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Tytuł:
Problemy społeczności miast a współpraca między Chinami i Unią Europejską
Problems of Urban Communities and the Co-operation between China and the European Union
Autorzy:
Waligóra, Kamil
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028795.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
China
city
European Union
urbanization
Opis:
The article presents the development of the relations between China and the European Union at the level of urban policy. It begins with spatial and social analysis complemented by an attempt to identify the sources of dynamic process of urbanization in both China and the UE. Subsequently, the main problems of the cities in the EU and China are presented, suggesting areas of correlation. Another fragment shows the existing cooperation between China and the EU and possible directions of further cooperation in the fi eld of urban policy.
Źródło:
Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN; 2015, 164; 251-261
0079-3507
Pojawia się w:
Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kluczowe problemy polityczne w dialogu Unii Europejskiej z Chińską Republiką Ludową na progu XXI wieku
Key Issues in Political Dialog between European Union and China on the Threshold of 21st Century
Autorzy:
Gorgol, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567040.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych
Tematy:
China
European Union
Political dialog
Opis:
The article presents the political aspect of relations between European Union and China. It focuses on the following issues: human rights, European embargo on arms' sales, environment, technology transfer and external dimension of their partnership (concerning USA and Africa). Those political aspects are gaining on importance since the economic ties between the two partners are getting stronger every year. Famous Chinese boom has made it one of the most important trade partners of the EU. Since 1978 (date of signature of commercial agreement), trade value have been multiplied by 60, reaching in 2006, more than 254 billion euro. Aware of this evolution, the European Commission has given the first impulse for developing closer relations. Its policy paper on China entitled „A long term policy for China Europe relations" published in 1995, is considered as a first European strategy towards this country. Since then, it has been completed by many other documents, giving a wide panorama of EU objectives towards China. The „leitmotiv" is engaging China into the international community, which means acting by positive means like development programs, technology transfers, and cultural exchanges. On the other hand it means fewer restrictions on the most sensitive issues, like human rights. In this field the traditional instrument of policy towards China: sanctions, has been replaced by dialogue, which is held on regular basis between EU and Chinese diplomats. The critical view on this matter is presented in this article. The Chinese side has soon welcomed the growing interest from the European side, since its fits very well its international strategy. The Chinese ambition is to become „the first league" player on the international scene and the European support seems to be precious for China. In 2003, Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs published its first policy paper ever. Not surprisingly, it concerned relations with European Union. The Chinese vision is focused on "multilateralism" as the objective to reach in international relations. This implies that relations with EU are regarded in a wider perspective. The aspect concerning the United States has to be therefore taken into consideration. An important phase of EU-China relations will be marked by signing the new multicultural agreement, which was announced to be negotiated in January 2007.
Źródło:
Forum Politologiczne; 2008, 8 - Współczesny Daleki Wschód w stosunkach międzynarodowych - rywalizacja i mocarstwowość; 367-404
1734-1698
Pojawia się w:
Forum Politologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Chinas “One Belt, One Road” initiative - the perspective of the European Union
Autorzy:
Misiągiewicz, Justyna
Misiągiewicz, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/647599.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
One Belt
One Road
China
European Union.
Opis:
The idea of  the “One Belt, One Road” will promote the China as a soft power and attractive player in the global market. It is related to China’s perception of global changes brought about by financial crisis, and growing world-wide interdependence. Beijing’s initiative aims on the potential for increased economic exchanges between China and Europe. In fact, the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) can be called a comprehensive domestic and foreign policy concept. Historically, the concept of the “Silk Road” was not only about trade, but also had significant cultural meaning. The OBOR initiative could serve as a cultural bridge between Europe and China, which should not only be understood as “two markets” and “two forces,” but also as “two civilizations”. This concept might be especially profitable for Central and Eastern European countries which focus on strengthening relations with the PRC after years of mutual insignificance and strive for balancing huge trade deficit and attracting Chinese investments.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia; 2016, 23, 1
1428-9512
2300-7567
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Strategiczny wymiar rywalizacji polityczno-gospodarczej między Unią Europejską a Chinami na obszarze Bliskiego Wschodu w XXI w.
The strategic dimension of political and economic competition between the European Union and China in the Middle East in the twenty-first century.
Autorzy:
Diawoł-Sitko, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/504804.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
European Union
China
neighborhood policy
Middle East
Opis:
Middle East is a natural area of interest, rivalry and cooperation of the most important international players, due to its strategic location at the borders of three continents as well as sources of energy it owns. China’s policy in Middle East has been widely analysed in the recent years and literature of this subject gains newer and newer titles. Context of rivalry in the area relates to U.S. in the majority of studies, especially if comes to period of post-Arab Spring, when internal changes in the region are accompanied with diversification of particular countries’ foreign policy, in favour of closer cooperation with BRICS countries. Position of the EU, the closest neighbour of the Arab World, also changes. Europe loses in this region not only if comes to economy but politics as well. Arab countries noticably increase their interest not only in economic cooperation with China, but also Chinese way of development. The aim of the article is to present and evaluate actions of the EU and China in Middle East region within recent years. It is hypotesized that China’s increasing engagement in cooperation with Middle East countries inevitably leads to political and economical rivalry with the EU, especially if comes to Arabic part of Mediterranean Sea, which is the area where strategic interest of Europe is the most strongly articulated.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2015, 1; 145-158
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Social Credit System: A Discussion about the Utility of Chinese Digital Project in a European Union Settings
Autorzy:
Walkowski, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31342738.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
China
European Union
democracy
digitalization
social credit system
Opis:
The Social Credit System (SCS, 社会信用体系, shèhuì xìnyòng tĭxì), is an extremely interesting, ultimately nationwide pilot project, consisting of establishing the system of social rating, which, based on data collected over decades and stored both analog and with the use of state-of-the-art technologies will create profiles of citizens and businesses in the People’s Republic of China. The system focuses on four main spheres – national enterprises and economy, society, the judiciary, and public administration. It is in them that a higher level of social trust and security will be ensured, law regulations better observed, corruption eliminated, and proper transparency guaranteed. In analyzing the issue of the Western world’s attitude to the mechanism of digital surveillance and control of business and social activity in China, I should seek answers to the following questions, intriguing from the cognitive and practical perspective: Which of the above interpretations seems to be closer to the truth?; can the SCS have, at least partially, a universal character in the European Union, especially in the societies with a different system of values and the countries with a different political system than the one of the PRC?
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2023, 4(52); 151-171
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Status of the European Integration Process of the Western Balkan Countries
Autorzy:
Domachowska, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1929603.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-28
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Western Balkans
European Union
Enlargement
China
Pandemic
COVID-19
Opis:
For many years, the priority of foreign policy determined by subsequent governments of the six Western Balkan countries, i.e., Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia has been their accession to the European Union. Yet, in recent years, this process has slowed down, and so it can be assumed that in the coming years there will be no further enlargement of the EU to include any of the Western Balkan countries. The following article is aimed at analysing the present status of European integration with regard to the aforementioned states, and discusses the causes of regression in this process which can be identified on the side of the non-EU Western Balkan states and the European Union itself. Their integration is also a key issue in the context of the increasingly stronger presence of non-EU players such as China, Russia, and Turkey, all competing with the European Union for influence in this important region. The study was based on discourse analysis (including the critical discourse analysis approach) and content analysis.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2021, 4; 67-82
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Trade interdependence between Russia vs. the European Union and China within the context of the competitiveness of the Russian economy
Autorzy:
Falkowski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22446530.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
trade interdependence
competitiveness
competitive advantages
Russia
European Union
China
Opis:
Research background: The position of a country in the international division of labour is determined by the competitiveness of its trade, the structure of which may both reveal and perpetuate the comparative advantages possessed. This is particularly true for Dutch disease economies such as Russia. Recently, economic literature has seen a growing interest in the topic of Russia?s economic relations with the European Union and China. This article is aimed at being the Author?s contribution to this discussion. Purposes of the article: (1) to discuss the existing trade interdependence between Russia and the EU28, and Russia and China; (2) to try to assess the extent to which the current structure of Russian trade with these two partners corresponds with the competitiveness of the Russian economy. Methods: An in-depth analysis of Russia-EU28 and Russia-China trade interdependencies in 2007-2015 has been conducted, with emphasis on the categories of goods within the spectrum from low- to high-technology, according to the OECD classification. Furthermore, in order to analyse Russia?s competitive profile with regard to the same categories of goods, Balassa?s methodology of revealed comparative advantages has been applied. Findings & Value added: In the recent years, a growing importance of China in Russian trade turnover can be observed, being the effect of dynamic growth of Chinese economy, cooling political relations between Moscow and Brussels and the drop in oil prices in international markets. The existing structure of Russian trade with the EU28 and China seems likely to preserve its traditional competitive advantages in the medium-low-technology goods and oil, which, in turn, will only further exacerbate the negative consequences of the so-called Dutch disease affecting the Russian economy.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2018, 13, 4; 667-687
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cyber Technology and the European Union’s Gestaltian Approach to China
Autorzy:
Hasmath, Reza
Berzina-Cerenkova, Una
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31343768.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-07-26
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych
Tematy:
cyber technology
institutionalism
values
realpolitik
Huawei
European Union
China
Opis:
Contemporary European Union (EU) and China relations are marked by a simultaneously beneficial, conflictual and competitive partnership. This is aptly evident in the cyber technology realm. This paper contends that the European Union’s gestaltian approach towards China can be understood with the aid of three theoretical positions: (1) an institutional perspective; (2) as a values-based actor; and, (3) a realpolitik dimension. The arguments advanced in the paper, ultimately imply that the EU’s approach towards China can provide various EU domestic and global actors’ space to exploit contradictions, notably when it comes to cyber technology diplomacy. This has the attendant effect of fostering future fissures in the EU’s overall engagement with China.
Źródło:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2021, 57; 111-120
0209-0961
Pojawia się w:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Chinese investment policy in Europe between 2011 and 2017. Challenges and threats to the security of European Union countries
Autorzy:
Paszak, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531333.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Fundacja Instytut Nauki o Polityce
Tematy:
China
European Union
foreign direct investment
economic security
political security;
Opis:
This paper aims to assess the impact of Chinese investments between 2011 and 2017 on the level of economic and political security of EU member countries. The size, structure and geographical concentration of the investments were subjected to an examination. In order to explain its underlying motivations and objectives, the author investigates the Chinese government’s strategies, links between the private sector and authorities as well as selected transactions. The results of the study indicate that Chinese investments, despite possible short-term benefits, in the long-term perspective lead to the weakening of the EU’s economic power and pose a challenge to political security. Technology transfer and the lack of reciprocity in the treatment of investors undermine the competitiveness of European economies and limit their development opportunities. Investments give Chinese companies access to strategic infrastructure and technologies that can be used by authorities to pursue their agenda. The expanding economic influences can also serve as an instrument of pressure on individual states to shape decision-making processes within the EU.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Political Science; 2017, 3, 4; 7-29
2391-3991
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Political Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Security threats and risk management: European and Chinese responses to the climate disruption
Autorzy:
Krzysztof, Śliwiński,
Agata, Rakowska,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/894614.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-03-21
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
China
European Union
environment
security
carbon dioxide emissions
risk management
Opis:
Most academics and policy makers agree upon irreversible phenomena affecting planet Earth’s climate – we have finally faced a climate disruption. As triggered by humans, environmental degradation ultimately threatens not only the security but even the survival of individuals, communities, states and perhaps even the international system as a whole. This paper addresses differences with regards to risk assessment of climate disruption in Europe and in China. Its departure point is that the divergence between European and Chinese approaches is based on structural and institutional distinctions. Specifically, it tries to assess those distinctions (importance of sovereignty and non-interference) with regards to methods (assessment of vulnerability) and principles (transparency and inclusiveness) of risk assessment. Initial analysis leads to a tentative conclusion, which confirms the importance of political culture in national responses to security threats (be it traditional or non-traditional). In this respect EU-China strategic partnership is suggested as one of the possibly effective platforms for future cooperation.
Źródło:
Przegląd Europejski; 2015, 4 (38); 142-163
1641-2478
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Europejski
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
International Higher Education as Foreign Policy: Comparing the Strategies of the EU, China, and Russia Towards Central Asia
Autorzy:
Longhurst, Kerry Anne
Nitza-Makowska, Agnieszka
Skiert-Andrzejuk, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2195048.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Central Asia
higher education
Russia
China
European Union
soft power
Opis:
The article sheds light on the nexus between higher education and foreign policy. International higher education has become an increasingly prominent element of some states’ policies towards other countries as a flank to traditional foreign policy. It has occurred in Central Asia, where the European Union, China and Russia are all supporting teaching, research and capacity-building activities in the tertiary sectors of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Although they employ similar tools and instruments, the assumptions and visions underpinning their respective strategies diverge. Russia’s strategy is shaped by historically informed identity factors and the impulse to entrench predominance in the post-Soviet space, whilst China uses its support for higher education as a soft infrastructure for its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Meanwhile, the EU has integrated higher education into its strategy for the region, which aims at drawing Central Asia closer to its orbit through democratisation and the rule of law.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2022, 4(51); 111-123
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The position of China in trade in services within the European Union
Autorzy:
Ambroziak, Adam A.
Stefaniak, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19322536.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
trade in services
China
European Union
comparative advantage
trade position
Opis:
Research background: In recent decades, services in international trade have been growing steadily in importance, and there has been strong growth in China's trade in services as a result of the 'opening up' policy. China has become the European Union's second biggest trading partner in services with the European Union (EU), being China's largest trading partner. The EU is one of the addressees of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, which creates opportunities and threads to the European Internal Market in services. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to contribute to the literature and fulfil the research gap on the position of China in intra-EU trade in services. Methods: We identified the most important types of services offered by China to purchasers from the EU countries. By using the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and trade balance (LFI) indices, we classified the Chinese exports to the EU Internal Market by types of services and by their trade position. Findings & value added: We found out that China might be perceived as a strong competitor for intra-EU trade in selected services, especially those concerning low-end service tasks, that use relatively low-skilled labour and are less knowledge- and capital-intensive. However, China's attitude is changing towards more sophisticated services for example R&D. It creates a need for a new approach to the EU economic policies (in terms of both protectionism and interventionism) in trade relations in services with China.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2022, 13, 2; 335-354
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reforma instrumentów ochrony rynku UE i jej wpływ na politykę antydumpingową UE wobec Chin
EU Trade Defence Instruments reform and its impact on EU antidumping policy against China
Autorzy:
Skrzypczyńska, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31233341.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
European Union
market protection
dumping
China
Unia Europejska
ochrona rynku
Chiny
Opis:
Instrumenty ochrony rynku, w tym przede wszystkim postępowanie antydumpingowe, są aktualnie jednym z najważniejszych środków protekcji handlowej. Stosowanie tych instrumentów umożliwia UE reagowanie na nieuczciwe zachowania partnerów handlowych. Polityka handlowa UE uwzględniania nie tylko interesy państw członkowskich UE, ale zobowiązania wynikające z członkostwa UE w Światowej Organizacji Handlu. Celem artykułu jest analiza przyczyn, zakresu i efektów reformy unijnych instrumentów ochrony rynku ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem jej wpływu na postępowania antydumpingowe wobec Chin.
Trade defense instruments (TDI), including anti-dumping proceedings, are currently one of the most relevant protection measures. The EU responds to the unfair behavior of the trading partners with the TDI. The EU trade policy focuses on the interests of EU member states and the obligations arising from EU membership in the World Trade Organization. The article aims to analyze the causes and effects of the EU trade protection instruments reforms and their impact on anti-dumping proceedings against China.
Źródło:
Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej; 2023, 17; 283-293
1899-6256
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Social Credit System in the People’s Republic of China. Theoretical Assumption and Implementation
Autorzy:
Walkowski, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2154737.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
China
European Union
case study
scoring
social credit system
Sesame
Credit
Opis:
In the European Union, the United States and other countries of the so-called Western world, the perception of the functionalities of AI, and other instruments of Industrial Revolution 4.0 significantly differs from its perception by the PRC’s authorities, which – for a few years – have been implementing solutions aimed at comprehensive scrutiny and social supervision rather than facilitating life and work. This idea has been reflected in the so-called Social Credit System since at least 2014 and has given rise to plenty of controversies and disputes, unfortunately based on emotions and imprecise interpretation of the characteristics, aims, and implementation of the project rather than knowledge. While the new, digital model of social management in China is extensively discussed in the literature, it is rarely addressed in Polish studies, which results in the scarcity of publications on this subject. This paper attempts to fill this gap by presenting the essence of the system and the progress of its implementation.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2022, 3 (51); 135-153
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Market protection policy of the European Union against imports from China
Polityka ochrony rynku Unii Europejskiej wobec importu z Chin
Autorzy:
SKRZYPCZYŃSKA, JOANNA
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/625605.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
European Union
China
dumping
trade policy
Unia Europejska
Chiny
polityka handlowa
Opis:
Celem artykułu jest analiza polityki handlowej Unii Europejskiej wobec Chin w kontekście zmian jakie są związane z wygaśnięciem okresu przejściowego członkostwa Chin w WTO, które nastąpiło w grudniu 2016 roku. Wygaśnięcie owego okresu przejściowego wymusza na Unii Europejskiej pewne zamiany zwłaszcza w postępowaniach antydumpingowych. Dla zrealizowania celu pracy przyjęto że przyznanie lub nie statusu gospodarki rynkowej Chinom jest przede wszystkim decyzją polityczną wymagającą uwzględniani sprzecznych interesów państw członkowskich UE.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the European Union’s trade policy with regard to China in the context of the changes related to the expiry of the transitional period of China’s membership of the WTO in December 2016. The expiry of this transitional period necessitates certain changes in anti-dumping proceedings of the European Union. In order to achieve the purpose of the paper it has been assumed that granting or denying market economy status to China is primarily a political decision which requires taking into account contradictory interests of the EU member states.
Źródło:
Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej; 2017, 11; 417-426
1899-6256
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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