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    Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2
    Tytuł:
    Composite Evaluation of Broadband Internet Access in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Zawisza, Mateusz
    Kamiński, Andrzej
    Jakuczun, Wit
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/578608.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
    Tematy:
    Dostęp do informacji
    Internet
    Rozwój lokalny
    Rozwój regionalny
    Access to information
    Local development
    Regional development
    Opis:
    The level of access to Internet is constantly evaluated and promoted by electronic communications regulators around the world. The issue is especially important in countries, such as Poland, where where Internet access is highly heterogenous among local markets. The objective of this paper is to identify socio-economic factors that influence the level of Internet access in local communities (gminas) in Poland. The definition of Internet access involves multiple criteria and encompasses in particular its availability, adoption, speed, quality of service and price. In the paper we propose a two-phase approach to a comparison of Internet access in various gminas. First we use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to evaluate Internet broadband access depending on their demographic characteristics based on data from 2010 and 2011 collected by Poland's Office of Electronic Communications (UKE). In the second stage we explain the obtained DEA effectiveness indices using supervised learning techniques with the socio-economic status of the community as explanatory variables. We show that in the period under study rural communities experienced greater Internet access improvement than urban communities, therefore catching up with large cities and reducing technological gap. Moreover, we identify drivers of broadband Internet advancement, including: community type, community education and age structure, computerization level in schools and Herfindahl-Hirschman competition index. We show that an effective regulation may foster the advancement of fixed-location broadband Internet access.
    Źródło:
    Multiple Criteria Decision Making; 2013, 8; 160-177
    2084-1531
    Pojawia się w:
    Multiple Criteria Decision Making
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cenzura treści elektronicznych a międzynarodowa odpowiedzialność państwa za naruszenie praw człowieka
    On-line censorship and state responsibility for human rights violations
    Autorzy:
    Kulesza, Joanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/596781.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    Prawa człowieka
    Internet
    Komunikowanie w internecie
    Prawo międzynarodowe
    Dostęp do informacji
    Human rights
    Communication on the Internet
    International law
    Access to information
    Opis:
    In the article the author examines state filtering of electronic content in terms of its compliance with international law, especially with provisions guaranteeing the freedom of expression and access to information. The White House implemented program “Internet Freedom”, whose aim is to introduce software enabling the circumvention of local content control in “filtering countries”, is subject to thorough analysis. The analysis covers recent (2011) events in Egypt, where the world’s first successful attempt at shutting down the Internet within state borders was completed. Although enforced through legitimate state actions this Internet shut-down was circumvented with the use of Google-introduced technology. The technology and its use seemed to meet the ideas behind the “Internet Freedom” program, introduced by the White House a few month prior to the Egypt events. In the course of argument the author discusses international responsibility for the possible breach of their international obligations by both: Egypt and the U.S. She provides for the assessment of the legality of the actions of Egyptian authorities’ introducing an Internate filter that constitutes an infringement of freedom of expression, as well as the responsibility of United States for their failure to halt a U.S. legal entity enabling users to circumvent the legitimate Egyptian technology. The author argues that the character of the global network requires a redefinition of state sovereignty, especially in the context of human rights protection on-line. An idea introduced by R.H. Weber of “shared sovereignty” is mentioned, as it reflects the basic principle of international Internet law: the principle of multistakeholder governance.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne; 2012, LXXXV (85); 113-140
    0081-6841
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2

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