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    Wyświetlanie 1-12 z 12
    Tytuł:
    W służbie Sobieskiego. Działalność polityczna i wojskowa Jana Gorzeńskiego (około 1626–1694)
    In the Service at Sobieski: the Political and Military Activity of Jan Gorzeński (ca. 1626–1694)
    Autorzy:
    Pietrzak, Jarosław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1075836.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-03-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    clientelism
    protection
    army
    dietines
    diplomacy
    the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
    Opis:
    So far the figure of Jan Gorzeński was treated marginally by researchers dealing with the subject matter of the political and military clientele of Jan III Sobieski. The activity of Gorzeński in the institutions of political life in the province of Greater Poland became the starting point to his further activity in the Sejm. Obedience and loyalty which were evinced by Gorzeński first towards the castellan, next to the voivode of Poznań Krzysztof Grzymułtowski allowed him to get closer to the people associated with Sobieski. Upon his inspiration, Gorzeński recruited members of the Sejm and converted them into supporters of the marshal and grand crown hetman. In the 1670s the activity of Gorzeński was also discernible in the military field. His participation in war campaigns against the Tatars, Turks and Cossacks made him a recognizable and praiseworthy commander of the dragoon regiment. The coronation of Jan Sobieski constituted the turning point in Gorzeński’s career as he was promoted and entrusted with the starost estates. His marriage with Sobieski’s relative – Elżbieta – the widow after Władysław Denhoff (died 1671) also helped him to be one of the co-operators of the king. Thanks to this, Jan won respect and had the opportunity to rise above the level of middle-income noblemen. In the last years of his life Gorzeński focused on the struggle with the Sapiehas, who at the end of the reign of Jan III Sobieski set up a faction which was in opposition to the court.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 1; 69-110
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polscy górnicy w Estonii w latach 1937–1939
    Polish Miners in Estonia between 1937 and 1939
    Autorzy:
    Grzybowski, Jerzy
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197801.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Estonia
    Polska
    interwar period
    Kiviõli
    diplomacy
    labour migration
    Polish miners
    Opis:
    The purpose of the publication is to present the fate of Polish miners in Estonia between 1937 and 1939. Until now, this topic has only been hinted at by some Polish historians while doing other research. This article is based on Polish and Estonian documents which are kept in the Central Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw and the National Archives of Estonia in Tallinn, respectively. This allowed the Polish and Estonian viewpoints on the subject to be compared. Taking into account the state of research on the discussed topic, the article presents such issues as the genesis, course and consequences of the emigration of Polish miners to Estonia. The analysis of Polish and Estonian documents indicates that the main reason for labour migration from Poland to Estonia was material deprivation, which went hand in hand with access to the foreign labour market. Lack of work opportunities and poverty in Poland forced miners to seek work abroad. At the same time, economic changes in Estonia during the interwar period led to the emergence of new industries in the country, the most important of which was the fuel industry. Estonia needed foreign miners to work in shale mines. Poland was the only country that supplied Estonia with miners, as the budding Estonian oil industry was unable to meet the demands for skilled professionals from Western Europe.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2022, 87, 3; 101-122
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Two Shipping Disputes between Gdańsk, Denmark and Lübeck of 1509 and 1510 in the Context of the Conflicts over the Kalmar Union
    Autorzy:
    Sadłoń, Paweł
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32388126.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Gdańsk
    Lübeck
    Denmark
    Kalmar Union
    Hansa
    privateering
    diplomacy
    maritime history
    Opis:
    The attitude of Gdańsk towards the war between Denmark and Sweden of 1501–1512 still has not been fully researched by historians. The city, which gained some autonomy in its contacts with foreign powers after 1454, remained neutral towards this conflict. This status did not change after Lübeck and the other Wendish cities had joined the war on the Swedish side, which increased the risk for Gdańsk with regard to shipping through the Danish Straits. Gdańsk maritime trade suffered losses due to the privateers commissioned by both Danish King Hans and the Lübeck city council. This article examines two cases of ships from Gdańsk that were seized. In 1509, the vessel of skipper Hans Paul, which carried armour for the garrison of Malbork Castle, was captured by Danish privateers, and on 30 May 1510, three ships that were sailing back to Gdańsk from Western Europe were seized by Lübeckers. The main purpose of this case study, which is based largely on the correspondence included in the official Gdańsk town records currently stored in the State Archives in Gdańsk, is to find out how those disputes were conducted and what impact they had on the city, its maritime trade and diplomacy. The cargo of armour seized in 1509 was recovered only with the help of a Polish envoy in Copenhagen, who cooperated with the envoy sent by the city of Gdańsk. In the second case, Gdańsk authorities made attempts (which included sending official letters and legations, and talks during the Hanseatic diets) to recover them at least until the 1540s, albeit to no effect. This failure was a consequence of Gdańsk’s neutral status, which limited the influence the city had over King Hans and the city authorities of Lübeck. Also, the safety of navigation in the Danish Straits was a priority for Gdańsk.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2023, 88, 2; 125-153
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Fateful Mésalliance: The Danish-Muscovite Treaties of 1493–1523 in Political and Religious Discourse
    Autorzy:
    Skoog, Martin Neuding
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32388123.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    papal embargo
    Muscovy
    Denmark
    Sweden
    secret diplomacy
    foreign policy
    Kalmar Union
    Opis:
    In 1493, King John of Denmark entered into a formal treaty with the grand prince of Muscovy, which was later renewed and discontinued only with the fall of King Christian II. The treaty generated frequent embassies to Copenhagen and Moscow. The treaty was clearly aimed against Sweden and posed a serious strategic problem there. It also provides a backdrop to the diminished Swedish political trust in the Olden burg kings. Several medieval papal bulls prohibited Latin Christians from contact with infidels and schismatics. This papal embargo represented an over-arching policy that all within the Latin Christian community were expected to observe. The need for trade required degrees of embargo and in effect, the embargo only prohibited trade and interactions with infidels that may harm the Christian community – especially arms trade and offensive alliances. The Danish-Muscovite alliance was a clear breach of this embargo. Earlier studies have not, however, appreciated the significance of this alliance in the larger international context. This article studies the role of Muscovy in the conflicts between Sweden and Denmark from 1493 to 1523. How did the Oldenburg kings utilise the treaty to pursue their strategic goals? What were the Swedish repercussions? Did the Oldenburg kings publicly acknowledge their Muscovite liaison? How did the larger Latin Christian community react? What does this treaty tell us about political change in early sixteenth-century Northern Europe?
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2023, 88, 2; 65-96
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polityczna działalność Misji Wojskowo-Dyplomatycznej Białoruskiej Republiki Ludowej w Rydze w latach 1918–1921
    Political Activity of the Military and Diplomatic Mission of the Belarusian People’s Republic in Riga in 1918–1921
    Autorzy:
    Michaluk, Dorota
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1287158.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Belarus
    Latvia
    Belarusian People’s Republic
    Military and Diplomatic Mission
    diplomacy
    international relations
    interwar period
    Opis:
    So far in the historical studies, the activity of the Military and Diplomatic Mission of the Belarusian People’s Republic in Riga has appeared in the context of relations between Belarus and Latvia during the period of the formation of new states in Eastern Europe after the fall of the Russian Empire, the organisation of Belarusian military units in Latvia, and the activity of General Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz. The aim of the article is to analyse the political activity of the Mission that covered the territory of Latvia, Estonia and, to a lesser extent, Finland, against the background of the dynamic political and military situation on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in 1918–1921. The study uses a critical analysis of documents and letters relevant for the history of the Mission. Its findings lead to the conclusion that the most important achievements of the Mission were: obtaining de jure recognition of the Belarusian People’s Republic by Finland and initiating the creation of the Belarusian armed forces on the basis of General Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz’s Special Unit, which fought against the Red Army. However, attempts to gain support for Belarusian independence from Great Britain failed.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2021, 86, 2; 57-95
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zur Genese der Mission Nikolaj Petrovič Rumjancevs in Frankfurt am Main. Ein Beitrag zur russischen Deutschlandpolitik in den 1780er Jahren
    The Origins of Nikolai P. Rumyantsev’s Mission in Frankfurt am Main. A Contribution to the Question of German Policy of the St. Petersburg Court in the 1780s
    Autorzy:
    Kordel, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197802.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    history of diplomacy
    Catherine II
    Nikolai P. Rumyantsev
    Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
    Opis:
    In the early 1780s, the St. Petersburg court decided to establish a new Russian diplomatic post in Frankfurt am Main; the mission in the German Reich was entrusted to a young diplomat, Nikolai P. Rumyantsev. Attempts to clarify the purpose of establishing a new legation have been made since mid-nineteenth century. Prussian historians wanted to see it as an instrument of support for the Berlin court, Austrian authors, on the other hand, the Viennese Burg. According to Russian historiography, on the other hand, the establishment of a diplomatic post in Frankfurt was to manifest the achievement of a significant position in the Reich by the St. Petersburg court. These judgements were pronounced without considering the primary source: the instructions received by the minister. The article is based precisely on that Russian diplomatic correspondence stored at the Foreign Policy Archive of Imperial Russia in Moscow. An analysis of the instructions sent to Rumyantsev proves that Russian plans for expansion in the Holy Roman Empire, to gain supremacy over the “Third Germany” i.e. the lesser and middle states of the Reich, were but political wishful thinking. The Russian domination in the empire, especially over the lesser states of the Reich, was completely unattainable for the empress. The expansion model tried in Courland, Poland and Sweden did not work in Germany.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2022, 87, 3; 69-100
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pisarze miejscy w kancelarii chełmińskiej od XIV do XVI wieku
    The city’s notaries in the chancery of Chełmno from the 14th to the 16th century
    Autorzy:
    Superczyński, Mateusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193976.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Chełmno
    the city’s chancery
    diplomacy
    the city’s books of Chełmno
    intellectual elite of Chełmno
    Opis:
    The article addresses the hitherto unknown notaries of Chełmno in the context of the development of the city’s chancery from the 14th to the 16th centuries. On the basis of the thorough analysis of the sources – the city’s books (The judicial book of the city of Chełmno of the years 1330–1430, books of town councilors, accounting books) documents (recorded in the books and included in diplomatic codices) twelve notaries appearing in the sources as early as the first half of the 14th century have been identified. The author concentrated on the hitherto unknown notaries such as Nicolaus Konin (1328), Iohannes (1333) or ; eodricus (1360–1370). The best known head of the city’s chancery in Chełmno is Konrad Bitschin (he held the o¢ ce of the notary in the years 1430–1438) described by both German and Polish historians. The article shows the notary’s contribution in the organization and reform of the chancery indicating at the same time his achievements in other fields. The range of the notary’s work in the chancery is described by the extracts of the manuscript by Konrad Bitschin cited by the German historian Franz Schultz - „Manuale notarii civitatis Culmen”, where the city’s books established by him were recorded. The comparison of the condition of the city’s archive before Konrad Bitschin’s term of office with the list of new volumes gives us a picture of intensive works, the aim of which was to order the archive and to make the work of the Chełmno chancery more effective. Indicating the successors of Konrad Bitschin – Jacob Schoensee or Andreas Zommer – the author underlined the change in the way of running the chancery and much worse aptitude of the subsequent notaries, which was reflected in a much less accurate manner to keep the books. Apart from the description of the individual heads of the city’s chancery, the article addresses the nature of the work of the chancery, the most important duties of notaries, their remuneration and education.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 3; 37-58
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Saksonia, Rzeczpospolita i Szwecja a koniec wojny północnej (1721–1732)
    Saxony, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden and the End of the Great Northern War (1721–1732)
    Autorzy:
    Kosińska, Urszula
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1913257.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Augustus II the Strong
    Frederick I of Sweden
    Great Northern War
    Treaty of Nystad
    diplomacy
    eighteenth century
    Opis:
    Diplomatic negotiations aimed at ending the Great Northern War, conducted by Saxony, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, which in the years 1721–1732 were formally still in conflict despite the Treaty of Nystad concluded by Sweden and Russia in 1721, have not yet been analysed from the perspective of Saxon and Polish diplomacy. The aim of this article is to examine this process, mainly in the light of primary sources of Saxon origin. Contrary to the popular belief that the many years of neglect to solve this issue were due solely to the weakness of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the author proves that there were many other factors involved. Some of the most important ones involved different political interests of the Commonwealth, Saxony and Sweden, and the changing international circumstances, including alliances, in the years 1721–1732. The article also presents how the original form of the peace agreement was developed. Instead of the signing of a peace treaty, it resulted in an exchange of royal letters between Sweden and, respectively, Saxony in 1729 and the Commonwealth in 1732. They included a declaration to ‘restore the old friendship’. Such a form of peace agreement, whose aim was to bypass Russian mediation, became the source of a common misconception that the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was not a party in the Great Northern War.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2021, 86, 4; 29-54
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A New Order in Central and Eastern Europe: Polish-Soviet Negotiations and the Peace of Riga (1920–1921)
    Autorzy:
    Wołos, Mariusz
    Leszczuk, Tomasz
    Puchalski, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1287156.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Treaty of Riga
    Treaty of Versailles
    Polish-Soviet War
    Soviet Russia
    Central and Eastern Europe
    international relations
    diplomacy
    Opis:
    The aim of this article is to discuss the current state of research and published sources on the Polish-Soviet negotiations and treaty that put an end to the armed conflict of 1918/1919–1920. It emphasises the significance of the peace treaty signed on 18 March 1921 in Riga for the resetting of relations between countries in Central and Eastern Europe after the First World War. The text puts forward a thesis – widely accepted in Polish historiography but basically overlooked by Western and Russian historians – that the Treaty of Riga constituted the completion and fulfilment of the European order, the most important element of which was the Treaty of Versailles and subsequent peace treaties; therefore, the term ‘Versailles-Riga Order’ is used. It outlines the attitudes of European superpowers and those of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and of the representatives of the Russian White Movement towards the issues raised during the negotiations in Riga, especially with regards to the shape of the border between the Republic of Poland and Soviet Russia. The article also discusses the objectives, diplomatic tactics and composition of the Polish and Soviet delegations. It points out that the negotiations in Riga were sort of a testing ground for both the Polish and Soviet parties. Moreover, the most important provisions of the peace treaty are discussed from a broad perspective, as well as the methods of their implementation in the following years, namely the issue of establishing the Polish-Soviet border, financial settlements and liabilities, reclaiming cultural heritage, and – last but not least – the repatriation of populations to Poland, Russia and Soviet Ukraine.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2021, 86, 2; 97-124
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Diplomats and Supporters of Matthias Corvinus – Seals of the Treaty of Ófalu / Spišská Stará Ves 1474
    Autorzy:
    Novák, Ádám
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197817.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    diplomacy
    negotiations
    seals
    Hungarian-Polish relations
    fifteenth century
    Matthias Corvinus
    Jagiellons
    Treaty of Ófalu/Spišská Stará Ves 1474
    Opis:
    Historiography is increasingly focusing its attention on the diplomatic history of the period of Matthias Corvinus. There have been numerous analyses of his relations with the Papal Court, the Bohemian orders and the Holy Roman Emperor. Matthias’ conflict with the Jagiellons is on its own a separate chapter. We find relatively few original documents amongst the sources that relate to the subject, therefore, if we have the opportunity to examine some of these with regard to a certain topic, we must take advantage of it. Several charters relating to Matthias’ peace treaty with the Jagiellons in 1474 in Ófalu/Spišská Stará have survived in their original form, so in addition to the diplomatic process of the peace treaty, we can also inspect the seals of the negotiating parties on the original charters. In the present paper, after a brief historical introduction and describing the research background, I will make a detailed examination of three charters that were issued by the Hungarian side. The documents show who from the Hungarian and Polish sides took part in the negotiations, and the surviving seals of the six Hungarian participants. The paper describes in a nutshell the careers of the negotiating parties, and gives a description of the surviving seals, accompanied by pictures. Because of its short form, the paper cannot attempt to provide a synthesis of diplomatic history, nevertheless, it aims to publish the biography of the “peacemakers”, and to present a specific source type.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2022, 87, 2; 5-21
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polskie tłumaczenia korespondencji Stanisława Augusta z Katarzyną II i Nikitą Paninem z lat 1769–1772,
    The Polish translations of Stanisław August’s correspondence with Catherine II and Nikita Panin from the years 1769–1772
    Autorzy:
    Zielińska, Zofia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193807.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    epistolography of monarchs
    Polish translations
    the Bar Confederation
    the Czartoryski family
    the Polish and Russian diplomacy
    the first partition of the Rzeczpospolita
    Opis:
    Among the letters which Stanisław August exchanged with Catherine II and Nikita Panin in the times of the Bar Confederation there are several ones which were translated into Polish. The translations were probably connected with the propaganda offensive prepared by Stanisław August and the Czartoryski family, aimed at convincing the society that the monarch and the leaders of the “Family” did not inspire the dissenters to strive for political equality, nor did they support the kidnapping of the senators perpetrated by Nikolai Repnin. The translated texts prove that the king opposed the Russian actions. Eventually, Stanisław August did not decide to promote the translated texts, still less – to publish them.The attempt to conciliate the king and his uncles with the rebellious nations, which was to appease the country, did not bear fruit.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2015, 80, 3; 193-206
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Negocjacje brandenbursko-polsko-saskie w trakcie wizyty Augusta II w Gdańsku wiosną 1698 roku
    Brandenburg-Polish-Saxon Negotiations during Augustus II’s Visit to Gdańsk in the Spring of 1698
    Autorzy:
    Swobodziński, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197803.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    history of Brandenburg-Prussia diplomacy
    Brandenburg-Prussian-Polish relations
    Augustus II of the House of Wettin
    Gottfried Werner
    Adam Bogislav Rubach
    history of Gdańsk
    Opis:
    Polish King Augustus II’s stay in Gdańsk in 1698 provided an excellent opportunity to strengthen his existing friendly relations with Elector Frederick III. To this end, representatives of the Elector of Brandenburg, Gottfried Werner and Adam Bogislav Rubach, the former staying in Gdańsk temporarily and the latter residing there permanently, established a network with key members of the Saxon-Polish court. During the talks, a number of issues were addressed, not only those that arose in Brandenburg-Prussian-Polish, but also Brandenburg-Saxon relations. These included the Courland issue, the sale of Saxon estates, issues with postal organization, and above all, arranging the meeting of the two aforementioned rulers. Although the latter was not successfully concluded (something that Augustus II particularly cared about), intensified contacts between the monarchs resulted in a meeting in June 1698 in Pisz. In addition, the Elector’s representatives took to Berlin information relating to matters of internal importance to August II at the time, such as the campaign against the Ottoman state and the conflict in Lithuania, as well as the course of action in the Sejmiks before the April Sejm. A detailed insight into the negotiations between the diplomats is possible thanks to a careful analysis of the correspondence between the deputies and Frederick III, which is kept at the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin-Dahlem.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2022, 87, 3; 41-67
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-12 z 12

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