania polityki. Równocześnie wskazane są te elementy w strukturach współpracy sieciowej, które przyczyniają się do powielania dotychczasowych wzorców rozwojowych. W zakończeniu podjęto refl eksję na temat możliwości zmiany instytucjonalnej w procesie kształtowania WPR. Stwierdzono, że dopiero kolejna redukcja budżetu rolnego po 2020 r. może stać się zarzewiem konfliktu między aktorami (grupami interesów) wokół dostępnych zasobów i zmienić układ sił w procesie podejmowania decyzji w zakresie WPR.
Źródło:
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia; 2015, 14, 1
1644-0757
Pojawia się w:
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kilka uwag na temat polskiej polityki migracyjnej w rocznicę 10-lecia członkostwa w UE
Some Notes on Polish Migration Policy on the Tenth Anniversary of EU Membership
Autorzy:
Bojenko-Izdebska, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505715.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
migration policy
asylum policy
integration of migrants
European Union
Polska
Opis:
This article analyses Polish migration and asylum policies and how they conform to EU legislation. Firstly, it focuses on the most important stages of developing these policies in the EU and their legal and institutional implementation in Poland. Secondly, it discusses the current trends of economic migration to Poland, the challenges of migrant integration, and the attitudes of Polish citizens to migrant workers. Finally, it shows how Polish asylum and visa policies, and ways of combatting illegal immigration are in line with EU requirements. The article also shows that in recent years economic migration has been recognised as positively influencing economic growth and innovation, especially when migration of highly qualified workers is regulated. One of the most important challenges for the future is the development of appropriate integration strategies for migrants coming to Poland.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2014, 1; 81-92
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The conflict in Ukraine – a turning point for security and defence of the EU?
Autorzy:
Jurčák, Vojtech
Ivančík, Radoslav
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/54735622.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-19
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Tematy:
European Union
Common foreign security policy
war
security
defence
policy
Opis:
On 24 February 2022, war returned to the European continent. However, the Russian aggression did has not only affected Ukraine and its people, its negative consequences are being felt by the whole world, including the European Union, its Memeber States and their citizens. Under the influence of the ongoing conflict, the continental security environment and the security situation in the immediate vicinity of the borders of the European Union continue to deteriorate and interstate tensions between states are further deteriorating. At the same time, there is a threat to European values, democracy, freedom, security and prosperity. The aim of the authors' article is to point out the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on the current Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union (EU). The article uses the scientific method of critical analysis of the CFSP of the EU and its basic strategic documents in the context of its application in the member countries. The results of the analyses are synthesized in the form of recommendations, mainly concering the timely response of the EU institution to the needs presented by individual member countries in the area of security and defence; investments spent on defence; compatibility of military means and systems; greater cohesion in the field of research and development of the EU member countries. In the conclusion, the author presents the opinion that the shock of the Russian invasion of Ukraine has certainly brought several significant changes, but only a broader transformation of the EU's foreign and security policy can support truly positive developments in this area. Therefore, the question remains unanswered whether the conflict in Ukraine will prove to be a turning point or whether it will remain only an impetus for the accelerating programmes and the developing new formats and initiatives without creating any breakthrough plan for deeper European security and defence integration.
Źródło:
Security Dimensions; 2023, 44(44); 84-101
2353-7000
Pojawia się w:
Security Dimensions
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cohesion policy instruments supporting tourism development
Instrumenty polityki spójności wspierające rozwój turystyki
Autorzy:
Dominiak, N.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1790560.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Tematy:
cohesion policy
policy instrument
support
tourism development
regional policy
European Union
polityka spójności
polityka regionalna
turystyka
Unia Europejska
Opis:
The aim of the article is to discuss issues related to the development of tourism in the context of the possibility of financial support available from cohesion policy funds in the current financial perspective for the years 2014-2020. The particular attention was paid to the multifaceted nature of modern tourism and the directions of changes in the use of Eeropean Union funds, referring to the completed programming period 2007-2013. An attempt was also made to indicate the significance of tourism in the section of the national economy of Poland and in the European Union, concentrating on its interdisciplinary character. Characteristics of cohesion policy, its goals and principles of functioning were made. The article is of a review nature, which means that the authors’ own materials and empirical material from the literature of the subject were used. The figures were obtained from reports published by the Chancellery of the Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers. It was found out that the amount of allocated funds for cohesion policy among all European Union countries in 2014-2020 is the highest for Poland and amounts to EUR 72.9 billion. There is an increase in the amount of funds allocated from the European Union to Poland, compared to the amount of allocated funds in the 2007-2013 perspective. It was also pointed out that the cohesion policy instruments mentioned above only indirectly contribute to the development of tourism, as the financing for 2014-2020 lacks programs and activities entirely dedicated to tourism.
Celem artykułu jest omówienie zagadnień dotyczących rozwoju turystyki w kontekście możliwości wsparcia finansowego dostępnego ze środków polityki spójności w aktualnej perspektywie finansowej na lata 2014-2020. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na wieloaspektowość współczesnej turystyki oraz na kierunki zmian wykorzystania funduszy unijnych, odnosząc się do zakończonego okresu programowania 2007-2013. Podjęto także próbę wskazania znaczenia turystyki w dziale gospodarki narodowej Polski oraz w Unii Europejskiej, zwracając szczególną uwagę na jej interdyscyplinarny charakter. Dokonano charakterystyki polityki spójności, jej celów i zasad funkcjonowania. Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy, wykorzystano opracowania własne i materiał empiryczny z literatury przedmiotu. Dane liczbowe zostały pozyskane z raportów publikowanych przez Kancelarię Premiera Rady Ministrów. Stwierdzono, że wielkość przydzielonych funduszy na rzecz polityki spójności wśród wszystkich krajów Unii Europejskiej w latach 2014-2020 jest najwyższa dla Polski i wynosi 72,9 mld euro. Widoczny jest wzrost wielkości przydzielanych środków z Unii Europejskiej dla Polski, w porównaniu do wielkości kwot przydzielonych funduszy w perspektywie 2007-2013. Zwrócono także uwagę, że wymienione instrumenty polityki spójności jedynie pośrednio przyczyniają się do rozwoju turystyki, gdyż w finansowaniu na lata 2014-2020 brakuje programów i działań w całości dedykowanych turystyce.
Źródło:
Annals of The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists; 2019, 21, 1; 38-46
2657-781X
2657-7828
Pojawia się w:
Annals of The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The European Union’s cohesion policy in the face of new challenges
Autorzy:
Lewandowski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/321432.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
Tematy:
European Union
cohesion policy
regional policy
Unia Europejska
polityka spójności
polityka regionalna
Opis:
Cohesion policy is one of the most important policy areas of the European Union in the current programming period. Its main objective is to reduce regional disparities throughout the Union. Since its inception, it has evolved as a result of successive enlargements, changes in the economic and political situation in Europe and political preferences. These changes are visible in the current programming period and are also inevitable in the next phase. The aim of the article is to present the changes that will take place in the European Union Cohesion policy in the future programming period and to identify the most important challenges that this policy will have to face. The article presents a brief description of the current programming period, as well as the countries that are payers and net beneficiaries of this policy. The next part presents proposals for the new policy - the most important objectives, principles, as well as the amount of funds for individual Member States. The third part includes the identification of the most important future challenges for the cohesion policy: the exit of Great Britain from the European Union, climate change, security and migration issues, as well as potential enlargement of the Community to the Western Balkans countries.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska; 2019, 139; 267-277
1641-3466
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The national specialization index in foreign policy of the member states of the European Union as a contribution to the European Neighbourhood Policy. An introduction to the notion
Autorzy:
Ociepa, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2031492.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
European Union
Common Foreign and Security Policy
European Neighbourhood Policy
National Specialization Index
Opis:
The European Neighbourhood Policy as a constituent part of the European Common Foreign and Security Policy is the arena of continuous, inherent as it were, tensions among the ambitions of Member States wanting to play the largest role in the shaping of the European Union’s relationships with the surrounding world. A characteristic and obvious quality of this phenomenon is the fact that particular Member States’ interests in a given region in the neighbourhood of the European Union increases in proportion to its geographical proximity. This creates naturally the phenomenon of a group of Member States interested or specialized in the region of the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea or the Eastern policy. Simultaneously there exists a considerable group of Member States which, because of a considerable distance from a particular region, shows little interest and consequently a frequent lack of understanding of issues related to it. The objective of this article is to capture this phenomenon and to try to systemize it through the notion and methodology of the National Specialization Index.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2017, 8; 61-73
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przekazanie parlamentom narodowym wniosku Ukrainy o członkostwo w Unii Europejskiej
Transmission to national parliaments of Ukraine’s application for membership of the European Union
Autorzy:
Żołądek, Łukasz
Krawczyk, Kaja
Wołowicz, Krzysztof
Kuszel, Konrad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2194657.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Analiz Sejmowych
Tematy:
foreign policy
European Union
Ukraine
Opis:
This communication of the Council of the EU concerns the transmission to national Parliaments of Ukraine’s application for the membership in the European Union, thus fulfilling the requirement of Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union laying down the conditions for accession to the European Union. The authors of the opinion stress the historical and primary importance of this application and the political context of its submission.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS; 2022, 3(75); 109-123
1896-9852
2082-064X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Znaczenie transportu kolejowego w polityce wspólnotowej Unii Europejskiej
Significance of Rail Transport to the EU Community Policy
Autorzy:
Garlikowska, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/215569.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Kolejnictwa
Tematy:
kolej
polityka konkurencji
polityka transportowa
polityka wspólnotowa
transport kolejowy
Unia Europejska
community policy
competition policy
European Union
rail transport
transport policy
Opis:
Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób i w jaki m zakresie zagadnienia związane z transportem kolejowym znajdą odzwierciedlenie w polityce wspólnotowej (JE: czy kolej jest elementem tej polityki, jeśli tak, to na ile jest on ważny? Wyodrębniono aspekty, z którymi transport kolejowy jest związany oraz opisano miejsce i znaczenie transportu kolejowego w polityce wspólnotowej.
The paper makes an attempt to answer the question how and in what way the issues related to the rail transport would be reflected in the EU community policy: is the railway an element of this policy, and if so, how much important it is? Aspects linked with the rail transport were singled out, as well as position and importance of the rail transport for the community policy.
Źródło:
Problemy Kolejnictwa; 2012, 157; 82-103
0552-2145
2544-9451
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Kolejnictwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
European Union Policy towards the Pacific Island States
Autorzy:
Siekiera, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/962434.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
South Pacific
European Union
foreign policy
European Union foreign policy
Pacific
Pacific island
Opis:
The article concerns the idea as well as the form of international cooperation between states and international organizations, illustrated by the example of the relationship between the European Union and the Pacific region. There is some useful literature on the subject but this needs be to completed. The influences of the world’s leaders collide on the Pacific Ocean, which gives this area primacy in geopolitical domination, slowly downgrading the Atlantic Community. The main purpose of the paper is, therefore, to research the possibilities and methods of legal and extrajudicial cooperation betweentwo continents which are very distant from each other. This work underlines the difference between official policy, presented by the regional intergovernmental organizations, and the individual policies of member states, who are not tied down by Brussels politics and may maintain their own foreign relations.
Źródło:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2015, 5; 163-170
2450-0976
Pojawia się w:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 394

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