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    Wyświetlanie 1-12 z 12
    Tytuł:
    The Gashatan [Late Paleocene] mammal fauna from Subeng, Inner Mongolia, China
    Autorzy:
    Missiaen, P
    Smith, T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20795.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
    Tematy:
    Gashatan
    paleontology
    China
    Subeng
    Late Paleocene
    Carpolestidae
    mammal fauna
    Inner Mongolia
    Multituberculata
    Mammalia
    Opis:
    The Paleocene–Eocene boundary is of particular importance for the evolution of mammals and the poorly known Asian mammal faunas from this period have received much attention. The late Paleocene Subeng site in Inner Mongolia (China) has come under study only recently, and here we present the first complete description of its mammal fauna. Two new species are described, the neoplagiaulacid multituberculate Mesodmops tenuis sp. nov. and the praolestine nyctitheriid Bumbanius ningi sp. nov., representing stratigraphic range extensions of the respective genera into the Paleocene. Previously unknown parts of the dentition are described here for the eurymylid Eomylus bayanulanensis, the sarcodontid Hyracolestes ermineus, the cimolestid Tsaganius ambiguus, the carpolestid Subengius mengi, as well as the femur of the mesonychid Dissacus serratus. For most taxa, the new specimens from Subeng provide new phylogenetic and/or biostratigraphic information. We confirm the inclusion of Hyracolestesin the Sarcodontinae and elevate this group to the rank of family, the Sarcodontidae, separate from Micropternodontidae. In the case of Subengius mengi an updated cladistic analysis of carpolestids supports the hypothesis that Subengius is derived from an evolved Elphidotarsius−like ancestor in the early to middle Tiffanian of North America. A total of 17 species is identified, including well−known biostratigraphic markers for the late Paleocene Gashatan Asian Land Mammal Age such as Lambdopsalis bulla, Prionessus sp., Palaeostylops iturus, Pseudictops lophiodon, Tribosphenomys minutus, and Dissacus serratus. We propose that the Gashatan faunas are less endemic than previously thought, and result from a significant exchange with North American faunas from the late Paleocene.
    Źródło:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2008, 53, 3
    0567-7920
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A new Paleocene nyctitheriid insectivore from Inner Mongolia [China] and the origin of Asian nyctitheriids
    Autorzy:
    Missiaen, P
    Smith, T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/21009.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2005
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
    Tematy:
    Inner Mongolia
    Paleocene
    nyctitheriid
    China
    Mammalia
    Subeng
    insectivore
    Asia
    Gashatan
    paleontology
    Nyctitheriidae
    Opis:
    Nyctitheriids are primitive insectivores that were relatively abundant and diverse in North America and Europe during the middle Paleocene through to the middle Oligocene. The nyctitheriids from Asia are poorly known and show several distinctive characters. Here we describe the late Paleocene Asionyctia guoi gen. et sp. nov., the first fairly well known Asian nyctitheriid, from the Subeng locality near the city of Erlianhot (Erenhot) in Inner Mongolia, China. Among its most conspicuous features are the paraconid positioned high on p4, the rather primitive morphology and size of p3, the premolariform P4/p4 and the transverse upper molars with a small, straight postcingulum. Except for the paraconid positioned high on p4, these combined features are also present in other Asian nyctitheriids, but absent in North American or European forms. We performed a cladistic analysis, based on a set of 20 dental characters, to resolve higher−level phylogenetic relations within Nyctitheriidae. The strict consensus tree groups all Asian forms in a single clade, for which we propose the rank of a subfamily and the name Asionyctiinae subfam. nov. Within Nyctitheriidae, a semimolariform P4/p4, as in Leptacodon tener, is considered primitive, and we consider the morphologically simplified P4/p4 of Asionyctiinae derived within Nyctitheriidae. Asionyctiinae can be derived from an American, primitive Leptacodon−like ancestor migrating into Asia, with the reduction of P4/p4 occurring on the Asian continent. Considering the derived morphology and the relatively high diversity of Asionyctiinae during the Asian late Paleocene, and the inferred conservative nature of the family Nyctitheriidae, we suggest an early Tiffanian time for the migration of nyctitheriids into Asia.
    Źródło:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2005, 50, 3
    0567-7920
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    New Middle Jurassic tangle-veined flies from Inner Mongolia, China
    Autorzy:
    Zhang, K
    Yang, D.
    Ren, D.
    Ge, F.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20019.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
    Tematy:
    Middle Jurassic
    nemestrinid fly
    morphology
    Nemestrinidae
    tangle veined fly
    fossil
    paleontology
    China
    Jurassic
    Ahirmoneura neimengguensis
    Inner Mongolia
    Opis:
    Many Jurassic fossil nemestrinid flies have been found in the Palaearctic region. China is an important locality for fossil nemestrinid flies. Up to now, 2 genera with 3 species have been discovered in China. In the present paper, a third genus and species, Ahirmoneura neimengguensis Zhang, Yang, and Ren, gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle Jurassic Daohugou Formation of China is described. A key to genera of fossil nemestrinid flies from China is given.
    Źródło:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2008, 53, 1
    0567-7920
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    An articulated pes from a small parvicursorine alvarezsauroid dinosaur from Inner Mongolia, China
    Autorzy:
    Hone, D.W.E.
    Choiniere, J.N.
    Tan, Q.
    Xu, X.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/21549.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
    Tematy:
    paleontology
    Dinosauria
    Theropoda
    maniraptoran
    arctometatarsalian organism
    Cretaceous
    Inner Mongolia
    alvarezsauroid dinosaur
    dinosaur
    China
    Opis:
    A near complete and articulated parvicursorine pes from the Campanian Wulansuhai Formation is described. This pes is referred to the genus Linhenykus and is one of the first foot skeletons to be described for a derived alvarezsaur, providing new information on the first digit of the pes. The evolution of a laterally directed flange of the anterior face of the distal third metatarsal in arctometatarsalian taxa is described and discussed. This flange may have increased stability of the foot during cursorial locomotion and may also provide useful taxonomic and systematic data.
    Źródło:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2013, 58, 3
    0567-7920
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A new fossil lacewing genus and species from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China
    Autorzy:
    Wang, Y
    Liu, Z.
    Ren, D.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22432.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2009
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
    Tematy:
    new fossil
    fossil
    paleontology
    systematics
    lacewing genus
    lacewing species
    Middle Jurassic
    Jurassic
    Inner Mongolia
    China
    Tenuosmylus brevineurus
    Poriminae
    Eidoporisminae
    Stenosmylinae
    Opis:
    A new fossil lacewing, Tenuosmylus brevineurus gen. et sp. nov., was collected from an outcrop of Middle Jurassic strata in the village of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. The new genus is assigned to Gumillinae based on eleven defining characteristics of the subfamily. The affiliation of Tenuosmylus including other five genera of the subfamily is discussed. Our result supports the opinion that Epiosmylinae was a junior synonym of Gumillinae, which is likely a relic of ancient osmylids based on similarity of forewing venation. Veins Mp₂ and Cu₂ have complicated branches that are generally present in extinct as well as some extant subfamilies (Poriminae, Eidoporisminae, Stenosmylinae). A key is given to differentiate six known genera within Gumillinae.
    Źródło:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2009, 54, 3; 557-560
    0567-7920
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A Lujiatun-like dinosaurian assemblage from the Jehol Biota of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, Northeast China
    Autorzy:
    Zhang, H.
    Yu, D.
    Feng, Y.
    Pei, R.
    Zhou, C.-F.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31341389.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
    Tematy:
    dinosaur
    Jehol Biota
    Ningcheng county
    Yixian Formation
    fossil
    fauna composition
    Early Cretaceous
    Cretaceous
    Inner Mongolia
    China
    Źródło:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2022, 67, 3; 617-621
    0567-7920
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A new genus of lance lacewings from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China
    Autorzy:
    Ma, Y.
    Shih, C.
    Ren, D.
    Wang, Y.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2082186.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
    Tematy:
    Insecta
    Neuroptera
    Osmylidae
    Osmylinae
    Mesozoic
    Asia
    China
    Opis:
    Fossils of Osmylinae are rare, currently only one fossil genus of this subfamily is known, Lithosmylus which is recorded from the late Eocene Florissant Formation of USA. Herein, we report a new Osmylinae genus with two new species, Vetosmylus tentus gen. et sp. nov. and Vetosmylus maculosus gen. et sp. nov. from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou Village, Inner Mongolia, China, The new genus shares many apomorphic characters with extant osmyline relatives, e.g., forked subcostal veinlets in forewing; dense cross-veins present in radial sector, usually forming one complete outer gradate series in forewing; the region between MA and MP significantly broadened in hind wing, but with only one row of cells, implying a likely morphological stasis during the evolution of Osmylinae. The new genus Vetosmylus, the first and earliest record hitherto of Osmylinae from the Mesozoic, enhances our understanding of the early stages of their evolution.
    Źródło:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2020, 65, 2; 363-369
    0567-7920
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Testament polityczny Dalajlamy XIII i jego znaczenie
    Political Testament of the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet and Its Significance
    Autorzy:
    Kozik, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/578129.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Orientalistyczne
    Tematy:
    13th Dalai Lama
    Tibet
    Political Testament
    Tibetan nation
    Tibetan-Chinese relations
    India
    Mongolia
    China
    Opis:
    This article makes an attempt to assess the importance of the Political Testament of the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet that was written just before his death in 1933. The article contains a Polish translation of the document which describes Tibetan history during the 13th Dalai Lama’s life. It also discusses the significance of the document that apart from Dalai Lama’s life contains prophetic instructions for the Tibetan nation and speaks of the dangers that may happen in the future if people do not follow these instructions. The document is considered as prophetic in view of the fact that the predictions mentioned in it, unfortunately for Tibet and Tibetan nation, came true.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Orientalistyczny; 2015, 1-2; 75-88
    0033-2283
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Orientalistyczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    New specimens of the multituberculate mammal Sphenopsalis from China: Implications for phylogeny and biology of taeniolabidoids
    Autorzy:
    Mao, F.-Y.
    Wang, Y.-Q.
    Meng, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20957.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
    Tematy:
    new specimen
    multituberculate mammal
    mammal
    Sphenopsalis
    China
    phylogenesis
    biology
    taeniolabidoid
    Mammalia
    Multituberculata
    Taeniolabidoidea
    Paleogene
    Erlian Basin
    Inner Mongolia
    Opis:
    Multituberculates are the most diverse and best known group of Mesozoic mammals; they also persisted into the Paleogene and became extinct in the Eocene, possibly outcompeted by rodents that have similar morphological and presumably ecological adaptations. Among the Paleogene multituberculates, those that have the largest body sizes belong to taeniolabidoids, which contain several derived species from North America and Asia and some species with uncertain taxonomic positions. Of the known taeniolabidoids, the poorest known taxon is Sphenopsalis nobilis from Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China, represented previously by a few isolated teeth. Its relationship with other multituberculates thus has remained unclear. Here we report new specimens of Sphenopsalis nobilis collected from the upper Paleocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, during a multi-year field effort beginning in 2000. These new specimens document substantial parts of the dental, partial cranial and postcranial morphologies of Sphenopsalis, including the upper and lower incisors, partial premolars, complete upper and lower molars, a partial rostrum, fragments of the skull roof, middle ear cavity, a partial scapula, and partial limb bones. With the new specimens we are able to present a detailed description of Sphenopsalis, comparisons among relevant taeniolabidoids, and brief phylogenetic analyses based on a dataset consisting of 43 taxa and 102 characters. In light of the new evidence, we assess the phylogenetic position of Sphenopsalis and re-establish the family Lambdopsalidae. The monophyly of Taeniolabidoidea is supported in all our phylogenetic analyses. Within Taeniolabidoidea the Asian lambdopsalids and the North American taeniolabidids represent two significantly different trends of adaptations, one characterized by shearing (lambdopsalids) and the other by crushing and grinding (taeniolabidids) in mastication, which supports their wider systematic separation, as speculated when Sphenopsalis was named.
    Źródło:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2016, 61, 2
    0567-7920
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Osady eoliczne (wydmowe) w suchym i półsuchym regionie płaskowyżu Alashan (MongoliaWewnętrzna, Chiny)
    Aeolian (dune) deposits in arid to semi-arid region of the Alashan Plateau (Inner Mongolia, China)
    Autorzy:
    Kenig, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2074941.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    osady eoliczne
    megadunes
    obszary pustynne
    regiony źródłowe
    kierunek wiatru
    Pustynia Alashan
    Hunshandake
    Chiny
    aeolian deposits
    megadiunes
    sandy lands
    source regions
    wind directions
    Alashan Desert
    China
    Opis:
    In northern China, sandy and rocky deserts are located in arid regions west of the Helan Mountains (Helan Shan), while the areas of fixed sand dunes stretch in semi-arid regions east of the Helan Mountains. Helan Mountains, trending nearly NS in the northern part of China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, are a natural border between the dry climate to the west and the semi-dry climate to the east. In the Badain Jaran Desert (part of the Alashan Desert), there are the largest dunes in China, and possibly the largest in the world. They attain a height of up to 460 m in the southeastern part of the desert. Due to their size, they are called megadunes by the Chinese researchers. They are accompanied by numerous smaller dunes, developed in various forms, which cover their slopes. As a result, megadune complexes form, reaching 10 km in length. The general direction of the dunes is NE-SW. In their lower parts, they are covered with sparse xerophytic vegetation, mainly Artemisia and Ephedra. In interdunal depressions of the Badain Jaran Desert, there are numerous (140) permanent, relatively shallow and drying-up lakes, overgrowing with vegetation. Their average depths are 2 m, rarely reaching 16 m mainly in the northern part. The water in the lakes is highly alkaline, with pH values of up to 10.5. Sometimes, the accumulation of salt is so substantial that allows it to be extracted. The groundwater in the immediate surroundings of dunes shows a much lower alkalinity and the average pH is 7.8. To the east of the Helan Mountains, there are several deserts of generally smaller areas and specific environmental nature. This is a sandy land of Hunshandake. Dunes and dune fields are lower and less well developed morphologically, reaching an average of 5-10 m in height. They are mostly stabilized completely or partially by vegetation. The main trend of dunes here is WNW-ESE. Locally, shallow lakes occur in interdunal areas. Studies of mineral and chemical composition of silt material are important for the considerations of the source and direction of silt transport in Asia. One of the diagnostic components of detrital minerals is dolomite. The newest studies of silts recently deposited in Beijing provide information about the wind-transportation direction. It appears that there is a fundamental difference in the mineral composition of silts originating from the dust storm (in 2006) and silts from the entire spring period. Such conclusions are also confirmed by the content of rare earths elements in the 2006 dust storm sediments from Beijing and, comparatively, from other deserts as potential source areas of silts (Yang et al., 2007b). Isotopic investigations of Nd and Sr in aeolian sediments of northern China confirm such a possibility. An important problem for the areas located in northern China is the process of desertification. Noticeable differences have occurred already during the last three decades. They consist in changes in the distribution of movable dunes, which is relative to the humidity and temperature. It is believed that the climate may be the main factor causing desertification in Hunsheandake. In other regions of China, there is another significant factor: human activity, especially shepherding that causes the process of desertification and environmental degradation.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Geologiczny; 2012, 60, 5; 267--272
    0033-2151
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Geologiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Osteology of the Late Cretaceous alvarezsauroid Linhenykus monodactylus from China and comments on alvarezsauroid biogeography
    Autorzy:
    Xu, X.
    Upchurch, P.
    Ma, Q.
    Pittman, M.
    Choiniere, J.
    Sullivan, C.
    Hone, D.W.E.
    Tan, Q.
    Tan, L.
    Xiao, D.
    Han, F.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20629.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Paleobiologii PAN
    Tematy:
    osteology
    Cretaceous
    Late Cretaceous
    alvarezsauroid
    Linhenykus monodactylus
    China
    biogeography
    Dinosauria
    Theropoda
    Parvicursorinae
    Treefitte
    dispersal
    vicariance
    sympatry
    Wulansuhai Formation
    Inner Mongolia
    Opis:
    The alvarezsauroid theropod Linhenykus monodactylus from the Upper Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China is the first knownmonodactyl non−avian dinosaur, providing important information on the complex patterns of manual evolution seen in alvarezsauroids. Herewe provide a detailed description of the osteology of this taxon. Linhenykus shows a number of fea− tures that are transitional between parvicursorine and non−parvicursorine alvarezsauroids, but detailed comparisons also re− veal that some characters had a more complex distribution. We also use event−based tree−fitting to perform a quantitative analysis of alvarezsauroid biogeography incorporating several recently discovered taxa. The results suggest that there is no statistical support for previous biogeographic hypotheses that favour pure vicariance or pure dispersal scenarios as explana− tions for the distributions of alvarezsauroids across SouthAmerica, NorthAmerica andAsia. Instead, statistically significant biogeographic reconstructions suggest a dominant role for sympatric (or “within area”) events, combined with a mix of vicariance, dispersal and regional extinction. At present the alvarezsauroid data set is too small to completely resolve the biogeographic history of this group: future studies will need to create larger data sets that encompass additional clades.
    Źródło:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica; 2013, 58, 1
    0567-7920
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Początki działalności wywiadowczej Departamentu I Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych w krajach Bloku Wschodniego
    The Beginnings of Intelligence Activity by Department I of the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Eastern Bloc Countries
    Autorzy:
    Bagieński, Witold
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22180842.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
    Tematy:
    intelligence
    civil intelligence
    Department I of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
    Ministry of Internal Affairs (Poland)
    Security Service
    Albania
    Czechoslovakia
    Czech Republic
    Slovakia
    Bulgaria
    Hungary
    Soviet Union
    Yugoslavia
    China
    Cuba
    Mongolia
    Vietnam
    North Korea
    Romania
    counterintelligence
    espionage
    Cold War
    security
    wywiad
    wywiad cywilny
    Departament I MSW
    MSW
    Służba Bezpieczeństwa
    Czechosłowacja
    Czechy
    Słowacja
    Bułgaria
    Węgry
    Związek Sowiecki
    Jugosławia
    Chiny
    Kuba
    Wietnam
    Korea Północna
    Rumunia
    kontrwywiad
    szpiegostwo
    zimna wojna
    bezpieczeństwo
    Opis:
    Działalność Departamentu I MSW, czyli wywiadu cywilnego PRL, w krajach bloku wschodniego należy do najmniej znanych aspektów jego aktywności. Początkowo ograniczała się ona niemal wyłącznie do kontrwywiadowczej ochrony placówek. W latach sześćdziesiątych, na skutek zdystansowania się lub wręcz konfliktu części państw znajdujących się dotąd w orbicie wpływów Związku Sowieckiego, wywiad PRL przystąpił do zbierania informacji na ich temat. Odbywało się to jednak według innych zasad niż na pozostałych terenach. W myśl przyjętych założeń Departament I MSW nie miał prawa do werbowania w nich współpracowników spośród miejscowych obywateli i do zdobywania wiadomości musiał wykorzystywać tzw. wywiad bezagenturalny. Proces rozwijania działalności tego rodzaju był rozciągnięty w czasie, a jego dynamika zależała od sytuacji w danym państwie. W pierwszej kolejności zainteresowano się Chinami, Jugosławią, Rumunią i Albanią, a następnie Czechosłowacją. Wydarzenia Praskiej Wiosny sprawiły, że nastąpiło istotne przewartościowanie i podjęto decyzję o położeniu większego nacisku na pracę w krajach „demokracji ludowej”. W rezultacie jesienią 1969 r. Departament I MSW dysponował już infrastrukturą umożliwiającą mu zbieranie informacji ze wszystkich głównych państw bloku, z wyjątkiem Związku Sowieckiego. Na początku lat siedemdziesiątych część z nich stała się oficjalnymi przedstawicielstwami MSW PRL przy sojuszniczych organach bezpieczeństwa. Mimo tego kontynuowano ograniczoną pracę wywiadowczą. Ukształtowany w tym okresie system pracy utrzymał się w zasadniczym kształcie aż do upadku systemu w 1989 r.
    Intelligence activity performed in other Eastern Bloc countries is one of the least well-known aspects of the Department I of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (the civilian intelligence service in People’s Republic of Poland). At first, the Department’s activity was limited almost exclusively to counterintelligence protection for Polish diplomatic missions. When the relations with some of the countries in the Soviet orbit cooled off or broke down in the 1960s, Polish intelligence began to gather information on those countries as well. This activity, however, was handled under a different set of rules compared to other countries. Department I was not authorised to recruit informants among local citizens and relied instead on intelligence gathered from so-called “non-informant sources”. The gathering of intelligence would be built up gradually over time, and the dynamics of the process depended on the local situation. At first the focus was primarily on China, Yugoslavia, Romania and Albania, followed by Czechoslovakia. A shift in focus was caused by the Prague Spring, and a decision was made to place a greater emphasis on activities in other “people’s democracies”. As a result, by the fall of 1969 Department I already had in place an infrastructure for intelligence gathering in all of the bloc’s main countries, the USSR excepted. In the early 1970s some of those structures became official outposts representing the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs to allied security services in other communist countries. Nonetheless, intelligence work continued, though with a limited scope. The system developed in that period persisted in roughly the same form until the system’s collapse in 1989.
    Źródło:
    Aparat Represji w Polsce Ludowej 1944–1989; 2020, 18; 13-55
    1733-6996
    Pojawia się w:
    Aparat Represji w Polsce Ludowej 1944–1989
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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