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    Tytuł:
    Rola eunuchów na dworze cesarzy bizantyńskich. Przypadek Narzesa
    The role of eunuchs in Byzantine courts. The case of Narses
    Autorzy:
    Malinowski, Rajmund
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/612734.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    Bizancjum
    eunuch
    Narzes
    Byzantine Empire
    Narses.
    Opis:
    The article is divided into two sections. First presents the role of eunuchs in Byzantine Empire in general. Second section focuses specifically on Narses, his life, main achievements and legacy. The term eunuch (eÙnoàcoj) is ambiguous. It generally refers to people who are not able to procreate due to natural constitution or mutilation, but it can have many various meanings. It can also refer to the man who is absent from procreation due to impotence or celibate. For people who has been born incapacitated or with some hormonal anomalies we use term „natural eunuchs”. There were several functions of eunuchs in Byzantine state we can differentiate. First is religious. Eunuchs were present in institution of Church from the very beginning. They could have been priests and patriarchs if they did not become eunuchs as a result of self-mutilation. Many eunuchs were high officials at the court of Byzantine emperors. They served as envoys, agents and as a members of palace guard. They were also responsible for superintending of the emperor’s son. And finally, eunuchs were successful and talented military leaders. Life of Narses is fascinating example of a great career of eunuch in Byzantine Empire. He owes his success to his many talents and sympathy and protection of the emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora. He came to Constantinople from east, probably as a slave. At the beginning, he was a low rank official at the court. He also served as a member of the palace guard. Thanks to his intelligence and flexibility he became chamberlain at the court. Later he got a generalship of Byzantine army in Italy. He was called back to the capital, after he got involved in conflict with great general Belisarius. Several years later, however, Justinian once again used his skills to finally crush Ostrogoth’s army. He spent his last years of life as governor of conquered land.
    Źródło:
    Vox Patrum; 2017, 67; 373-387
    0860-9411
    2719-3586
    Pojawia się w:
    Vox Patrum
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nations and Minorities in Psellos’ "Chronographia" (976–1078)
    Autorzy:
    Lauritzen, Frederick
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/682118.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Michael Psellos
    nations
    minorities
    Byzantine Empire
    „Chronographia”
    Opis:
    The Chronographia of Michael Psellos (1018–1081) reveals a limited interest in nations and minorities within and without the Byzantine Empire. He had access to information about these peoples either indirectly (1018–1042) or more directly (1042–1078). He has a greater understanding of their complexity, especially between 1042–1059 when his friend Constantine Leichoudes was mesazon. Psellos refers to nations and minorities in his Chronographia through the prism of the imperial court at Constantinople.  
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2019, 9; 319-331
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sociocultural Byzantine Influence on Thought Formation in Medieval Russia
    Autorzy:
    Revko-Linardato , Pavel
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/633643.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Byzantine Empire
    Medieval Russia
    philosophy
    education
    Orthodox Church
    Opis:
    The Byzantine influence was at the very origins of the formation of various philosophic ideas in the medieval Russia. A major factor responsible for this influence was the Orthodox Church. Thus, it was owing to Byzantium that the foundations of Russian philosophy were laid and all its subsequent developments cannot be properly understood without considering the Byzantine influence. 
    Źródło:
    Peitho. Examina Antiqua; 2014, 5, 1; 321-336
    2082-7539
    Pojawia się w:
    Peitho. Examina Antiqua
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Strategic Planning in the Middle Byzantine Period: A "Limitrophe" Policy Reintroduced?
    Autorzy:
    Gjalevski, Dragan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31318153.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Byzantine Empire
    Middle Byzantine period
    Byzantine diplomacy
    strategic planning
    limitrophe policy
    Byzantine client states
    Opis:
    In order to maintain or improve its political stability and overall might every state conducts certain policies, both domestic and foreign, throughout its history. They are usually a result of a systematic planning, encompassing in the process multiple state sectors. The Byzantine Empire was no exception. Throughout centuries of existence, the imperial government implemented numerous reforms and carried out reorganisation in the military, administrative and fiscal departments, with the intention to improve its governance. Creation of the military commands – strategides, thémata and tágmata corps are only some of the changes, and their implementation certainly required prior planning in accordance with the requirements and capacity of the state. In relation to foreign policy, starting from the mid-ninth century, a formation of a number of client states that were more or less politically dependent on Constantinople can be observed on the Byzantine borders; their existence ended around the mid-eleventh century. This paper aims to examine the process of establishing client states on the Byzantine borders, i.e., whether it was a policy initiated and subsequently applied by the imperial government as a result of some pre-determined planning, or whether it was just an ad hoc solution.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2023, 13; 29-55
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Birth of the Myth About the Byzantine-Bulgarian War of 863
    Autorzy:
    Bardola, Kostiantyn
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31234025.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Byzantine Empire
    Khan Boris
    Christianization of Bulgaria
    Michael III
    Bardas
    Opis:
    The Byzantine-Bulgarian relationship from the mid-9th to the early 10th century has attracted the attention of historians for years. However, this topic is fraught with multiple myths and misconceptions. The Byzantine invasion of Bulgarian territories in 863 is one of these myths. This hypothesis became part of the master narrative of Bulgarian national historiography and significantly impacted the clarification of the actual motivation of all parties in the complex political process. However, an analysis of sources shows that the military raid under Basileus Michael III and Caesar Bardas into Bulgarian territory is nothing more than fiction. According to a new Byzantine propaganda policy, this narrative was created after the mid-10th century. This research observes how a simple interpolation becomes a historiographical hypothesis and the dominant historiographical narrative. Additionally, a new interpretation of the beginning of Bulgarian Christianization is proposed.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2023, 13; 191-214
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger – the First One Not to Become a Blind Man? Political and Military History of the Bryennios Family in the 11th and Early 12th Century
    Autorzy:
    Böhm, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1032074.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-23
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger
    Anna Komnene
    Komnenian clan
    Byzantine Empire
    Balkans
    Opis:
    Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger has a place in the history of Byzantium as the author of one of the works devoted to the Komnenos family coming to power. This outstanding observer and talented leader, who was fascinated by the person of his father-in-law Alexius I Komnenos, came from a family whose ambitions were no less than the those in the one into which Nikephoros himself married. His father and grandfather, also his namesake, were those who dreamed of an imperial crown for themselves and tried to reach for it armed. Apart from defeat, they both faced punishment which was blinding. One of those who captured and ordered the father of Nikephoros the Younger to be blinded was his future father-in-law. Like the later marriage with Anna Komnene, this had an impact on the respect he had for the new dynasty. However, the question is whether this respect should be explained by the man’s reluctance to participate in a plot against his brother-in-law that his ambitious wife and her mother planned.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2020, 10; 31-45
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Attack of the Rus’ on Constantinople in the Light of the Chronicon Bruxellense
    Autorzy:
    Fylypchuk, Oleksandr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31234085.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    the Chronicon Bruxellense
    George Monachus Continuatus’s chronicle
    Constantinople
    Rus’
    Byzantine Empire
    Opis:
    The Chronicon Bruxellense does not simply provide useful information on the date of the date (year, month, and day) of the Rus’ attack on the Constantinople (18 June 860), but is crucial for a deeper understanding of nature of this chronicle and his sources. The article reveals important details about the date and structure of the Chronicon Bruxellense. It also offers his sources of description of Rus’ raid and identifies George Monachus Continuatus’s chronicle as the principal model. By seeking to construction the victory over the Rus’, his anonymous author presents as a skilled compiler. This paper engages with recent discussion on the first attack of Rus’ on the Constantinople, while also contributing to the renewed interest in the reception of the Chronicon Bruxellense in the late Byzantine literature.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2022, 12; 417-435
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Constantine X Doukas (1059–1067) versus Uzes – about the Nomads on Boats on the Danube in 1064
    Autorzy:
    Böhm, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2027796.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Byzantine Empire
    Constantine X Doukas
    Uzes
    Danube
    Nomads’ knowledge of river crossings
    Opis:
    The reign of the Doukas dynasty in 1059–1078 was a time when new threats to the Byzantine Empire emerge in Europe and Asia. One of them was the increased activity of Turkmen who were penetrating the lands belonging to the Byzantines. A manifestation of these threats was visible during the rule of Constantine X Doukas (1059–1067) in 1064. We have there an invasion of the tribe of Uzes, who crossed the Danube. They ventured so far, as the vicinity of Thessalonica and the province of Hellas, plundering everything in their path. Their actions surprised the defense of the Byzantines. This attack on the empire was related to their crossing of the Danube, about which Michael Attaliates and Skylitzes Continuatus provides us with interesting information. The main aim of this paper therefore will be related to issues linked to the types of vessels used by Uzes to cross this river, as well as an attempt to assess their boatbuilding skills.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2021, 11; 39-49
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dwie twarze islamu – przypadek średniowiecznej Sycylii
    Two Faces of Islam – Case Study of the Medieval Sicily
    Autorzy:
    Konik, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/480454.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Księży Werbistów Verbinum
    Tematy:
    Islam
    Sycylia
    Bizancjum
    emirat Aghlabidów
    dynastia Kalbidów
    Normanowie
    Sicily
    Byzantine Empire
    Aghlabid Emirate
    Kalbids dynasty
    Normans
    Opis:
    Islam jawi się dziś jako nietolerancyjna religia pozostająca w konflikcie z tradycją judeochrześcijańską. Jednak przykład średniowiecznej Sycylii dowodzi, że w imię Koranu można zbudować wielokulturowe społeczeństwo. Strategiczne położenie Sycylii od wieków przyciągało osadników. Od VI wieku władało nią Bizancjum. W VIII wieku wyspa zainteresowała Arabów tworzących nowe państwa w Afryce Północnej. Jednym z nich był emirat Aghlabidów. W 827 roku wyruszyła stamtąd armia, rozpoczynając muzułmański podbój Sycylii, który - pod znakiem rzezi i zniszczeń - trwał przez kolejne dziesięciolecia. W X wieku władzę na wyspie przejęła dynastia Kalbidów. Wprowadzili oni politykę tolerancji, dbali o rozwój nauki i kultury, wspierali rolnictwo oraz handel. W XI wieku Sycylię podbili Normanowie. Zetknąwszy się z wysoką kulturą wyspy, utrzymali oni większość rozwiązań poprzedników. Językami urzędowymi były łacina i greka, a także arabski. Z połączenia różnych kultur powstało jedno z najnowocześniejszych społeczeństw tamtych czasów.
    Islam today is being perceived as the religion that is in the state of conflict with the Judeo-Christian tradition. But a case study of the medieval Sicily proves that it is possible to create a multicultural society in the name of the Koran. Strategic location of the island has always attracted settlers. It was under Byzantine rule since the 6th century. In the 8th century it attracted the attention of the Arabs, just then creating their new states in North Africa. One of them was the Aghlabid Emirate. In 827 it sent an invading army to Sicily. The Muslim conquest of the island, punctuated with the outbursts of onslaught and destruction, lasted for several decades. In the 10th century the reins of power went to the rulers from the Kalbids dynasty. They introduced a policy of tolerance, promoted arts and science and supported trade and agriculture. In the 11th century Sicily was conquered by the Normans. Recognising the high value of the culture they encountered on the island, they retained most measures of their predecessors. The official languages were Latin, Greek and Arabic. The mixture of various cultures in Sicily produced one of the most advanced societies of that period.
    Źródło:
    Nurt SVD; 2016, 1; 59-76
    1233-9717
    Pojawia się w:
    Nurt SVD
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Relief on the Door of the Msho Arakelots Monastery (1134) as a Source for Studying Arms and Armour of Medieval Armenian Warriors
    Autorzy:
    Dymydyuk, Dmytro
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/682136.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Armenia
    Bagratids
    Msho Arakelots
    relief
    military history
    sleeve cross-guard
    Byzantine Empire
    Muslim world
    weapon
    armour
    Opis:
    Byzantium’s arms and armours were researched by many historians. For that reason, the military history of the medieval Roman Empire enjoyed a dominant position in medieval historiography, with the consequence that very often the military history of small nations (under Roman influences) was written from the perspective of the Eastern Romans historians. The aim of the paper is to change this perspective and give the subject of the medieval Armenian military the attention it deserves. The idea is to perform an analysis of the relief on the Door of the Msho Arakelots monastery, where four equestrians and one infantryman are depicted, and to compare it with other Armenian, Byzantine and Muslim sources. In this relief, a spherical mace head and a sword with sleeve cross-guard are represented, suggesting many parallels with East-Roman archaeological and figurative sources. No less important is the depiction of the military trumpet because it is the first image of this object in Armenian art, which can be compared with pictures from the Madrid Skylitzes (13th c.). In addition, the only defensive weapon which is presented in this relief is a round shield with a floral ornament. There are many depictions of round shields in Armenian miniatures and reliefs from 10th–11th c. Moreover, this relief is one of the few where stirrups and the chape of a scabbard are shown. These elements represent an important piece of information because these pictures can be compared with actual archaeological East-Roman artefacts to reconstruct their real look. The conclusions are that the majority of Armenian weapons bear similarities to Byzantine ones but no less important are the Muslim influences, which have been found in some cases. Located between two civilizations (Byzantium and the Muslim Potentates), Armenians adopted the best solutions of their military technologies, creating their own culture. Moreover, thanks to this comparative analysis, further support will be given to the idea that medieval figurative sources are more or less accurate material for studying medieval military history.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2019, 9; 207-250
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Images of the Emperors John II and Manuel I in the Accounts of William, Archbishop of Tyre
    Autorzy:
    Pentek, Zdzisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2027734.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    William of Tyre
    John II Komnenos
    Manuel I Komnenos
    Byzantine Empire
    Principality of Antioch
    Kingdom of Jerusalem
    Opis:
    This article deals with the reception of the image of the Emperors John II and Manuel I of the Komnenos dynasty based on the chronicler’s account by William of Tyre (1130–1186). It shows a positive evolution in the portrayal of John II and his successor Manuel I, whom William met twice – in 1168 and when he stayed in Constantinople for seven months in 1179/1180. The image of Manuel I is positive, emphasizing the emperor’s positive qualities, such as generosity, wisdom, and justice.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2021, 11; 663-677
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Początki użytkowania szabli na terenie wczesnośredniowiecznej Armenii
    The Genesis of Sabre Use in Early-Medieval Armenia
    Autorzy:
    Dymydjuk, Dymitr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375582.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-04
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
    Tematy:
    Byzantine Empire
    Abbasid Caliphate
    sabre
    backsword
    paramerion
    Armenia
    Bagratids
    Georgia
    Cesarstwo Bizantyjskie
    Kalifat Abbasydów
    szabla
    pałasz
    Bagratydzi
    Gruzja
    Opis:
    For a long time, the military history of the Medieval Armenia was not an object of historical research, which in turn had a negative impact on the studies of the region’s social and political history. It is indisputable that in Armenia, as in most countries during the Middle Ages, the sword was a popular – albeit expensive – weapon. But when did sabres appear in Armenia, and were they popular? Images or archaeological fi nds of sabres from the territory of Armenia date only from the 12th/13th centuries, while in the Byzantine Empire and Abbasid Caliphate the sabre had been known already in the 9th–11th centuries, used mainly by nomads serving as mercenaries in both armies. Unfortunately, written sources are not really helpful, as Armenian chroniclers used diff erent terms (– sur, tur, suser – sur, tur, suser) in order to describe the word “sword” or something of the kind, diff erences between which are not completely understood. Moreover, there exists a methodological problem of distinguishing a backsword/pallash (single-edged sword) from a sabre. In order to make this research a more relevant, a comparative analysis with Byzantine, Georgians, Muslim and Nomads materials regarding the appearance, distribution and use of the sabre was employed. The conclusion states that in South Caucasus, the sabre appeared a bit later than in the Byzantine Empire and Abbasid Caliphate, having arrived thanks to North Caucasus, Byzantine, Muslim or Seljuk infl uences in the 10th–11th centuries, given that nomad mercenaries were not present in Bagratid Armenia.
    Źródło:
    Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne; 2020, 11; 172-197
    2450-4475
    Pojawia się w:
    Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Szata zdobi władcę, czyli jak ubiór pomaga odgrywać rolę bizantyjskiego basileusa?
    Autorzy:
    Stanios, Ewelina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/607838.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    apparel
    power
    spectacle
    theatre of power
    Byzantine Empire
    symbols of power
    basileus
    strój
    władza
    widowisko
    teatr władzy
    Bizancjum
    symbole władzy
    Opis:
    The apparel functions in culture in many ways. One of the most popular functions is the manifestation of power. The author analyses this problem discussing the texts concerning the Byzantine Empire written in the 20th century such as (Krzyżowcy i Puszkarz Orbano of Z. Kossak, Srebrne orły of T. Parnicki, Bizantyjska noc of S. Sierecki). The main elements of the apparel of the Emperorsuch as a round crown, sandals, purple colour and jewels were not only the symbols of the unlimited power of the basileus but also increased his authority and were a tool of creating a myth of power.Finally, the apparel of the basileus took part in making the “theater of power” and was the element of the spectacle which aimed at sustaining the illusion about the role and power of the ByzantineEmpire.
    Strój w kulturze pełni wiele istotnych funkcji komunikacyjnych, m.in. pozwala na manifestowanie i wizualizację władzy. Problem ten autorka omawia na przykładzie dwudziestowiecznych tekstów literackich dotyczących Bizancjum (Krzyżowcy i Puszkarz Orbano Z. Kossak, Srebrne orły T. Parnickiego, Bizantyjska noc S. Siereckiego). Najważniejsze elementy cesarskiego stroju: okrągła korona, sandały, purpura i klejnoty stanowiły nie tylko symbole nieograniczonej władzy basileusa i bogactwa państwa, ale również podnosiły w oczach innych jego autorytet i prestiż, byłynarzędziem mitologizacji władzy. Wreszcie, odzienie basileusa było nieodłącznym elementem „teatru władzy”, elementem widowiska rozgrywanego na dworze bizantyjskim, którego celem byłopodtrzymywanie iluzji znaczenia i potęgi Cesarstwa Wschodniego.
    Źródło:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio FF – Philologia; 2013, 31
    0239-426X
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio FF – Philologia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    (Re)sources for Intercultural Dialogue between Hungary and Greece
    Autorzy:
    Szederkényi, Éva
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375545.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-04
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
    Tematy:
    cultural heritage
    borders
    language and culture centres
    intercultural dialogue
    Byzantine Empire
    Hungary
    dziedzictwo kulturowe
    pogranicze
    centra językowe i kulturowe
    dialog intelektualny
    Cesarstwo Bizantyjskie
    Węgry
    Opis:
     This article addresses the concept of preserving cultural heritage by looking at the flourishing historical and cultural links between Hungary and Byzantium and at their modern manifestations. Since the 1980s and 1990s both Hungary and Greece have organised intensive language and cultural education courses for foreign nationals and those with Hungarian and Greek ancestry to promote intercultural dialogue. In addition to discussing the historical bonds that date back millennia, this article also outlines the sources and resources used to maintain Hungarian and Greek cultural characteristics. It demonstrates some of the best practices of Greek language and culture programmes offered, which serve the notion of the continued survival and flourishment of European cultural heritage.
    Źródło:
    Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne; 2020, 11; 68-81
    2450-4475
    Pojawia się w:
    Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-14 z 14

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