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Tytuł:
China in the South China Sea. Can China’s presence in the South China Sea lead to war?
Autorzy:
Kościelniak, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1963335.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
the South China Sea
China
competition
navy
naval forces
Opis:
China has been expanding its presence on the South China Sea, which causes tensions in the region. However, when different aspects of the situation are analysed, an open armed conflict seems hardly possible. Looking at China’s activity in this body of water, it appears the Chinese state strives to safeguard its interests, primarily the economic ones, nonetheless it should be emphasized that it pursues its superpower ambitions at the same time.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2018, 9; 15-29
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Energy trade relations between Russia and China
Autorzy:
Yamato, Sayaka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/10493906.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
China
Russia
economic relations
energy policy
Opis:
Economic relations between Russia and China have been growing over the years. Of particular importance in Russia-China economic relations is the gas and oil trade. Russia has the world’s largest natural resources, while China is the world’s largest energy consumer. In 2014, an agreement was reached to build a new gas pipeline and increase gas exports to China. If the planned volume of gas can be exported to China on a stable basis, Russia will be able to supplement some of the economic sanctions imposed by the West. However, there is much uncertainty as to whether China can be a stable export destination for Russia. There is a significant gap in the trade scale between Russia and China and asymmetrical dependence in the relationship between them. In addition, international pipeline projects have substantial financial and time costs, and the two countries; intentions sometimes differ. The purpose of this research is to clarify the current state of trade interdependence between Russia and China and to study whether China can be a stable economic partner for Russia. This paper consists of three main parts, with an introduction and conclusions. The first part explains an overview of trade and asymmetric interdependence between Russia and China. It then analyses the anticipated benefits and vulnerabilities of increased Russian gas exports to China. The third section investigates the uncertainties of China as a gas importer in terms of China’s dependence on Russia.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2023, 2(38); 62-71
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Plany rozwoju gospodarczego Chin
Plans of the economic development of China
Autorzy:
Kikolski, Bohdan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2078124.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
gospodarka Chin
reformy ekonomiczne w Chinach
China’s economy
economic reforms in China
Opis:
The author presents economic foundation for the current five and next 15-20 years, during which the authorities wants to increase the country’s position in the global power rank by increasing, among other things, GNP by 47% over 5 years. China is assumed to be in a position to win chances which result from development of inter-Asian trade, increasing the attractiveness of its own market for the foreign investments, whose volume may put China in the second place worldwide after USA and having become the most important market for Taiwan. The economic potential of China is also characterized by a volume of foreign reserves. which combined with Hong Kong exceeded USD 200 billion and continues to rise. One of the main long-term goals is to accelerate transformation and overall development of the Western regions of the country, in order to overcome internal disproportion. Structural changes are being planned, the essence of which is to preserve the total state ownership only buy only in 512 key enterprises or their groups, thus increasing the private sector beyond the agriculture. The strategic economic projects show that the mechanisms, introduced in the recent years of reforms, will continue to be implemented.
Źródło:
Azja-Pacyfik; 1998, I; 131-159
1643-692X
Pojawia się w:
Azja-Pacyfik
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Niedoskonała nierównowaga [recenzja książki Perfect Imbalance: Russia and China]
Imperfect Imbalance [book review Perfect Imbalance: Russia and China]
Несовершенный дисбаланс [рецензия книги Perfect Imbalance: Russia and China]
Autorzy:
Lubina, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2120000.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Źródło:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2022, 3(34); 200-206
2084-3291
Pojawia się w:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ku normalizacji? Relacje Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego z władzami Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej po 1949 roku
Towards normalization? Relations between the Roman Catholic Church and China People’s Republic after 1949
Autorzy:
Tylkowski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1955902.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Kościół katolicki
Chiny
porozumienie chińsko--watykańskie
katolicy w Chinach
katolicyzm w Chinach
Catholic Church
China
China-Vatican agreement
Catholics in China
Catholicism in China
Opis:
The article is concerned with the relations between the Catholic Church and the government of the People’s Republic of China. It starts with a short summary of the history of Christianity in China. Then it focuses on the analysis of changes of policies toward China on the part of the Holy See and their reception from Chinese authorities. It points out that the Vatican government consequently is making efforts in order to normalize the situation of Catholics in China and that it is ready to for a deep compromise with the Chinese government if necessary. In that context, the agreement between the Holy See and the Chinese government, which was prolonged on the 22nd of October 2020, is more understandable.
Źródło:
Azja-Pacyfik; 2020, XXIII; 77-92
1643-692X
Pojawia się w:
Azja-Pacyfik
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Chiny a prawa człowieka
China and human rights
Autorzy:
Tomala, Karin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2035760.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
prawa człowieka w Chinach
human rights in China
Opis:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted in San Francisco stressed that human rights are indivisible and inalienable and that human dignity is inviolable. However, it continues to be a controversy over how human dignity can be manifested. In the Chinese history of ideas no evidence can be found to support the thesis that inalienable human rights stem from human nature. Since the 1970s human rights have been a subject of discussion in China. Previously, the human rights notion was characterized as an imperialist institution. While the western countries see in personal dignity consistency with the development of democracy and pluralism, China maintains that it is providing the conditions for existence that creates the universal dignity of human beings. Priority is given to the people’s rights to existence, development and well-being, which means that the most important thing is to provide the population with food, clothing and shelter. Human rights in China is one of the most explosive political themes in debates between the West and China. The more China opens up, the more political, economic and cultural contacts will be created, improving the prospects for democratisation and human rights situation in China.
Źródło:
Azja-Pacyfik; 1998, I; 53-65
1643-692X
Pojawia się w:
Azja-Pacyfik
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Background of the Disputes over the South China Sea Islands
Autorzy:
Kościelniak, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2031848.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Southeast Asia
South China Sea
security
conflict
Opis:
In the light of the official statements made by the capitals of its coastal states, there is probably not a single centimetre of free space left in this sea, to which a claim has not been issued. In some parts of the sea, the claims of three, four of even five states overlap, creating a truly Gordian knot. The significance of the South China Sea causes that if the dispute over the archipelagos is not settled by implementing peaceful methods and means, at the negotiation table, East Asia region is likely to become a potential source of destabilisation and conflict whose size, in respect to the location and the number of parties directly or indirectly engaged in the dispute might turn out to be extremely hazardous.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2014, 5; 11-19
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The artificial islands of Vietnam in the South China Sea
Autorzy:
Kościelniak, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20434452.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Vietnam
artificial islands
South China Sea
Spratly Islands
Opis:
The militarisation of the South China Sea has specific implications for the regional security situation. The construction of artificial islands and platforms by the states of the region leads, on the one hand, to the assertion of their possessions and the enhancement of their security and, on the other hand, contributes to rising tensions in the region. The construction of such facilities by Vietnam goes unchallenged, there is no criticism and even some support – not so with China. Most countries see Vietnam as the country most able to stand up to its large neighbour. Vietnam otherwise operates more slowly and on a smaller scale, so it is commonly seen as defensive as it builds on islands that have belonged to Hanoi for decades and are close to the mainland coast.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2023, 25; 47-62
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Globalnie czy lokalnie? Kulturowe uwarunkowania edukacji w Chinach
Globally or locally? Cultural determinants of education in China
Autorzy:
Mańkowska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1877283.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
pedagogika porównawcza
Chiny
edukacja w Chinach
system edukacyjny
globalizacja
comparative education
China
education in China
globalization
Opis:
Celem podjętych rozważań jest przedstawienie kulturowych uwarunkowań edukacji w Chinach w dobie globalizacji. Artykuł odpowiada na pytanie, czy w czasach globalnych przemian i swobodnego przepływu treści, znaczeń i rozwiązań oświatowych, edukacja w Chinach pozostaje wierna tradycji i wartościom lokalnym. Przedmiotem badań były system edukacyjny i rzeczywistość kulturowo-społeczna w okresie przemian. W treści artykułu wykorzystano badania zastane chińskich i zagranicznych autorów. Jako metodę badawczą wybrano analizę źródeł wtórnych, która pokazała, że mimo gwałtownych, globalnych zmian, chińska edukacja w swoich metodach i sposobach nauczania pozostaje wierna ideałom i założeniom chińskiej tożsamości, a dokonuje tego za pośrednictwem procesu kontekstualizacji.
The purpose of this article is to present the cultural determinants of education in China in the age of globalization. The article answers the question whether in times of global change and the free flow of culture and educational solutions, education in China remains faithful to local tradition and values. The subject of the study is the educational system and cultural and social reality in the era of change. The article uses the existing studies and research of Chinese and foreign authors. The scientific method at this article is analyze of secondary sources. Analyses have shown that despite rapid global changes, Chinese education in its methods and teaching methods remains faithful to the ideals and assumptions of Chinese identity, and does it through the process of contextualization.
Źródło:
Edukacja Międzykulturowa; 2020, 12, 1; 85-97
2299-4106
Pojawia się w:
Edukacja Międzykulturowa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The EU-China Economic Relations: a Harmful Competition or a Strategic Cooperation?
Autorzy:
Walkowski, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594636.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
economy
globalisation
EU
China
trade
investments
cooperation
competition
Opis:
The People’s Republic of China currently possesses the second biggest national economy in the world, smaller only to that of the United States. It is also a matter of time for China to become the greatest economic power, at least regarding share in aggregated global GDP and the sphere of international trade. Growing engagement of China in global economic development and its dependence on other participants of trade exchanges have made this country a more ‘responsible shareholder’ of the international economic system. China has a great development interest in upholding a stable world economic situation, and especially in proper economic relations with the United States and the European Union, on whose markets its healthy development largely depends. Whether China will soon become a “mature, responsible and attractive superpower” depends to a significant degree not only on its efforts but also on proper relations with major trade and investment partners around the world. It seems that mutually beneficial economic relations between the PRC and the European Union (founded on mutually beneficial and strategic cooperation and not on serious and opaque competition) constitute one of the key factors determining this scenario’s validity. Unfortunately, for the time being, many problems arise in this relationship. They come from both sides requiring a proper diagnosis, as well as a scientific analysis including both assessment and prognosis. The presented scientific article tries to meet these expectations.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2017, 2 (46); 172-189
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Economic Sanctions as a Tool of China’s Hybrid Strategies
Autorzy:
Wiśniewski, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2019850.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
coercion
hybrid warfare
People’s Republic of China
economic sanctions
Opis:
The article aims to analyze the role of economic sanctions in the People’s Republic of China’s overall approach to achieving its security objectives in the international arena. During the last two decades, Beijing used this instrument on numerous occasions to exert pressure on a varied group of actors. China’s current strategy toward a range of disputes and conflicts it is engaged in (the South China Sea territorial disputes most prominently stand out) is often described using the popular vocabulary of “hybrid warfare” or “grey zone conflicts”. Putting the conceptual complications aside, the author agrees that the PRC’s approach can be viewed as part of a growing trend for great powers to employ what can be called “hybrid strategies” toward its opponents. As part of a broader category of economic statecraft, economic sanctions form an important element of this approach. Considering current scholarship on both “hybrid” (or “grey area”) warfare and economic sanctions, the article answers the question of why the PRC increasingly resorts to hybrid strategies (including economic coercion) and identifies the main characteristics of Chinese economic sanctions. It also provides preliminary conclusions on their effectiveness.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2021, 3 (50); 91-103
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Role of E-learning for Faculty Development in China
Autorzy:
Li, Bihong
L. Eddy, Pamela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028748.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-03-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
e-learning
faculty development
individual perspective
China
Opis:
While discussion on faculty development in China has been increasing in recent years, our understanding of the strategy for the development remains limited. This study with a survey aimed to examine whether e-learning could meet faculty members’ expectations for their professional development. Our findings suggest that e-learning is identified as a preferred means of opening new opportunities to meet the needs of faculty in China where faculty development still remains traditional training and it has bright prospects. The result also highlights individual perspectives as a critical factor shaping e-learning behavior, and provides implications for the policy of faculty development.
Źródło:
The New Educational Review; 2014, 35; 88-100
1732-6729
Pojawia się w:
The New Educational Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
THE DOMINANT POSITION OF CHINA IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Autorzy:
Jaroszewska, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594835.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
China
global economy
dominant position
Chinese economy
world economy
economic relations
Opis:
After a few decades of transformation China is becoming a major contender for the number two position in the world. Is it really possible? Will China balance the power of the United States? Today the United States supremacy is so great that it seems to be undeniable. The situation was similar at the end of the twentieth century when U.S. domination was obvious and any other reality was hard to imagine. Recently though, more and more often America’s political decisions are criticised. A few decades ago, in Beijing a new idea was developed. The essence of that idea was to transform the People’s Republic of China into a superpower. Since China was very vast and densely populated, but mostly a poor and backward country, it was a very daring vision. Years of consistent and painful reforms changed the way the world is looking at China, even though some of them were not accepted by international opinion.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2013, 42; 279-296
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Presenting Innovative Research on Contemporary China [book review Balancing Changes. Seventy Years of People’s Republic of China]
Презентация инновационных исследований современного Китая [рецензия книги Balancing Changes. Seventy Years of People’s Republic of China]
Autorzy:
Homańska, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24988525.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Źródło:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2023, 2(37); 342-348
2084-3291
Pojawia się w:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The policy of the People’s Republic of China towards Central and Eastern Europe in 2012-2020
Политика Китайской Народной Республики в отношении Центральной и Восточной Европы в 2012-2020 гг.
Autorzy:
Kuź, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1930227.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-03-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
China
CEE
Germany
16+1
China-CEE
China-UE
Китай
Центральная и Восточная Европа
Германия
Китай - ЦВЕ
Китай - ЕС
Opis:
In the second decade of the 21st century, the Middle Kingdom, which had huge financial surpluses, became the world’s largest exporter of money capital, which meant that investment policy became the main element of China’s foreign policy. In the case of Central and Eastern Europe, the 16+1 (17+1) format, containing both investment policy and soft power elements, has become the basic tool of the general policy of Middle Kingdom. This article aims to define the basic principles of China’s policy towards Central and Eastern Europe. For this purpose, the following general hypothesis was formulated: Chinese policy in Central and Eastern Europe consists of presenting the countries of this region with initiatives that do not go beyond the sphere of declarations and serve as a bargaining chip in relations with Germany, the country with the greatest potential in the European Union. The general hypothesis gives rise to detailed hypotheses that were verified in individual parts of the article with the use of the comparative method. The reasons most often mentioned in the literature on the subject, such as economic, cultural, social, and political differentiation of Central and Eastern European countries, legal barriers resulting from EU legislation, insufficient recognition of the region’s needs by the Chinese side and asymmetry of expectations of both parties, undoubtedly largely contribute to the lack of effective Sino-CEE cooperation. However, they cannot be considered decisive because similar problems occur wherever Chinese companies appear. However, in many regions of the world, despite these obstacles, mutual economic relations are more dynamic than in CEE. The reasons why the potential of the 16+1 (17+1) format has not been properly used can be found primarily in the context of German-Chinese relations.
Во втором десятилетии XXI века Китай, имевший огромные финансовые излишки, стал крупнейшим в мире экспортером денежного капитала, а это означало, что инвестиционная политика стала важным элементом внешней политики Китая. В случае Центральной и Восточной Европы формат 16+1 (17+1), содержавший компонент инвестиционной политики и элементы мягкой силы, стал основным инструментом общей политики Китая в отношении Центральной и Восточной Европы. Для этого была сформулирована следующая общая гипотеза: суть политики Китая в Центральной и Восточной Европе заключалась в том, чтобы представить странам этого региона инициативы, которые не выходили за рамки деклараций и являлись разменной монетой в отношениях с Германией - страной с наибольшим потенциалом в Европейском Союзе. Общая гипотеза порождает детальные гипотезы, которые в отдельных частях статьи проверялись сравнительным методом. Причины, которые чаще всего упоминаются в литературе, такие как экономическая, культурная, социальная и политическая дифференциация стран Центральной и Восточной Европы, правовые барьеры, возникающие в результате законодательства Европейского Союза, недостаточное признание потребностей региона китайской стороной и асимметрия ожиданий с обеих сторон, несомненно, в значительной степени способствуют отсутствию эффективного сотрудничества. Однако, несмотря на это, их нельзя считать решающими, поскольку подобные проблемы возникают везде, где появляются китайские компании. Во многих регионах мира, несмотря на эти препятствия, взаимные экономические отношения более динамичны, чем в Центральной и Восточной Европе. Причины неэффективного использования потенциала формата 16+1 (17+1) можно найти прежде всего в контексте германокитайских отношений.
Źródło:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2021, 1(28); 66-84
2084-3291
Pojawia się w:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 245

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