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    Tytuł:
    “Idea zrodzona z rozpaczy“. Rola ruchu unickiego w bułgarskim odrodzeniu narodowym
    “An Idea Born from Desperation”. The Role of the Uniate Movement in the Bulgarian National Revival
    Autorzy:
    Popek, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/909799.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014-01-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Bulgaria
    Church Union
    Bulgarian National Revival
    Bułgaria
    Unia Kościelna
    Bułgarskie Odrodzenie Narodowe
    Opis:
    The article describes problems connected with the idea of a cooperation between Orthodox Bulgarian population and the Catholic Church at the turn of 50s and 60s of 19th century. The Uniate Movement was founded by Dragan Tsankov, who started to propagate the idea of westernization of Bulgarians in the newspaper “Bălgariya” with the cooperation with the French missionaries from the Congregation of the Mission and the Polish emigrants from the Hôtel Lambert. The milieu of Dragan Tsankov firstly supported the Union in Kukush in 1859 and one year later leaded to the nationwide Union. These events played an important role in history of the Bulgarian Revival and development of the Church Movement. It contributed to the emergence of the Bulgarian exarchate (1870), which was a decisive step for the Bulgarian fight for political rights in the Ottoman Empire.
    Źródło:
    Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia; 2014, 21, 1; 103-120
    0239-4278
    2450-3177
    Pojawia się w:
    Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Między „jarzmem fanariockim” a „jarzmem jezuickim”. Polemiki wokół bułgarskiej kwestii cerkiewnej między periodykami „Bułgaria” a „Dunajski Łabędź” w latach 1859–1861
    Between the “Phanariote Yoke” and the „Jesuitical Yoke”. The 1859–1861 polemics between “Bulgaria” and “The Danubian Swan” journals concerning the issue of the Bulgarian Church
    Autorzy:
    Popek, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/909964.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-03-08
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Bulgaria
    the Church Movement
    the Church Union
    19th Century
    Bulgarian Revival
    Bułgaria
    Ruch cerkiewny
    Unia kościelna
    XIX wiek
    Bułgarskie odrodzenie narodowe
    Opis:
    At the turn of 1850s and 1860s there was a serious discussion inside the Bulgarian Church Movement, which had fallen apart into four parties: national, pro-Turkish moderates, pro-Russian moderates and pro-Uniate. One of the most fervent debates took place between the journals “The Danubian Swan” (edited by Georgi Sava Rakovski, connected with the national party the Church Movement) and “Bulgaria” (published by the leader of pro-Uniate party Dragan Tzankov). The discussions focused on the topics pivotal for the Bulgarian national case: the relation of the Church Movement to the Ottoman Empire, the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the Catholic Church and the Great Powers (especially Russia and France), the problem of the Bulgarian cultural model, the medieval heritage and Christian dogmas. One of those topics concerned the relation of the Church movement to the Ottoman Empire – in general both journals declared loyalty to the Sultan, but the problem mainly concerned the Turkish censorship. “Bulgaria” and “The Dunabian Swan“ agreed that the Patriarchate of Constantinople is the main enemy of Bulgarian interests. Liberating the Bulgarian Church from Greeks was their primary goal. Tzankov wanted to realize this goal in cooperation with the Catholic Church, for Rakovski, instead, the Church Union would lead to the new enslavement of the Bulgarians, who would fall under the “yoke of Jesuits”. That problem was also connected with the search for an ally between the Great Powers: “Bulgaria” wanted to cooperate with France, which was the main patron of Catholicism in the World, whereas “The Dunabian Swan” tried to gain Russian support. The activists of the Church Movement realized that the Union will have a significant impact on the future of the Bulgarian culture. Tzankov was a proponent of the modernization of the Bulgarian society according to Western standards. Rakovski warned that the Union will be the beginning of the collapse of the Bulgarian nation and a betray of its age-old connection with the Orthodox Church. They proved these visions with historical examples – during the discussion the editor of “Bulgaria” created an alternative and false version of the Medieval history of Bulgaria, in which he tried to prove the existence of deep relations between Bulgarians and the Catholic Church. Another important part of the discussion between the journals revolved around Christian dogmas and was based on the old polemics about dogmas lasting since the 9th century between the Western and Eastern Christianity. The arguments used in the articles about the Church Movement by Rakovski and Tzankov only very rarely had a rational character, they were usually based on emotions, stereotypes and the Bulgarian sense of pride.
    Źródło:
    Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia; 2015, 22, 2; 55-74
    0239-4278
    2450-3177
    Pojawia się w:
    Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Muhajirs. Remarks on Muslims’ Emigration from the Bulgarian Lands in the Turn of 19th and
    Muhajirs. Remarks on Muslims’ Emigration from the Bulgarian Lands in the Turn of 19th and 20th Century
    Autorzy:
    Popek, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/910000.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-01-26
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Historia Bułgarii
    przełom XIX i XX wieku
    emigracja
    mniejszość turecka w Bułgarii
    Bałkany
    Opis:
    During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the first months after that conflict about 500 thousands Muslims emigrated from Bulgarian lands, 250 thousands died because of hostilities, hunger, diseases and cold. The prewar number of Muslim population of Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia decreased by about 50%. After the peace, the emigration of Muslims was still progressing – it is estimated that in 1878–1912 350 thousandsMuslims left Bulgarian lands. The paper concentrated on the main causes and effects of that phenomenon: a lack of career possibilities for the Muslim elites, the fear of retaliation for taking part in pogroms during the April Uprising, the so-called Agrarian Revolution, the defeat of rebellions against the new authorities, army recruitment and an inability to adapt to transformations of the Bulgarian society. There are also presented the attitude of Bulgarian authorities to these phenomenon, which had the pivotal meaning for the demographic structure of Bulgarian state: the percent of Muslims declined from 23,5% in 1879\1881 (for Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia) to 15% in 1905.
    Źródło:
    Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia; 2016, 23, 1; 47-70
    0239-4278
    2450-3177
    Pojawia się w:
    Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    "A Body Without a Head". The Elite of the Muslim Minority in the Bulgarian Lands at the Turn of the 20th Century
    Autorzy:
    Popek, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/910216.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-02-15
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Elite
    Muslim Minority
    Bulgaria
    Turn of 20th Century
    Emigration
    Muslim Minority in Bulgaria
    Balkan Islam
    elity
    mniejszość muzułmańska
    Bułgaria
    przełom XIX i XX wieku
    emigracja
    mniejszość muzułmańska w Bułgarii
    islam na Bałkanach
    Opis:
    The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 led to the end of the Ottoman rule in the Bulgarian lands, which entailed a huge emigration of the Muslim population. The Ottoman elite was the first who decided to leave. Officials, hodjas, imams, officers, landowners, urban dwellers, and the intelligentsia moved to the Ottoman Empire out of fear of retaliation for having links with the former authorities. Additionally, after the Unification of the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia in 1885, there was a new migration wave of Muslim officials, local activists, and militia officers from Southern Bulgaria. As a result, in 1879–1949 about 80% of the Muslim population of Bulgaria were small farmers, about 19% lived in cities as craftsmen, and only about 1% had a chance to make a career as entrepreneurs or merchants. The paper will focus on the three elite groups who correspond with the traditional division of the elite: the political (muftis), the economic (landowners, merchants, entrepreneurs), and the intellectuals (teachers – hodjas).
    Ciało bez głowy”. Elita mniejszości muzułmańskiej na ziemiach bułgarskich na przełomie XIX i XX wieku Wojna rosyjsko-turecka lat 1877–1878 zakończyła panowanie osmańskie na ziemiach bułgarskich, co równocześnie doprowadziło do wielkiej emigracji ludności muzułmańskiej. Osmańskie elity jako pierwsze opuściły odrodzoną Bułgarię. Urzędnicy, hodżowie, imamowie, oficerzy, posiadacze ziemscy, mieszczanie oraz inteligenci wyjeżdżali do Imperium Osmańskiego w obawie przed rozliczeniami za powiązaniami z dawnymi władzami. Następnie, po zjednoczeniu Księstwa Bułgarii i Rumelii Wschodniej w 1885 roku, doszło do nowej fali migracyjnej muzułmańskich urzędników, działaczy lokalnych oraz oficerów milicji z ziem Bułgarii południowej. W okresie 1879–1949, w 80% muzułmanie w Bułgarii byli drobnymi chłopami, 19% żyli w miastach i pracowali jako rzemieślnicy, jedynie 1% miał szanse zrobić karierę. Artykuł skupia się na trzech grupach elity mniejszości muzułmańskiej w Bułgarii, co koresponduje z tradycyjnym podziałem elit: polityczna (mufti), ekonomiczna (posiadacze ziemscy, kupcy, przedsiębiorcy) oraz intelektualna (nauczyciele – hodżowie).
    Źródło:
    Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia; 2018, 25, 1; 129-141
    0239-4278
    2450-3177
    Pojawia się w:
    Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Emigration of Muslims from the Greek state in the 19th century. An Outline
    Autorzy:
    Popek, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/910245.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-13
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Greece
    19th century
    Muslim minority
    migrations
    Thessaly
    Greek War of Independence
    Opis:
    Modern Greek statehood began to take shape with the War of Independence that broke out in 1821 and continued with varying intensity for the next years. As a result of these events, the Greeks cast of the foreign rule, which for many not only meant separation from the Ottoman Empire, but also the expulsion of Muslims living in these lands. During the uprising, about 25 000 Muslims lost their lives, and a similar number emigrated from the territory of the future Greek state. The next great exodus of Muslims from Greek lands was related to the annexation of Thessaly by the Hellenic Kingdom, which was to a larger extent spread over time. Since the region was incorporated into Greece until the beginning of the 20th century, the 40 000-strong Islamic community had virtually disappeared.
    Źródło:
    Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia; 2020, 27, 1; 97-122
    0239-4278
    2450-3177
    Pojawia się w:
    Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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