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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 17
Tytuł:
Keynote speech on the International Conference on Comparative Legal Review and the Judicial Protection of Gender Equality, 4-5 March 2021
Autorzy:
Stone, Adrienne
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2156610.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-08
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
gender equality
constitutional law
human rights
Opis:
On the 4th and 5th of March 2021 the International Association of Constitutional Law (IACL), Gender Equality Research Institute, scientific journal ”Przegląd Europejski”, AEQUITAS and The European Law Student`s Association Ljubljana had organised the International Conference on Comparative Legal Review and the Judicial Protection of Gender Equality. ”Przegląd Europejski” is proud to publish the articles on this important topic and the conference speech of the president of the IACL, professor Adrienne Stone, PhD, Redmond Barry Distinguished Professor, Melbourne Law School
Źródło:
Przegląd Europejski; 2021, 4; 223-225
1641-2478
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Europejski
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Impact of Human Dignity on the Principles of Criminal Liability. The Example of Guilt
Autorzy:
Krzysztof, Szczucki,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902957.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
criminal law
constitutional law
human dignity
guilt
culpability
criminal liability
Opis:
Human dignity is a well-known concept among Western countries since after World War II, when states, in an effort to create a new platform of cooperation with a view to guaranteeing peace, were looking for an axiological foundation of the new order. The findings described in the article may serve to underpin the following notions, which have to be the object of further research on relations between the human dignity principle and rules of criminal liability, guilt in particular. First, the “guilt standard” is obligatory, whenever a state intends to punish a person. Second, punishment can be meted out only to an offender with an ability to bear responsibility. In other words, only a person whose characteristic derived from the principle of dignity is fully actualized can be punished. Third, punishing should be preceded by an analysis of the degree of guilt. The more eager the perpetrator was to act against the legal system and against the values protected by it, the severer punishment should be meted out. Finally, law should provide for exclusion of culpability when the human dignity principle demands one to act in a manner that is outwardly criminal, but was committed due to a motivation that ought to be excused in the light of the dignity principle.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 67; 11-31
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tension between Human Rights Protection and the Necessity to Ensure Public Security in the Context of Polish Anti-terrorism Law
Autorzy:
Marta, Kolendowska-Matejczuk,
Krzysztof, Szczucki,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/903035.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
anti-terrorism law
constitutional law
human rights
principle of proportionality
security
freedom
Opis:
Recurrent events of a terrorist character, especially those occurring not in arenas of armed conflict or in countries that are not – at least formally – at war with others, make it necessary not only to consider a redefinition of the state security systems, but also to reflect deeply on the human rights-inspired paradigms accepted hitherto. Regardless of one’s convictions and interpretation of current events, it is difficult to avoid repeating questions concerning the efficiency of public authorities and our legal system in the context of European experiences with terrorism. It is necessary to examine whether the commonly recognized constitutional and human rights standards facilitate the development by the state of instruments aimed at the effective prevention of terrorism. In the process of enacting and applying anti-terrorist laws one must pay heed to the mutual relations between goods protected and violated by a given regulation. As noted above, there is no freedom without security, but also there is no security without freedom. This tension makes a proportionality test very troublesome. The legislator should, above all, harmonize the axiological contexts of the provisions constructed thereby, so that they are orientated towards the protection of both security and freedom.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 68; 153-180
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Aggressive Judicial Review, Political Ideology, and the Rule of Law
Autorzy:
J, Segall, Eric
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902971.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-05-04
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
U.S. Supreme Court
Constitutional Law
Constitutional Interpretation
Sąd Najwyższy Stanów Zjednoczonych
prawo konstytucyjne
interpretacja konstytucji
Opis:
For over one-hundred and fifty years, the United States Supreme Court has been the most powerful judicial body in the world with life-tenured judges consistently invalidating state and federal laws without clear support in constitutional text or history. This paper focuses on what should be the appropriate role of life-tenured, unelected federal judges in the American system of separation of powers. The tension is between wanting judges to enforce the supreme law of the Constitution while at the same time keeping judges within their assigned roles of enforcing not making the law. Much of constitutional scholarship in the United States is devoted to resolving this tension. This article argues that the Court should take a set back and defer more to elected leaders and voters. Although structural reform might help, most needed changes would require a constitutional amendment and are therefore unlikely to occur. The Justices should take it upon themselves to act with more humility and modesty and only overturn laws where there is strong evidence of clear constitutional error.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2019, 79; 68-77
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Constitutional Case for Making the Article 50 TEU Notification
Autorzy:
Ruairi, O'Neill,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902667.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
BREXIT
European Union law
national constitutional law
English law
Article 50 TEU
withdrawal from the EU
Opis:
In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted in favour of leaving the European Union. For the first time since its creation in the Lisbon Reform Treaty of 2009, art. 50 TEU will probably now be invoked by the UK for the withdrawal process from the EU, envisaged by the outcome of the referendum, to commence. Article 50 TEU requires that national constitutional arrangements exist so that notification on withdrawal can be made to the European Council. Curiously, to date, the biggest consequence of the referendum outcome has not been the creation of a debate about the role of EU law in the UK legal order, but rather the separation of powers within the UK’s unwritten constitution and which organ of state has authority to activate the art. 50 TEU withdrawal: Parliament or the Executive. The debate has spawned dozens of constitutional blog posts, numerous academic articles, a High Court judicial review of the Government’s position, a second draft independence bill published by the Scottish Government and a judicial review before the Northern Irish Court of Appeal. On one side of the debate, the Government maintains that it alone possesses the Royal Prerogative to ratify and withdraw from international treaties, and thus to make the notification of withdrawal. On the other hand, Parliament and the ’Bremainers’ maintain that any unilateral action by the Government exceeds its authority, and Parliament must provide authorisation; a position which could ultimately result in the referendum outcome being ignored and the UK remaining a Member State. In a third corner, the governments of Scotland and Northern Ireland, two countries within the UK whose electorates voted to remain in the EU, demand a voice in both the decision to leave and in the subsequent negotiations with the EU institutions (note, however, that the status of the devolved administrations will not be addressed in this article, as the issue is considered by the author as being too unclear in the absence of any judicial statement on matters of devolution and institutional hierarchy, including but not limited to the limitations imposed on the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty by the Sewel Convention). The judgment of the High Court has not yet been published, and even if it were there will inevitably be an appeal to the Supreme Court, so it is only possible to speculate on what will happen, but this article intends to provide clarity on the legal principles currently under discussion in the most important constitutional discussion to happen in the UK since it joined the EU in 1973.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 68; 249-262
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Biobanki w dobie Big Data z perspektywy prawa konstytucyjnego
Autorzy:
Katarzyna, Łakomiec,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902949.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-06-22
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
biobanks
right to privacy
informational autonomy
genetic data
constitutional law
biobanki
prawo do prywatności
autonomia informacyjna
dane genetyczne
prawo konstytucyjne
Opis:
Biobanks for research purposes legal regulation is currently under debate. An important issue discussed is protection of the personal data collected in the biobank, including genetic data and other health data. This subject is extremely important given the current development of information technologies that allow for mass aggregation and analysis of personal information. This article describes the constitutional requirements for the discussed regulation, in particular regarding the privacy and informational autonomy of the individuals. The author refers in particular to the application of the proportionality principle.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2018, 73; 105-118
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Glosa do punktu 2 lit. b wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 7 października 2021 r., K 3/21
Autorzy:
Dąbrowski, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48545526.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-06-22
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Constitutional Court
judgment
international agreement
application of law
Opis:
The author offers a critical commentary on the point 2b of the Constitutional Tribunal judgment of 7 October 2021, K 3/21. The Tribunal claims that issuing court verdicts on the basis of the provisions which are not binding, having been revoked by the Sejm and/or ruled by the Constitutional Tribunal, is inconsistent with Art. 2, 7, 8(1), 90(1), and 178(1) of the Constitution. The Constitutional Court reconstructs the mentioned above jurisdiction of the courts based on the Art. 19(1), second subparagraph, of the Treaty on European Union. The author doesn’t agree with this statement and argues that the Tribunal incorrectly and unlawfully interprets the provisions of the Treaty. Furthermore, the verdict is in contrary to Art. 2 and 42 of the Polish Constitution and the principle of non retroactivity of law. Moreover, the Tribunal’s decision violates the concept of the Constitutional Tribunal judicature with the deferred clause. The author claims that the Tribunal’s decision does not cause any legal effects and the courts in Poland will not apply it during resolving cases.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2022, 95; 95-109
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Remarks on the Dispute over the Constitutional Tribunal in Poland
Autorzy:
Ryszard, Piotrowski,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902515.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Constitution
democratic state ruled by law
Constitutional Tribunal
Opis:
Where a system of constitutional judicial review is in place, the concept of democracy is understood as rejecting claims about an unlimited will of the sovereign as the source of state authority, and confining democracy to such manifestations of the majority will which enjoy Constitutional legitimacy – meaning that they are in compliance with the version of a human rights culture that has been inscribed in the Constitution and which is embraced by Constitutional judges when delivering their adjudication. Following the recent parliamentary and presidential elections, the political significance of the Constitutional Tribunal has increased enormously. Only the Constitutional Tribunal is capable of preventing the centre of political power (which governs over the legislative and executive branches) from pursuing its plans. According to parliamentary majority in order to change Poland and fulfil commitments to the electorate, the ruling party had to see to it that the Tribunal’s make-up is pluralistic. Otherwise, all their efforts would be exposed to destruction by the Constitutional Tribunal. This way of thinking, though, implies that the Constitutional Tribunal can be changed in an ordinary law in such a way as to render it incapable of opposing the ruling majority. Regarding the ongoing Constitutional crisis over the Constitutional Tribunal, a scenario involving the observance of the basic law does not appear to be a likely one – unless such scenario leads to the expectation, however mistaken, that political gains can thus be scored and that the operation of the Constitutional Tribunal will no longer pose a threat to plans of the parliamentary majority.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 68; 279-292
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Charakter prawny zakazu klubowego
Autorzy:
Marcin, Warchoł,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902469.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
the stadium ban
criminal law
civil law
administrative law
the Constitutional Court
zakaz stadionowy
prawo karne
prawo cywilne
prawo administracyjne
Trybunał Konstytucyjny
Opis:
The article analyses the legal character of stadium ban. Interpretation of the legal regulations shows that there are a few aspects of stadium ban: administrative, criminal and civil. The author considers the character of stadium ban from administrative, criminal and civil perspectives. Moreover, the author points out two judgments which were held by the Constitutional Court in this regards. The article focuses on a few legal issues, for example regarding to legal basis of the stadium ban. The legislator introduced for mixing together the various elements of criminal law, civil and administrative. The stadium ban is stipulated by a private entity. The stadium ban has criminal character, but the appeal of it is subject to administrative law. Therefore the stadium ban’s regulations are unconstitutional.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 66; 383-396
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Między prewencyjnym a bezprawnym pozbawieniem wolności − uwagi na tle instytucji kwarantanny
Autorzy:
Wasylik, Przemysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899236.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-01-23
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
quarantine
criminal liability
preventive deprivation of liberty
unlawful deprivation of liberty
exclusive validity of a law
constitutional guarantees
Opis:
This article attempts to provide a partial examination of the title issue in the Polish legal order from the point of view of criminal law. The basic thesis of the article boils down to the statement that the criminal law limits of admissibility of the application of quarantine in Poland, during the Covid-19 pandemic, contradicted, inter alia, article 5(1)(e) of the ECHR, but also violated the accepted order of hierarchy of Polish legal acts as referred to in the Constitution and the rules of correct legislation. In order to demonstrate such a statement, the manner and conditions and the possibility of applying this type of measure of medical coercion, as well as the sanctions for its violation, were taken into account. Attention was paid to selected consequences resulting from this classification. In addition, a survey of the case law of the common courts, administrative courts, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court on the violation of quarantine was carried out. It has been assumed that the court’s imputation of a criminal act the elements of which are defined by a blanket provision of the criminal act and supplementary provisions of other normative acts, requires: 1) verifying the admissibility of regulating a specific matter with regulations of a sub-statutory rank; 2) examining the compliance with the Constitution of the content of such regulations are in line with the blanket regulation, and 3) observing the scope of the authorization to issue them, placed in the law. The aforementioned matters must be regulated directly in the law, which will ensure that the standards resulting from the Constitution are met, and their enforcement should be carried out by sanitary authorities or courts. The view was expressed that in criminal procedure, preventive measures should be aimed at the prevention of crimes and not at every unlawful act. It was stressed that the public authorities should take responsibility for every unlawful violation of constitutionally protected rights. It was argued that the size of any administrative fines imposed for noncompliance with the quarantine obligation should be proportionate to the financial capacity of the majority of citizens, in accordance with the directives that follow from administrative law. Finally, a critical assessment was made of the legality of imposing quarantine in the context of international treaty obligations for the protection of human rights.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2022, 93; 257-284
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przepisy dotyczące problematyki opodatkowania w konstytucjach państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej
Autorzy:
Brzeziński, Bogumił
Wilmanowicz-Słupczewska, Martyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899263.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-04-24
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Constitution
European Union
constitutional rules
principle of exclusivity of the act
principle of non-retroactivity of the law
Opis:
Nowadays, the constitution is the fundamental legislative act determining social relations, which lays down, inter alia, the principles of the state’s system, the scope and scale of the state interference in social relations and the rights and obligations of its citizens. The latter also include rights and obligations regarding taxation: the principles of imposing tax obligations and taxation limits, on the one hand, and measures for protecting taxpayers’ rights, on the other. A tax matter is generally considered to be a matter that is explicitly or implicitly governed by constitutional rules. The subject of the in-depth analysis are the diverse tax issues provided for in the constitutional provisions of the European Union Member States. The way in which taxation matters are ‘described’ in those states’ constitutions is an interesting and hitherto insufficiently analysed topic.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2022, 94; 9-26
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prawo łowieckie jako instrument realizujący konstytucyjny obowiązek zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego
Autorzy:
Przemysław, Kępa,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902826.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
ecological safety
environmental protection
hunting law
constitutional rules
prawo łowieckie
bezpieczeństwo ekologiczne
ochrona środowiska
zasady konstytucyjne
zasada zrównoważonego rozwoju
Opis:
The study contains the results of analysis of the Polish constitutional regulations in a scope of the environmental protection. Main thesis of the paper concerns a substantial role of the hunting law in realization of the environmental safety. At the beginning of paper, author scrutinized main terms, which influence legal definition of the term “ecological safety”. In the second part of the paper author described the polish hunting law regulations and its role in implementing the concept of the environmental safety. In the last part, author summarized and proved that polish hunting law regulations are in accordance with the constitution rule of the ecological safety and that it supports implementation of this rule.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 66; 125-133
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Convergence of the Basis of Responsibility for a Crime (an Offense) and for an Administrative Delict and the Ne Bis In Idem Principle in the Polish Law
Autorzy:
Anna, Zientara,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902832.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-03-11
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
ne bis in idem
case law
Constitutional Tribunal
European Court of Human Rights
orzecznictwo
Trybunał Konstytucyjny
Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka
Opis:
This study presents the case law of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal referring to the ne bis in idem principle and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights issued on the basis of Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights. The work also includes the discussion of solutions adopted in Polish law in the case when a person meets both the signs of a crime/offense and the premises of administrative responsibility of a punitive (repressive) nature in a single unlawful act. For many years, a system-wide solution to this type of convergence was missing in Polish law. The situation changed last year with the introduction of Article 189f to the Code of Administrative Procedure. However, as indicated in the study, this provision does not fully implement the ne bis in idem standard developed by the European Court of Human Rights.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2019, 82; 328-342
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pozycja ustrojowa parlamentu finlandzkiego Eduskunty
Autorzy:
Viktoria, Serzhanova,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/894551.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-10-05
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Eduskunta
Finland’s parliament
basic law
constitutional position
relations with the supreme state authorities
parlament finlandzki
ustawa zasadnicza
pozycja ustrojowa
relacje z naczelnymi organami państwowymi
Opis:
The hereby paper takes up the analysis of the constitutional position of the Finnish parliament Eduskunta from the moment of its establishment and as a result of its development during the centuries, with a special attention paid to the present normative state and on the basis of the hitherto constitutional practice. It aims at deriving the origin and presenting the evolution of this authority at the Finnish lands, which in consequence leads to reliable conclusions in the scope of determining its current constitutional position in the system of the supreme state authorities of Finland. The subject of the paper focuses on the analysis of the beginnings of Eduskunta’s formation and Finnish parliamentarianism, its further evolution, current composition, internal structure, functions and competences presented on the basis of the exegesis of the provisions of the binding basic law of 1999 and the parliament’s rules of procedure. The constitutional principles referring to the parliament and the analysis of Eduskunta’s relations with the other supreme state authorities, which determine the state’s form of government, seem to be of particular significance in this context, as they contribute to a more precise definition of Eduskunta’s constitutional position, as well as to pointing out its originality and dissimilarity regarding other contemporary democratic states.
Źródło:
Przegląd Europejski; 2019, 1; 145-162
1641-2478
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Europejski
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Constitution, Judicial Review, and the Rule of Law in the Jurisprudence of Administrative Courts in Poland
Autorzy:
Marcin, Wiącek,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902997.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-05-04
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
rule of law
Constitution
administrative courts
Supreme Administrative Court
Constitutional Tribunal
application of the Constitution
judicial review of law
zasada państwa prawnego
Konstytucja
sądy administracyjne
Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny
Trybunał Konstytucyjny
stosowanie Konstytucji
sądowa kontrola konstytucyjności prawa
Opis:
In the light of Article 184 of the 1997 Constitution administrative courts verify the lawfulness of administrative decisions and some other acts of public administration. Furthermore, administrative courts may review the lawfulness, including the compliance with the Constitution, of the so called “enactments of local law” (referred to in Articles 87(2) and 94 of the Constitution). Pursuant to Article 8(2) of the Constitution “The provisions of the Constitution shall apply directly, unless the Constitution provides otherwise”. This constitutional competence is addressed, inter alia, to courts. In practice, administrative courts apply Constitution in three ways: 1) pro-constitutional interpretation of laws, 2) referring the so called questions of law to the Constitutional Tribunal, 3) ruling in a case directly on the basis of a constitutional provision. The provision applied by administrative courts in most cases is Article 2 of the Constitution, which stipulates that “The Republic of Poland shall be a democratic state governed by the rule of law (…)”. The Article is focused on most important cases in which the rule of law principle was applied. Administrative courts, as well as other courts and the Constitutional Tribunal, consider the rule of law principle to be the source of several detailed principles, e.g. the certainty of law, the lex retro non agit principle, the loyalty of the State towards citizens, the citizens’ trust in the State and the law, the principle of proportionality. Each of these principles was referred to in the large number of administrative courts’ judgments as the basis of a ruling. This proves that the Constitution, in particular the rule of law principle, is one of the instruments utilized by administrative courts’ judges in their everyday work.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2019, 79; 92-106
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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