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    Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4
    Tytuł:
    The Economic Policy of the Prussian State in the Interwar Period and the Operations of the Port Community and the Port Company in Szczecin
    Autorzy:
    Włodarczyk, Edward
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1059102.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    weimar republic
    third reich
    prussian state
    economic history
    state involvement in the economy
    business entities
    business sector
    port cities
    port of szczecin
    interwar period
    Opis:
    The article is an attempt at addressing the question of the Prussian State’s involvement in the economy during the interwar period, as it was first one of the constituent states of the Weimar Republic and then a part of the Third Reich. After the First World War, the economic and social problems of Prussia resulted from the general difficult situation of Germany. However, Prussia in particular suffered serious territorial losses in the east of the country. Many petitions and requests demanding the state’s active involvement in solving economic and socio-demographic problems were addressed to the Prussian government. A very important premise for this involvement was the political motivation and willingness to solve the ongoing problems indicated by the economic sector and local administration. The investment of the state’s financial resources into the Port of Szczecin and the establishment of the Port Community of Szczecin was conditioned, on the one hand, by the failure of negotiations with the City-State of Hamburg to establish a similar port community. On the other hand, it stressed the importance that the Port of Szczecin acquired during the First World War. As a result of the Prussian State’s involvement, investments of at least several million marks worth were made in the port. The change in the form of cooperation between the state and the City of Szczecin in terms of managing the port, which took place in 1929, led to the creation of the Port Company in Szczecin. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the amount of funds that the Prussian State allocated to the Port of Szczecin was limited. During the Nazi period, some more costly investment projects in the Port of Szczecin were drafted but they were never implemented.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2020, 85, 4; 111-129
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Już bezprawie czy jeszcze prawo? O główszczyźnie i wróżdzie w Prusach Książęcych i Prusach Królewskich w czasach nowożytnych
    Lawless or still lawful? About wergild (man-price) and vendetta in the Duchy of Prussia and Royal Prussia in the early modern times
    Autorzy:
    Białuński, Grzegorz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193942.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    early modern criminal law
    Chełmo law
    the General State Laws for the Prussian States
    the judicial system of early modern Warmia (Ermland)
    bloody retaliation
    Opis:
    The wergild as a financial punishment for husband killing survived in Prussia until the mid-18th century, but the general rule was that the perpetrators of husband killing were sentenced to death. The reason why the wergild survived for such a long time in Prussia was the fact that courts applied the Chelmno law, according to which the wergild was recognized by tradition and also found in subsequent registers of the Chelmno law. At the beginning of the early modern period the wergild could apply only in case of assassinations committed in self-defense or by accident; deliberate crimes were subject to the law of retaliation. Yet, the law of retaliation could not be applied in relation to groups. With time the wergild could not be used out of court and the law of retaliation was abolished. The next step restricting the use of the wergild was the fact that it was to be applied in case of unintentional or accidental homicides; moreover, in case of killing in self-defence the perpetrator was exempt from the wergild. It was the court that passed a sentence of the wergild, but in cases of reconciliation the sentence was passed by other arbitration bodies. The wergild was allowed mainly among noblemen, which was in accordance with the Polish law of the time. The circle of people entitled to the wergild was reduced to the closest agnate, while in case of husband killing it applied only to the perpetrator. The wergild was no longer shared with the authorities; it was only the judge who received the fee referred to as multa. The value of the wergild was determined by the rank of the office held by the assassinated person. Moreover, the wergild constituted a kind of financial unit used to establish the value of fines and compensatory damages. Apart from the compensation in the form of financial gratification, the wergild constituted the indemnification for physical injury or damage to honour. The latter could also entail some additional punishment e.g. the act of submission. Until the mid-17th century the tradition of bloody retaliation (vendetta) was practiced at least among the nobility. It was illegal and punished by death sentence. Its alternative continued to be the possibility of settlement. The retaliation was limited only to the perpetrator of the homicide.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 2; 47-63
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zur Geschichte der Führungsschichten in Königsberg und Marienburg in der Zeit des dreizehnjährigen Krieges. Ein Beitrag zum Austausch der städtischen Machteliten
    About the History of the Ruling Classes in Königsberg and Marienburg During the Thirteen Years’ War. The Contribution to the Exchange of the City’s Governing Elites
    Autorzy:
    Długokęcki, Wiesław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194081.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    towns in the Teutonic State
    the Old City of Königsberg
    Königsberg-Kneiphof
    the 15th century
    social changes in the Prussian towns
    Opis:
    The differences in the political attitude towards the Teutonic Order of the Old City of Königsberg and Königsberg-Kneiphof [Knypawa] on the one hand, and the city of Marienburg [Malbork] on the other hand, both prior to the outbreak of the Thirteen Years’ War and during it, caused significant disturbances in the composition of the authorities of the above mentioned cities. The fact of both cities of Königsberg being taken over by the Teutonic Order caused that the town councilors supporting the incorporation of Prussia to Poland were forced to leave the cities. Eventually, they settled down in Gdañsk, Elblag and Malbork [Marienburg]. The advocates of the Teutonic Order from Malbork found shelter in Königsberg. For both groups the emigration meant the loss of property and estates, which were later granted in return for loyalty by King Casimir Jagiellon and Grand Master Konrad von Erlichshausen to their advocates who had been forced to emigrate. The representatives of both groups tried to regain their property in their family towns, but their attempts turned out to bear no fruit. Some of them were appointed town councilors or even mayors in their new places of residence, but such careers were not very common.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 1; 55-70
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Prussian Registers of the Proscribed/Outlaws as a Source for Research on Violence in Everyday Life of a Town in the Late Middle Ages
    Autorzy:
    Jeziorski, Paweł A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1156643.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    proscription
    banishment
    punishment
    Prussian towns
    late Middle Ages
    court registers
    town books
    town judiciary
    State of the Teutonic Order
    Chełmno law
    Lübeck law
    Opis:
    The main purpose of the presented text is an attempt to demonstrate the usefulness of the registers of outlaws established in late medieval Prussian cities for the research on the issue of the presence of violence in the everyday life of Prussia’s inhabitants. The primary sources used in the article consisted of preserved registers from Prussian cities governed according to the rules of the Chełmno law (Bartoszyce, Chełmno, the New Town of Toruń) or the Lübeck law (the Old Town of Braniewo, Elbląg). The starting point for further analysis was the discussion of the basic differences between proscription (administrative coercion and procedural measure, aimed at forcing the accused to appear before the court) and banishment (temporary or lifelong exile from a specific territory). What the author also addresses in the text is the question: how the proscription, by the virtue of the Lübeck law, acquired a much more repressive character (exhibiting features typical of punishment). Subsequently, the characteristics of the preserved Prussian registers of outlaws (14th–16th centuries) were analyzed in terms of their usefulness for research. Attention was drawn to the shortcomings of these primary sources, primarily to their incompleteness (to a greater or lesser extent); the reasons for this situation were presented as well. Given these shortcomings, an attempt was made to demonstrate the usefulness of the preserved registers in historical investigations. It was pointed out that they could be used for research, e.g. on the origins of conflicts among specific socio-professional groups, the character of women’s participation in acts of violence, or the attitude of municipal authorities towards cases of violence against representatives of the social margin. The article also refers to forms of verbal aggression and physical violence, also with the use of dangerous tools.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2019, 84, 3; 7-29
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4

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