Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

Wyszukujesz frazę "Middle Europe" wg kryterium: Temat


Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3
Tytuł:
Europe, the Middle East, and the ‘Arab Spring’ – The Shattering of the Dream
Europa, Bliski Wschód i „arabska wiosna” – zawiedzione nadzieje
Autorzy:
Nagar, Nir Barkan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/616320.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Europe
Middle East
Arab Spring
Europa
Bliski Wschód
arabska wiosna
Opis:
Artykuł omawia stosunki między Europą i krajami Bliskiego Wschodu oraz konsekwencje tych relacji w ciągu ostatnich dwóch dekad, poprzez analizę „arabskiej wiosny”. Określenie „arabska wiosna” odnosi się do serii wydarzeń obejmujących demonstracje, przemoc i wojnę domową, które przetoczyły się przez kraje arabskie od końca 2010 r. Wywołane przez siły oporu wobec autorytarnych reżimów doprowadziły do upadku przywódców Egiptu, Tunezji i Libii. Protesty zwolenników demokracji, zrównoważonej gospodarki i likwidacji korupcji rządowej udało się jednak wykorzystać do swoich celów islamistom. Wprawdzie nie było wówczas jasne, jakie nowe reżimy przejmą władzę, ale powszechnie oczekiwano, że będą to siły islamistyczne. W kategoriach deklaracji, polityki i zaangażowania fizycznego Europa zareagowała na wydarzenia arabskiej wiosny pozytywnie w obawie, że wyniki protestów mogą zostać wykorzystane przez siły islamistyczne, mimo że przez dziesięciolecia państwa Zachodu łączyła z wieloma obalonymi tyranami współpraca i przyjazne stosunki. Polityka przymykania oka na brak demokracji i łamanie praw człowieka w tych krajach była jednak często postrzegana jako sprzeczna z wartościami europejskimi. W dniu 25 maja 2011 r. Unia Europejska opublikowała dokument przyznający, że nie udało jej się przeprowadzić reform politycznych w sąsiednich krajach arabskich. Po wydarzeniach arabskiej wiosny konieczne było wypracowanie nowego podejścia do wzmocnienia partnerstwa między Europą a światem arabskim. Cele europejskiej polityki wobec świata muzułmańskiego obejmują powstrzymanie masowej migracji muzułmańskiej, zmniejszenie wpływu fundamentalistycznego i radykalnego islamu na Bliskim Wschodzie, a także wśród muzułmanów w Europie, oraz zapewnienie dostaw surowców energetycznych z tych krajów. Sprostanie tym wyzwaniom będzie znaczącym krokiem we właściwym kierunku.
This article addresses relations between Europe and the countries of the Middle East and the implications of these relationships over the past two decades, through an examination of the events of the ‘Arab Spring.’ The Arab Spring refers to a chain of events that swept through the Arab countries from late 2010, characterized by demonstrations, violence, and civil war. This was sparked by resistance to tyrannical regimes and led to the fall of the rulers of Egypt, Tunisia, and Libya. However, Islamists were able to utilize the protesters, who sought democracy, an equal economy, and the elimination of governmental corruption, to further their ambitions. At that time, it was not clear what the new regimes would look like, but it was widely expected that Islamist elements would gain power. Europe responded positively to these events, in terms of declarations, policy, and physical involvement, from the fear that Islamist forces would take advantage of the outcomes of the protests, despite the fact that, for decades, there had been collaboration and friendly relations between Western nations and many of the overthrown tyrants. This policy of turning a blind eye to the lack of democracy and human rights violations in these countries, however, had been perceived by many as contrary to European values. On May 25, 2011, the European Union published a document admitting their failure to achieve political reforms in the neighboring Arab countries. Following the events of the Arab Spring, a new approach to strengthening the partnership between Europe and the Arab world was needed. The objectives of European policy towards the Muslim world include halting massive Muslim migration, reducing the influence of fundamentalist and radical Islam in the Middle East and among Muslims in Europe, and ensuring a supply of energy resources obtained from these countries. Meeting these challenges will be a significant step in the right direction.
Źródło:
Przegląd Politologiczny; 2019, 2; 55-66
1426-8876
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Politologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Late medieval Vlachs in the western Balkans: orality, society and the limits of collective identities
Autorzy:
Pijović, Marko
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1490634.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-07-18
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Vlachs
Middle Ages
social communication
orality and literacy
group identity
transhumant pastoralism
Southeastern Europe
Opis:
This paper explores the social structures of late medieval Vlachs – particularly the ones inhabiting the Western Balkans (the Dinaric Alps) – in order to determine how collective identities were shaped and reproduced in medieval oral cultures. Southeast European historiographies have often portrayed the Balkan Vlachs as a unitary group and the label „Vlach” as representing a single, homogenous social entity during most of the Middle Ages. Still, social groups cannot exist and function without regular communication – oral or written – between their members. Oral cultures are based on verbal communication and are therefore bound by its specific nature, given that it requires continuous personal contact and oral transfer of information for communication and society to function properly. Literate cultures on the other hand tend to rely on written communication to a considerable extent and given that it allows for information to be conveyed impersonally (by text) its range is (at least in theory) almost limitless – as it is the level of (il)literacy that represents the main communicative and social limit in literate societies. Having in mind the abovementioned communicative and social limits of orality and the fact that it was the predominant if not exclusive form of communication among transhumant pastoralists such as the medieval Balkan Vlachs this paper argues that the range/scope of their group identities and collective identifications was rather limited. Furthermore, this paper discusses the types of collective identities utilized by Vlachs, questioning whether they ever shared a common „Vlach identity” given the fact that the social identity of the medieval people known as „the Vlachs” was primarily shaped and defined from the „outside” and „above” – by state intervention and a legal frame that was forced upon them. The Vlachs in the Medieval Balkans, and particularly in its western part, generally did not possess political authority and power, nor did they have the material resources and literary traditions allowing them to form more complex and enduring communication networks that would in turn have resulted in group identity formation on a larger scale. During the Early Middle Ages the Vlachs were „Vlachs” primarily because they were labelled as such and considered to be a distinct category of population by their Slavic (and later Byzantine) neighbours and overlords, and not necessarily because they originally defined themselves as such. This is not to say that gradually, during the course of the Middle Ages, the bearers of the „Vlach” name could not have started to identify themselves as „Vlachs” by accepting this foreign name (xenonym) as their preferred group name (autonym). Still, when this finally did happen it did not imply a „universal” Vlach identity in the medieval Balkans. Given the communicative limits of oral cultures as well as the Vlachs’ position as legal and political „objects” rather than „subjects” it seems most likely that the medieval Balkans witnessed a simultaneous existence of a multitude of „Vlachnesses” which were usually unrelated and unaware of each other.
Źródło:
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia; 2021, 28, 1; 65-92
0239-4278
2450-3177
Pojawia się w:
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ołów i władza: plomby Rurykowiczów i Piastów w Europie środkowo-wschodniej
Lead and power: small lead seals of the Rurik and the Piast dynasties in central and eastern Europe
Autorzy:
Musin, Aleksandr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/15809983.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-10-28
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Early Middle Ages
Byzantium
Polska
Early Rus’
Western Europe
cultural transfer
Antique tradition
commerce
customs control
borderland
small lead seals of “Drohiczyn type”
medieval bracteates (Hohlpfennig)
small Polish fiscal lead seals
Opis:
The article considers the economic and political use of small lead seals (tag seals) to validate different kinds of social relations in early medieval Poland and Rus’. Originated in Antiquity, the practice of sealing peaked in Byzantium from where it spread to Early Rus’. This is reflected, for example, in the use in late 11th-late 14th centuries of small lead seals referred to as the “Drohiczyn type”. In this paper I put forward an opinion that not all the early medieval small lead seals should be attributed to “coinless economy”. A study of the corpus of small lead seals from Drohiczyn and Czermno, and finds from Mazovia, has identified a group with iconography identical to the Polish Hohlpfennig, suggesting they were commercial-customs small lead seals used by the Piast dynasty, contemporary with the bracteates introduced in the first half/mid-13th-early 14th centuries. The extraordinary number of small lead seals found in Drohiczyn possibly reflects the outstanding position of the town in the Eastern and Central European relationships as well as a short-term relocation of trade routes leading north, caused by the military conflicts of the 1240-1280s in the upper course of the Western Bug. The practice of sealing could have been introduced by Conrad of Mazovia to Poland from Early Rus’. Subsequently, the small Polish lead seals might have contributed to the emergence of lead cloth seals in Western Europe as part of a cultural transfer.
Źródło:
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim; 2022, 63; 199-258
0080-9993
Pojawia się w:
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3

    Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies