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Wyszukujesz frazę "criminal liability" wg kryterium: Wszystkie pola

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    Tytuł:
    Criminal liability of self-driving vehicles under Hungarian criminal law
    Autorzy:
    Hodula, Máté
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899532.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2024-03-09
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    mens rea
    intent
    negligence
    artificial intelligence
    AI
    self-driving
    autonomous vehicle
    traffic offences
    Opis:
    As self-driving evolves day by day, the accidents attributed to such technology will increase as well. If the legal environment does not prepare for these cases, the ‘liabilityvacuum’ caused by the diverging court practices could lead to the rejection of the self-driving vehicles both by the consumers and the legislators. I am approaching the various questions posed by this technology from a continental standpoint, therefore the research examines the liability of the natural persons behind the technology. If we can provide possible answers to these issues, then the criminal liability of legal persons – an unfamiliar concept from the standpoint of the majority of the continental criminal law regimes – does not have to be applied to answer the central questions. If the national rules can determine the obligations of the natural persons travelling in a self-driving vehicle, their criminal liability can be decided accordingly and there is no need to create new offences.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2023, 100; 113-125
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Impact of Human Dignity on the Principles of Criminal Liability. The Example of Guilt
    Autorzy:
    Krzysztof, Szczucki,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902957.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    criminal law
    constitutional law
    human dignity
    guilt
    culpability
    criminal liability
    Opis:
    Human dignity is a well-known concept among Western countries since after World War II, when states, in an effort to create a new platform of cooperation with a view to guaranteeing peace, were looking for an axiological foundation of the new order. The findings described in the article may serve to underpin the following notions, which have to be the object of further research on relations between the human dignity principle and rules of criminal liability, guilt in particular. First, the “guilt standard” is obligatory, whenever a state intends to punish a person. Second, punishment can be meted out only to an offender with an ability to bear responsibility. In other words, only a person whose characteristic derived from the principle of dignity is fully actualized can be punished. Third, punishing should be preceded by an analysis of the degree of guilt. The more eager the perpetrator was to act against the legal system and against the values protected by it, the severer punishment should be meted out. Finally, law should provide for exclusion of culpability when the human dignity principle demands one to act in a manner that is outwardly criminal, but was committed due to a motivation that ought to be excused in the light of the dignity principle.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2016, 67; 11-31
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Criminal liability of managers in the Polish competition law – development and the perspective of procedural guarantees
    Autorzy:
    Materna, Grzegorz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899545.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2024-03-09
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    competition law
    persons holding managerial posts
    managers
    UOKiK
    criminal sanctions
    procedural guarantees
    Opis:
    The article discusses the issue of legal liability of managers set out in the Polish competition and consumer protection law, resulting from the Act of 16 February 2007 on competition and consumer protection (Dz. U. (Journal of Laws) of 2021, item 275) (hereinafter: Competition Act). The starting point for my reflections is the provisions of the Competition Act providing for financial liability of persons in managerial positions for infringing prohibitions resulting from competition law (Article 106a of the Competition Act). In Polish law this type of liability is subsidiary to the liability of undertakings. It was also introduced to the Competition Act relatively recently, after the principles of undertakings’ liability for infringements of competition law had been formed and developed. My goal is to present the scope of managers’ liability and present conclusions resulting from the recent, still rather innumerable, case law of the Polish Competition Authority (President of Office for Competition and Consumer Protection, UOKiK). Due to the quasi-criminal nature of Article 106a, I propose my own reflections on the development of managers’ liability considering whether the law and judicial decisions recognize adequate standards of their rights.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2023, 100; 229-250
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Guilt as a premise of administrative liability of a penal character
    Autorzy:
    Błachnio-Parzych, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899539.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2024-03-09
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    principle of guilt
    nullum crimen sine culpa
    administrative-criminal liability
    presumption of innocence
    Opis:
    Liability for offences subject to administrative monetary sanctions formally belongs to administrative law, where the prevailing position is that guilt does not constitute a prerequisite for this liability. However, the punitive nature of some sanctions at the same time places this kind of liability under broadly understood criminal law (penal law). Their penal nature raises doubt as to the legitimacy of the aforementioned position concerning guilt. The aim of this article is to answer the question whether guilt should constitute a premise for administrative liability of a penal nature. First, analysis of the standards in the matter developed in the jurisprudence of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, the European Court of Human Rights, and the Court of Justice of the European Union will be presented. Next, selected provisions of administrative law in force will be examined to answer the question whether they are compatible with the aforementioned standards.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2023, 100; 28-43
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Odpowiedzialność karna w orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka i Trybunału Konstytucyjnego
    Criminal Liability in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Constitutional Tribunal
    Autorzy:
    Śliwiński, Emil
    Hryniewicz-Lach, Elżbieta
    Wąsek-Wiaderek, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/2152001.pdf
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/2152001.epub
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/2152001.mobi
    Data publikacji:
    2022-12-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Opis:
    Publikacja przybliża problem znaczenia terminu „odpowiedzialność karna” (i pokrewnych pojęć odnoszących się do karania) w Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka i Konstytucji RP. Autor poddaje analizie ponad 300 orzeczeń Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka oraz Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, odnoszących się do kwestii zakresu zastosowania art. 6 i 7 Konwencji, art. 2–4 Protokołu nr 7 do Konwencji, a także art. 42 Konstytucji RP, stanowiących próbę ustanowienia granicy między aktem karania a stosowaniem innej, nie-karnej dolegliwości. Analiza przeprowadzona jest zarówno in abstracto, jak i in concreto w odniesieniu do kilkudziesięciu instytucji prawa polskiego, które mogą być postrzegane jako kary. Stan prawny na dzień 1 sierpnia 2022 roku. Książka adresowana jest do przedstawicieli nauki prawa, a także do praktyków – sędziów, adwokatów, radców prawnych i prokuratorów, którzy w ramach codziennej pracy muszą rozstrzygać, czy mają do czynienia z karą, czy też nie.
    The publication explores the term of “criminal liability” (and the concepts relating to punishment) in the European Convention on Human Rights and the Constitution of the Polish Republic. The author analyses over 300 decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and the Constitutional Tribunal, relating to the application of Articles 6 and 7 of the Convention, Articles 2–4 of Protocol no. 7 to the Convention, as well as Article 42 of the Polish Constitution, which attempt to establish a boundary between the act of punishment and the application of another, non-punitive sanction. The analysis is carried out in abstracto and in concreto with reference to several dozen Polish legal institutions, which can be perceived as punishments. Legal status as of August 1, 2022. The book is addressed to law scholars and law professionals: judges, lawyers, legal advisors and prosecutors, who every day have to decide if they are or are not confronted with punishment.
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Książka
    Tytuł:
    Problem stosowania nielegalnych aktów wykonawczych przez organy administracji publicznej (na przykładzie rozporządzeń epidemicznych)
    Autorzy:
    Jakubowski, Aleksander
    Roszkiewicz, Janusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899246.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-04-24
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    real constitution
    epidemic
    COVID-19
    regulations
    general administrative act
    hierarchical rule
    criminal liability of officials
    Opis:
    The paper concerns the application of illegal regulations by public administration authorities. This issue is presented in relation to regulations introduced to prevent the spread of COVID-19. The authors believe that the adoption of these regulations and their application prove that ‘the real constitution’ – as it was described by Ferdinand Lassalle – prevails over the written constitution, which in practice becomes only a ‘piece of paper’. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the epidemic regulations were enacted in clear violation of law as they: (i) crossed the limits of statutory delegation; (ii) violated the constitutional principle of the exclusivity of the statute on limiting civil rights and freedoms; and (iii) violated the constitutional prohibition against impairing the essence of rights and freedoms. Therefore, the public administration authorities should refuse their application. The authorities must observe the hierarchical rule regarding the sources of law. Consequently, they have to refuse the application of every regulation which manifestly violates a statute, a treaty or the Constitution. In cases other than a direct contradiction between the regulation and the higher-level source of law, in order to decide whether there is indeed a manifest violation, the authorities should refer to case law (consuetudo secundum legem principle) or the opinio communis of legal scholars. Moreover, applying a regulation despite the fact that it manifestly violates a statute, a treaty or the Constitution leads to the criminal liability of a public office-holder (e.g. an official, a police officer) under Article 231 of the Polish Criminal Code.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2022, 94; 92-121
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Między prewencyjnym a bezprawnym pozbawieniem wolności − uwagi na tle instytucji kwarantanny
    Autorzy:
    Wasylik, Przemysław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899236.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-01-23
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    quarantine
    criminal liability
    preventive deprivation of liberty
    unlawful deprivation of liberty
    exclusive validity of a law
    constitutional guarantees
    Opis:
    This article attempts to provide a partial examination of the title issue in the Polish legal order from the point of view of criminal law. The basic thesis of the article boils down to the statement that the criminal law limits of admissibility of the application of quarantine in Poland, during the Covid-19 pandemic, contradicted, inter alia, article 5(1)(e) of the ECHR, but also violated the accepted order of hierarchy of Polish legal acts as referred to in the Constitution and the rules of correct legislation. In order to demonstrate such a statement, the manner and conditions and the possibility of applying this type of measure of medical coercion, as well as the sanctions for its violation, were taken into account. Attention was paid to selected consequences resulting from this classification. In addition, a survey of the case law of the common courts, administrative courts, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court on the violation of quarantine was carried out. It has been assumed that the court’s imputation of a criminal act the elements of which are defined by a blanket provision of the criminal act and supplementary provisions of other normative acts, requires: 1) verifying the admissibility of regulating a specific matter with regulations of a sub-statutory rank; 2) examining the compliance with the Constitution of the content of such regulations are in line with the blanket regulation, and 3) observing the scope of the authorization to issue them, placed in the law. The aforementioned matters must be regulated directly in the law, which will ensure that the standards resulting from the Constitution are met, and their enforcement should be carried out by sanitary authorities or courts. The view was expressed that in criminal procedure, preventive measures should be aimed at the prevention of crimes and not at every unlawful act. It was stressed that the public authorities should take responsibility for every unlawful violation of constitutionally protected rights. It was argued that the size of any administrative fines imposed for noncompliance with the quarantine obligation should be proportionate to the financial capacity of the majority of citizens, in accordance with the directives that follow from administrative law. Finally, a critical assessment was made of the legality of imposing quarantine in the context of international treaty obligations for the protection of human rights.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2022, 93; 257-284
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Криминализация нарушения права на защиту как средство его обеспечения (опыт национального нормотворчества)
    Criminalisation of violation of the right to defence as a remedy for its enforcement (national legislative experience)
    Autorzy:
    Zhytnyi, Oleksandr
    Spiridonov, Mykhailo
    Vasyliev, Andrii
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1732308.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-04-14
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    право на защиту
    обвинение
    уголовное право
    уголовная ответственность
    конституционные принципы уголовного процесса
    общеевропейские правовые ценности
    криминализация
    right to defence
    prosecution
    criminal law
    criminal liability
    constitutional principles of
    criminal procedure
    European legal values
    criminalisation
    Opis:
    Аннотация B статье рассматривается возможность признания права на защиту самостоятельным объектом уголовно-правовой охраны с учетом процессуальных, конституционных, международно-правовых и общеевропейских аспектов его ценности. В качестве методологического инструментария для реализации исследовательской задачи выбраны системно-структурный, диалектический и компаративный методы, а также аксиологический (ценностный) подход. В результате исследования выявлены возможные модели криминализации нарушений права на защиту.
    The opportunity of admission of the right to defence as an independent object of criminal law protection is analysed in this article. Such opportunity has been considered with the reference to the procedural, constitutional, international law and European aspects of the value of this right. The system-structural, dialectical and comparative methods, as well as the axiological (value) approach were chosen as a methodology for the implementation of the research task. The potential models of criminalisation of violation of the right to defence have been identified as a result.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Europejski; 2021, 1; 191-199
    1641-2478
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Europejski
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Odpowiedzialność karna za przestępne współdziałanie w prawie angielskim po wyroku R v. Jogee; Ruddock v. The Queen
    Autorzy:
    Piotr, Brzostek,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902731.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-01-17
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    English criminal law
    criminal complicity
    joint enterprise liability
    Jogee; Ruddock
    mens rea
    angielskie prawo karne
    przestępne współdziałanie
    orzeczenie w sprawie Jogee; Ruddock
    strona podmiotowa
    Opis:
    The combined decisions of the UK Supreme Court and Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in R v. Jogee; Ruddock v. The Queen caused upheaval in the English law on criminal complicity. The Supreme Court/Privy Council decided that the law on criminal complicity „took a wrong turn” 33 years ago in the Privy Council ruling in Chan Wing-Siu which concerned a controversial doctrine of parasitic joint enterprise liability. According to the said doctrine, if A and B set out to commit a crime X (e.g. robbery) and B foresees that A might commit crime Y (e.g. murder) in the course of committing crime X, B will be liable for crime Y, even if he does not intend that crime Y be committed. The mere fact of foresight on B’s part is enough for him to be criminally liable. Decision in Jogee; Ruddock is of seminal importance as it overturned the doctrine of parasitic joint enterprise liability. It is doubtful, however, to what extent the Supreme Court has resolved the problems that have bedeviled this area of law. This article presents in outline the English law on criminal complicity and attempts to assess the changes that were introduced in Jogee; Ruddock. A number of issues still call for further refinement and resolution. It appears, however, that the emphasis the Supreme Court put on intention as a required standard of fault, draws, at least superficially, the continental (Polish and German) and English criminal law closer together in terms of mens rea requirements for secondary liability.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2018, 76; 98-121
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The ebbs and flows. On the scope of criminalization in Polish criminal law from 2012 to 2022
    Autorzy:
    Gardocki, Lech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899531.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2024-03-09
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    criminalization
    acts harmful to society
    offence
    depenalisation
    penal liability
    Opis:
    In modern criminal law, the scope of criminalization in different legal systems is considered an important part of the description of these systems. This fact is not surprising, since criminalization and possible changes in its scope are closely related to the assessment of the situation of the individual, both in the context of the rights and freedoms to which he is entitled, and when the issue of criminalization is dealt with by looking at this phenomenon from the perspective of the protection to which individuals and societies are entitled (not only, but to a large extent, criminal law protection) in relation to individual goods, the violation or exposure of which is considered socially harmful. This article takes as its object of analysis the changes in criminalization in Poland in the last decade (2012 – 2022). It analyzes and evaluates both changes in criminalization in the sense of expanding or narrowing the catalog of crimes, as well as changes in the intensity of criminalization, by which the author understands the tightening or softening of statutory threats of punishment. The latter is also discussed taking into account the use of legislative technique, aimed at shifting the emphasis from the judicial power to shape the punishment imposed in a specific criminal case, to the power of the legislature to set the statutory threat so that this power is exaggeratedly limited, mainly through the narrow inclusion in the law itself of the possibility of choosing the type of punishment and its lower and upper limits of the statutory threat.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2023, 100; 100-112
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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