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    Wyświetlanie 1-7 z 7
    Tytuł:
    Where Was the Home of the Livonian Merchant? Early Urban Mobility in the Baltics
    Autorzy:
    Selart, Anti
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1160802.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-03-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Hanseatic League
    Livonia
    social relations
    migrations in the Middle Ages
    Opis:
    Medieval Livonia and its town life were created in the 12th and 13th centuries as a result of crusading conquests. Livonian urban elites immigrated mostly from German lands. A small number of people of indigenous origin were also integrated into the emerging merchant class. Besides merchants who settled down in Riga, Tallinn, Tartu, or in other towns in the region, travelling merchants from the western part of the forming Hanseatic area played an important role in the urban life and even in the urban administration. On the basis of anthroponyms and geographical identifications of medieval townspeople, the author of the article argues that the migration patterns were not limited to immigration from Germany to Livonia. The social and spatial integration of this region resulted from multiple ways of travelling and relocation: people also returned to Germany or remained simultaneously connected to several places and sometimes remained permanently mobile. Early Livonian merchants could also be mobile within the area including minor towns and even rural places. Not only the “Germans”, but also people of native origin were involved in these movements. The family networks in particular supported multiple spatial identifications. An economically active person could have many places of identification; moving from one town to another during a lifetime was the rule, not an exception. However, the existing network of family and kinship relations, which provided trustworthy partners in the vast area from Westphalia to Livonia, was probably one of the main factors which made German merchants enjoy an advantage over their Scandinavian and Livonian native counterparts.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2019, 84, 1; 43-66
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    (Wild)haus w Bezławkach (Bayselauken, Bäslack) – uwagi na temat budownictwa warownego zakonu niemieckiego w późnośredniowiecznych Prusach
    (Wild)haus in Bezławki (Bayselauken, Bäslack) – remarks on the construction of fortifications of the Teutonic Order in late medieval Prussia
    Autorzy:
    Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193954.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Late Middle Ages
    late medieval Prussia
    Warmia (Ermland)
    castles
    construction of fortifications
    the military affairs in the Late Middle Ages
    conflicts
    Opis:
    The article constitutes a collection of remarks concerning military aspects of the construction and functioning of the Teutonic Order’s castle in Bäslack (Bayselauken, Bezławki) in the last decades of the 14th century. Considerations included in the article refer to opinions expressed by the authors of the collective monograph about the late medieval settlement complex in Bezławki published in 2013. It presents the findings of archeological research in the castle and the village in the years 2008–2012. Remarks presented in the article concern three out of six problems which are considered the most essential. While it goes beyond doubt that the castle played an important defensive role and fulfiled function as a getaway spot, the hypothesis of it being a „fortified camp” for the army troops during military actions of the Teutonic Order against the Lithuanians and Ruthenians has been undermined. It is not possible to consider it to play a military role on a strategic level, as do the authors of the monograph of 2013. In the second part of the article the author undermines the hypothesis about the „system” character of the complexes of fortifications situated on the eastern outskirts of Prussia. If the castle in Bäslack was indeed part of some defensive system, this could operate only on the local level and consist of an insignificant number of elements including longitudinal fortifications constituting the so called „landwere”. The next issue addressed by the author was a problem of the typological character of the term „wildhaus”. As in the 14th century the term connoted the location of the fortification on the edges of the Wildniss-areas, the author shows a far-reaching morphological diversity of fortifications on the eastern outskirts of Prussia, which were or could be classified as „wildhaus”. Thus, a „wildhaus” cannot be classified as a morphological type of a fortification. The typology of fortifications based on the morphological criteria cannot be connected with the typology based on the administrative and terminological criteria. Archeological examination of the Bäslack fortification complex evinces its major cognitive potential and makes us aware of how little is known about the functioning of minor fortifications in late medieval Prussia. Further research in this research field belongs to one of the most important elements of historical science in the Prussian regional dimension and related humanities.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 2; 7-46
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Topografia i układ przestrzenny krzyżackiego zamku komturskiego w Toruniu w świetle średniowiecznych źródeł pisanych
    Topography and spatial layout of the castle of the Teutonic commander in Toruń in the light of the medieval written sources
    Autorzy:
    Jóźwiak, Sławomir
    Trupinda, Janusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193981.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    the Middle Ages
    medieval architecture in Prussia
    the Teutonic Order
    Prussia
    Teutonic castles
    castle
    Opis:
    The information included in the medieval written sources enrich our knowledge about the Toruń castle destroyed in 1454. The construction of the part of the defensive walls (made from stone?) lasted at least from 1255. In 1262 the stronghold in its original form had been already erected. In the subsequent years (1263) works took place to construct its interiors (at least a chapel located on the first floor in the eastern part of the southern wing). The main octagonal tower situated in the northern part of the courtyard of the High Castle was frequently mentioned in the medieval written sources (starting from 1381). However, it must have been erected earlier. The information about buildings located beyond the space of the High Castle is particularly interesting. The buildings included the „gemach” of the commander (with a chapel, refectory and a kitchen) in the northern part of the western outer bailey, the „gemach” of the castle’s commander – probably in the vicinity (it was created later – after 1409) and the „summer house” („somerhaws”) with the „summer hall” („aula estivalis”) existing since at least the 1380s and situated in the southern part of the western Low Castle. Among other buildings recorded in the medieval written sources there were also the „gemach” of the Teutonic head of the mint („Münzmeister”) located next to the western defensive wall of the Low Castle; the „gemach” of the steward of Königsberg (Kaliningrad, Russia) mentioned from the end of the 14th century and situated probably in the western part of the Low Castle; the building of the infirmary which might have been located in the north-east part of the Low Castle. In the topography of the castle there were also outbuildings. For example, at least two mills were situated within the defensive walls probably in the eastern part of the Low Castle. To sum up, the medieval written sources present a picture of a complex construction of the Toruń castle.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 3; 7-35
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nowe ustalenia w zakresie funkcji i wystroju empory kościoła pofranciszkańskiego w Toruniu
    New Findings Concerning the Function and the Furnishing of the Matroneum in the Post-Franciscan Church in Torun
    Autorzy:
    Jakubek-Raczkowska, Monika
    Raczkowski, Juliusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1059242.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-03-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    middle ages
    franciscans
    torun
    church of the assumption of the holy virgin mary in torun
    matroneum
    wall paintings
    Opis:
    The article addresses the original function of the matroneum in the former Franciscan Church of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin Mary in Torun. These remarks are the result of the latest discoveries and technological research. The matroneum, situated above the cloister in the northern nave of the church, was built during the reconstruction of the church to its present form. Based on a dendrochronological examination, the matroneum was secured with a wooden railing in the 1350s and later. Due to a lack of written sources, the functions of the matroneum are not determined in scholarly publications. It may have been used as an oratory for friars. The authors analyse the architectural shape of the matroneum, take into account its original communication with the church and monastery and the remains of its furnishing. The study of the architectonic structure and the staircase that now leads from the nave to the matroneum allows to determine that it was constructed only in the eighteenth century. In the Middle Ages, the matroneum was connected to the monastery through a passage that is now bricked up, and to the ground floor of the church it was connected through an older, thirteenth-century staircase tower. A convenient, direct communication between the matroneum and the dormitory, the fact that the monastery was not directly connected to the presbytery, and the fact that the church choir was rebuilt at the end of the fourteenth century reinforce the theory that the matroneum was used for liturgical purposes. The authors also discuss the previously unknown polychrome relics inside the matroneum. These are, respectively, a relic of a fourteenth-century heraldic representation with the head of an ox and a remnant of a figural scene on the northern wall from the last quarter of the fourteenth century. Both paintings have been subjected to in-depth research, including non-destructive methods (XRF, UV and IR). The first of the paintings, probably the coat of arms of a burgher family, may be a proof that the laymen had access to the interior of the matroneum. The second painting reinforces the assumption of the authors regarding the liturgical use of this place.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2020, 85, 1; 163-186
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    W sprawie proponowanych nowych ustaleń na temat kościoła pofranciszkańskiego w Toruniu
    On the Proposed New Findings Regarding the Post-Franciscan Church in Toruń
    Autorzy:
    Nawrocki, Zbigniew
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197800.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Toruń
    Middle Ages
    Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Toruń
    Franciscans
    matroneum
    organ
    Protestants
    wall paintings
    communication within the church
    Opis:
    The text constitutes a commentary on the text by Monika Jakubek-Raczkowska and Juliusz Raczkowski, published in Zapiski Historyczne, with regard to the dating of the final expansion of the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Toruń to the present form, which extended the church to include the earlier southern wing of the monastery. Based on various evidence (including information that King Casimir the Great is reported to have listened to the organ allegedly located in the northern matroneum of the completed church in 1343), the above-mentioned authors put forward the hypothesis that the expansion may have been carried out in the first half of the 14th century, that the church had already had its present-day three-nave structure, and that the two analysed fragments of paintings, which are located in the niches of the northern wall of the matroneum, are part of a once large composition related to its medieval function within the church. The author of this commentary upholds the findings of his own research published in print in 1966, that the final expansion of the church took place in a later period, while the paintings of the presentday matroneum, analysed by Monika Jakubek-Raczkowska and Juliusz Raczkowski, did not ornament the matroneum, but a room or rooms upstairs in the monastery’s south wing.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2022, 87, 3; 123-132
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ordynacje dla służby dzwonnej kościoła Świętojańskiego w Toruniu z pierwszej połowy XVI wieku
    Ordinations for the Bell-Ringers of St John the Baptist and St John the Evangelist Church in Toruń from the First Half of the Sixteenth Century
    Autorzy:
    Sumowska, Alicja
    Sumowski, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1913191.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    source editing
    St John the Baptist and St John the Evangelist Church in Toruń
    church bells
    bell-ringers
    church servants
    liturgical calendar
    late Middle Ages
    Opis:
    This article provides a source edition of two instructions for ringing bells at St John the Baptist and St John the Evangelist Church in Toruń (Thorn). The sources come from the collection of archival files related to the history of this church, kept in the State Archives in Toruń. They date back to the first half of the sixteenth century. The authors attempted to establish the purpose of writing down the presented ordinations, characterized the church servants that appear in the source material and examined their duties regarding bell ringing. The article also examines the fees paid for ringing bells during church services and the associated remuneration for bell-ringers. Moreover, particular attention was paid to the liturgical calendar of the parish of St John the Baptist and St John the Evangelist Church in Toruń.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2021, 86, 4; 151-174
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Piętnastowieczny kopiariusz OF 80a z terenu państwa krzyżackiego
    Fifteenth-Century Cartulary OF 80a from the State of the Teutonic Order
    Autorzy:
    Dobrosielska, Alicja
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1059132.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    territorial borders
    conflicts over borders
    state of the teutonic order
    prussia
    cathedral chapter of warmia
    bishopric of warmia
    settlements in warmia
    late middle ages
    Opis:
    This text comprises the first complete critical edition of eight out of twelve primary sources contained in the fifteenth-century cartulary from the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The cartulary is currently kept in the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin and is marked with archival reference number OF 80a. The creation of the cartulary was connected with a dispute over the territory and the borders of the dominion of the Bishopric of Warmia (Ermland). It contains copies of the privileges issued by the bishop and the Cathedral Chapter of Warmia in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries for the towns located on the border with the Teutonic Order territories. Some copies of the documents are directly related to this dispute and refer to the judgement of the arbitration court of 1374 and the inspections of the border between the territory of the bishopric and the Order of 1428 and 1449. In order to present the reader with the most accurate version of the source text, the content of the cartulary, which is the basis of this edition, has been compared with other preserved copies of the documents published here. These copies were included in fifteenth-century books containing privileges issued by the Cathedral Chapter of Warmia, which are currently kept in the Archives of the Archdiocese of Warmia in Olsztyn.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2020, 85, 3; 105-128
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-7 z 7

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