- Tytuł:
- Zagadnienie istnienia i natury czasu w wybranych modelach kosmologicznych
- Autorzy:
-
Janowski, Jarosław Maciej
Pabjan, Tadeusz
Leciejewski, Sławomir - Powiązania:
- https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/2036301.pdf
- Data publikacji:
- 2016
- Wydawca:
- Wydawnictwo Liberi Libri
- Opis:
- The question of the existence and the nature of time in selected cosmological models This book is concerned with the question of the existence and the nature of time in selected cosmological models. By such formulation of the subject the author wishes to consider the problem of time, being the object of interest to various sub-fields of philosophy, from the perspective of the philosophy of nature. To achieve that, an application of certain data, that can be provided by science, to the analyzes of the problem of the existence and nature of time, is a necessity. The author will focus on three cosmological models for what can be considered the suggestions of solutions aiming to describe the structure of the Universe below the Planck scale, proposed by theoretical physics. These are the Hartle–Hawking State, also known as the concept of the universe with no boundaries (No-boundary Proposal), created by Stephen Hawking and James Hartle, a Noncommutative Universe model, also known as the concept of the noncommutative regime, postulated by Michał Heller and Wiesław Sasin and the Platonia concept proposed by Julian Barbour. All the proposals mentioned contribute to the Quantum Gravity Research Programme, which aim is to describe the structure of the Universe from the Big Bang until the present in an unitary mode. The Quantum Gravity is expected to connect the incompatible, according to modern physics, formulas of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. The Quantum Gravity should also enable description of the indescribable by both the General Relativity and the Quantum Mechanics, the Initial Singularity which had triggered the Big Bang. The first of four chapters of the book, focuses on the problem of the time in philosophy as a whole. Due to that, it consists of the two issues unavoidable when discussing the subject. Firstly, the author distinguishes a list of questions concerning the phenomenon of time, by which the phenomenon will be presented in terms of philosophical discourse, with reference to the classic distinction of the three aspects: the ontological, epistemological and psychological one. Simultaneously, the classic analysis of the problem will be completed with certain issues being the subject of analysis of time in contemporary philosophy of time (e.g. the controversy between Eternalism and Presentism or the dispute between the Endurantism and Perdurantism). Secondly, a proposal of a typology of comprehension of the time due to its ontological status will be presented. The typology proposed, unlike the renowned distinction between the realism and antirealism, distinguishes also a third one, being the position between realism and antirealism. By emphasizing the fact of existence of this borderland the author wishes to show the subtleties of distinctions related to the ontological status of time and also to remind of how difficult and fascinating the struggle with the issue of time was for various philosophers over the centuries. Furthermore, the autor believes that paying close attention to the fact of the existence of the position mentioned is a characteristic feature of the philosophy of nature. The second chapter focuses on the issue of time as in the perspective of the science. The chapter is giving insight in the nature of the troubles with time experienced not only by philosophers, but also by the scientists. Due to the subject undertaken, the author will limit the science referred to the theoretical physics and the disciplines related. In the first section of this chapter a method will be presented, in which time is recognized in the three great physical theories of the 20th century, especially in the Special Relativity, General Relativity and the Quantum Mechanics. In the theories mentioned, time can be perceived as either as an external parameter, an internal time, or as a Quantum Observable. In the next section the standard cosmological model will be presented, within which the structure and the evolution of the Universe is reconstructed, using the General Relativity and the achievements of Astronomy and Astrophysics as a theoretical background. The standard model however faces difficulties and even collapses, when attempting to describe the initial stage of the evolution of the Universe, known as the Planck Era. To be able to describe the structure of the Universe at this stage of its evolution correctly, it is necessary to provide a theory, which would be capable of describing properly the Spacetime Singularities. Unfortunately, the General Relativity, which constitutes the theoretical basis of the standard cosmological model, proves to be incapable of completing the task. Since the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems have been proved, a belief has strengthen that General Relativity is insufficient, and the standard cosmological model – incomplete of describing the origins of the Universe. Considering the situation, many physicists are searching for a theory, which would allow a correct description of Spacetime Singularities. Simultaneously, a new cosmological model being the proper description of the structure and the evolution of the Universe from the very beginning of its existence – the Big Bang to the present moment, is being searched. The new theory referred to as the Quantum Gravity will, according to the scholars, connect the two mutually incompatible formalisms of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. Moreover, the new model of the universe based on Quantum Gravity, would become a part of the broader concept of the Quantum Cosmology. The presentation of the Quantum Gravity Research Programme within which the various concepts related to the Quantum Gravity, such as the notion of Quantum Gravity, the Theory of Everything or Quantum Cosmology will be arranged, would complete the second chapter. One of the possible typologies associated with the way, that Quantum Gravity can relate to the concept of space-time will also be included in this chapter. The reason for that is the fact, that in a process of constructing the Quantum Gravity, a way of recognizing the concepts constituting the Quantum Gravity such as time and space-time is an important factor. The majority of scholars researching the Quantum Gravity, agrees to the fact that the space-time structure, being the basis for the description of the Universe in the standard cosmological model, should be replaced by another structure that would enable a description of the Initial Singularity. The differences between the proposals in this regard, include the question of whether the space-time and the time are to appear in the description of the structure of the Universe, e.g. at the higher levels of its organization, or in the later stages of its evolution, or whether they should disappear completely from the description of the Universe. The subject of the third chapter, entitled The Atemporality of the Universe in some cosmological models, will be the models mentioned, specifically the Hartle–Hawking State, Heller–Sasin’s Noncommutative Universe and Julian Barbour’s Platonia. In this chapter, a reconstruction of the models will be conducted, so that they would become useful for the purposes of the philosophical analysis in the latter chapter. The reconstruction itself will be preceded by the presentation and the analysis of the assumptions made by the authors of each model. Then, the specific features of the construction of each model will be presented. In the final section of the chapter the picture of the structure of the Universe as it is revealed in every model will be depicted with the indication to the components, of which the notion of time can be constructed. The last chapter will be focused on the issue of the ontological implications in the atemporal models of the Universe. Firstly, a reconstruction of a time constitutives will be conducted. The author introduces the term in order to describe such elements of the models postulating atemporality of the Universe at below the Planck scale indicated in the third chapter, that would allow for reconstitution of time at higher levels of the Universe’s structure. The analysis of these elements will be conducted further, being an attempt to determine their ontological status, as well as their relation to the notion of time itself. Besides, an attempt of reconstruction of the attendant ontologies (also known as the ontologies of the physical theories), which function besides the considered models of the Universe. Subsequently, an analysis of the relation between the time constitutives and attendant ontologies will be conducted. Simultaneously, the author will attempt to answer the question of whether, despite their overt atemporality, the presuposition of the real existence of time in the analyzed models of the Universe can be justified. Finally, the conclusion from the analyses mentioned will be presented in a broader context of the debate over the question of the metaphysics of time. A possible impact of the attendant ontologies of the analyzed models, and the ontologies widely associated with certain physical theories, on the image of time, will also be discussed. Additionally, an attempt will be made to locate the analyzed models of the Universe in the context of the ontological status of the time typologies suggested in the first chapter. All of the analyses, reconstruction and considerations intend to prove the research hypothesis saying that the temporal constitutives can be identified in the cosmological models explicitly postulating atemporality of the Universe. The recognition of the validity of the claim strengthens the position which treats time as really existing. On the other hand, the recognition of the atemporality of the Universe below the Planck scale, being identical with its fundamental structure level, can contribute to the weakening of the concept of realism both in relation to the time as to the entire Universe. The author of this book believes that with the consolidation of a new theory describing the initial stage of the Universe, the necessity of a profound change in the field of philosophy of time, the philosophy of natural science, and perhaps also in the entire philosophical discourse on the nature of the Universe will arise.
- Dostawca treści:
- Biblioteka Nauki
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