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    Wyświetlanie 1-12 z 12
    Tytuł:
    Synthesis and Characterization of the Energetic Compounds Aminoguanidinium-, Triaminoguanidiniumand Azidoformamidinium Perchlorate
    Autorzy:
    Klapötke, T. M.
    Stierstorfer, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358855.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    perchlorates
    energetic salts
    calorimetry
    X-ray
    DSC
    Opis:
    Aminoguanidinium perchlorate (2, AGClO4) was formed by the reaction of aminoguanidinium bicarbonate (1) with aqueous perchloric acid solution. Triaminoguanidinium perchlorate (3, TAGClO4) was synthesized by nucleophilic attack of aqueous hydrazine solution on aminoguanidinium perchlorate under release of ammonia. The new and highly explosive azidoformamidinium perchlorate (4, AFClO4) was formed by the reaction of aminoguanidinium perchlorate with potassium nitrite under acidic conditions. The structures of the perchlorate salts in the crystalline state were determined using low temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction yielding monoclinic as well as orthorhombic structures. The compounds were characterized comprehensively using vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), multinuclear (1H, 13C and 15N) NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. The thermal behavior as well as the decompositions were investigated using DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) and the heats of formation were calculated using heats of combustion determined by bomb calorimetric measurements. In addition, the sensitivities were evaluated using BAM methods (drophammer and friction tester), whereby the perchlorate salts are all sensitive towards impact as well as friction.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2008, 5, 1; 13-30
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Size/Strain Diffraction Peak Broadening of the Energetic Materials FOX-7, RDX and ADN
    Autorzy:
    Herrmann, M.
    Forter-Barth, U.
    Kempa, P. B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358820.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2009
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    X-ray diffraction
    microstructure
    FOX-7
    RDX
    ADN
    Opis:
    X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is an established tool for the investigation of energetic materials. Whereas positions and intensities of diffraction peaks yield information on the crystal structure, peak profles are related to the real structure described by crystallite size, shape and microstrain. A series of energetic materials were measured at the synchrotron ANKA, and the size/strain broadening of FOX-7, RDX and ADN is discussed in relation to crystal structures and properties.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2009, 6, 2; 183-193
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    2-Tetrazene Derivatives as New Energetic Materials; Synthesis, Characterization and Energetic Properties
    Autorzy:
    Miró Sabaté, C.
    Delalu, H.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358238.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    2-tetrazene
    energetic materials
    X-ray diffraction
    NMR spectroscopy
    Opis:
    The oxidation of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine with aqueous monochloramine yielded (E)-1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-2-tetrazene (1) as a pale yellow liquid with hypergolic properties. 1 can be oxidized with potassium permanganate to form (E)-1-formyl-1,4,4-trimethyl-2-tetrazene (2) and (E)-1,4-diformyl-1,4dimethyl-2-tetrazene (3). Additionally, 1 reacts with a diethyl ether solution of monochloramine to form a stable 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-2-tetrazenium chloride salt (4). The chloride in salt 4 was exchanged with various energetic anions, such as nitrate (5), perchlorate (6), 5,5´-azobistetrazolate (7*6H2O), picrate (8) and azide (9). All materials were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods and the solid state structures of compounds 2-8 were elucidated. Due to the energetic nature of these materials, they were submitted to friction and impact sensitivity tests and DSC analysis was used to assess their thermal stabilities. Furthermore, the heats of formation of compounds 2-8 were computed using quantum mechanical methods (CBS-4M) and their detonation parameters (pressure and velocity) and specific impulses were also calculated. Lastly, the 2-tetrazene derivatives presented here are of potential interest either as building blocks or as a new class of low toxicity, low sensitivity energetic materials.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2014, 11, 4; 515-537
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    N-N Bond Lengths and Initiation Reactivity of Nitramines
    Autorzy:
    Zeman, Svatopluk
    Atalar, Taner
    Růžička, Aleš
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358441.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    bond length
    impact sensitivity
    nitramines
    reactivity
    thermal decomposition
    X-ray analysis
    Opis:
    For the 16 selected nitramines, it is shown that an increase in the energy content of these molecules (represented by enthalpies of formation) is connected with an increase in the lengths of the longest N–N bonds in the molecules. These lengths are directly proportional to the activation energies of the low-temperature thermal decomposition of the pure nitramines in all states of matter for this reaction. Raising the energy content also leads to reductions in the rate constants of thermal decomposition. Both of these facts are in contrast to expectations and also with similar published findings concerning thermal decomposition of nitramines in solution, which can be explained by the solvation effect and termination of the emerging aza-radicals in solutions. The calculated dissociation energies of the weakest N–N bonds yielded a relatively good reciprocal conformity with the lengths of the longest N–N bonds of the nitramines studied, especially when using the UB3LYP/6-31G* method. The relationship between the impact sensitivity of these nitramines and the lengths of their longest N–N bond is not completely clear. Such lengths cannot be a measure of impact reactivity, because the longest N–N bond might be stabilized in some cases by suitable intermolecular interactions with adjacent molecules in the crystal lattice.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2020, 17, 2; 169-200
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    4,6-Diazido-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (TNADAzT) and Its Silver Salt − Synthesis and Characterization
    Autorzy:
    Musil, T.
    Matyáš, R.
    Zeman, S.
    Růžička, A.
    Lyčka, A.
    Majzlík, J.
    Vala, R.
    Knotek, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358533.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    azido derivative of triazine
    silver salt
    sensitivity
    MTX-1
    X-ray
    Opis:
    4,6-Diazido-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (TNADAzT) and its silver salt (AgTNADAzT) were prepared and characterized. Elemental analysis, FTIR, NMR, DSC, AAS and X-ray diffraction were used for analytical characterization. The sensitivities of TNADAzT and AgTNADAzT were determined and compared with common explosives and MTX-1. The crystal density of TNADAzT is 1.794 g·cm−3 and its heat of formation 899 kJ·mol−1. The sensitivity of TNADAzT to impact and friction slightly exceeds PETN; the sensitivity to electrostatic discharge is lower than RDX. The sensitivity of AgTNADAzT is on the level of a primary explosives (between mercury fulminate and PETN). The initiation efficiency of AgTNADAzT is higher than 200 mg (acceptor PETN compressed by 64-70 MPa) and therefore excludes it from practical use as a primary explosive in detonators.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 2; 304-320
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Thermally Induced Polymorphic Transformation of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) Investigated by in-situ X-ray Powder Diffraction
    Autorzy:
    Liu, Y.
    Li, S.
    Wang, Z.
    Xu, J.
    Sun, J.
    Huang, H.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358065.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    HNIW
    polymorphism
    in situ X-ray diffraction
    phase transition
    heat stimulation
    Opis:
    The ε→γ phase transition of HNIW induced by heat was investigated with in situ X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD). The effects of purity, particle size, insensitive additives and the time of isothermal heat treatment on the phase transition were evaluated. It was found that the phase transition is irreversible with changes in temperature, and the two phases can coexist in a certain temperature range. Moreover, the initial phase transition temperature increases with increasing purity and decreasing particle size of HNIW, and thus with the approximate crystal density. The addition of graphite and paraffin wax to HNIW as insensitive additives leads to a decrease in the initial phase transition temperature, but the addition of TATB does not affect the initial phase transition temperature. Thus, TATB is a suitable insensitive additive. Moreover, at the critical temperature, the isothermal time determined the efficiency of the ε- to γ-phase transition. This work lays the foundations for the choice of molding technologies, performance test methods, ammunition storage options, as well as the manufacture of HNIW-based explosive formulations.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 4; 1023-1037
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    X-ray Investigations of Combustion Phenomena Occurring in Confined Pyrotechnic Charges
    Autorzy:
    Miszczak, M.
    Nita, M.
    Warchoł, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358892.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    pyrotechnic charges
    delay element
    combustion
    Real-Time X-ray Radioscopy (RTR)
    Opis:
    Investigation of the combustion processes occurring in end-burning, multi-segment, delay elements of hand-grenade firing-explosive trains using Real-Time X-ray Radioscopy (RTR) are presented. RTR detection, operating at 30 frames per second, registered the development of the combustion process, visualized as the border between the burnt and unburnt parts of the pyrotechnic column, travelling from the ignition (input) end to the output end. This border had a variable shape, ranging from planar to very non-regular. At the end of the combustion process, i.e. during burning of the final-output pyrotechnic segment, the formation of a longitudinal cavity beginning from the output end of the delay element and reaching a depth of nearly 40% of the total length of the pyrotechnic column, was detected. Such strong erosion of the output part of the pyrotechnic column indicates that in the creation of the output combustion products (firing output impulse) of the tested delay element, a relatively significant mass of the pyrotechnic charge was involved.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2015, 12, 3; 553-561
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    X-ray Investigation of Dynamic Phenomena Occurring during Combustion of the Pyrotechnic Charges of 40 mm Grenade Fuze Delay Systems
    Autorzy:
    Miszczak, Maciej
    Warchoł, Radosław
    Nita, Marcin
    Kasprzak, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358099.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    military ammunition
    pyrotechnic end-burning charges
    combustion
    Real-Time X-ray Radioscopy
    Opis:
    Experimental Real Time X-ray Radioscopy (RTR) investigation of dynamic phenomena occurring during the combustion of end-burning pyrotechnic charges confined in the fuze body, utilized in the delay systems of 40 mm grenade fuzes, are presented. These pyrotechnic delay systems delay the arming distance pyromechanism and the self-destroying timing assembly. The charge in the delay arming distance pyromechanism was a black powder pellet supported by the safety pin kept in constant position by its driving compressed spring. The self-destroying timing assembly comprised three pyrotechnic segmented columns connected at their ends with ignition relay channels, creating a zig-zag firing train. The following dynamic phenomena were detected and registered by RTR at a frequency of 30 FPS: (i) combustion zone travelling along the pyrotechnic charges, (ii) displacements of the pyromechanism safety pin caused by either the pressure of its spring after burning out of the black powder pellet or by pressure of the combustion products escaping from the zig-zag firing train, (iii) transfer of the ignition impulse between the adjacent pyrotechnic columns, (iv) pressure action of the combustion products on the pyrotechnic columns during transfer of the ignition impulse, and (v) transfer of the final output ignition impulse from the last (third) pyrotechnic column through the channel leading directly to the chamber used for accommodating the fuze detonator.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2019, 16, 1; 77-90
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Benzofuroxan (Benzo[1,2-c]1,2,5-oxadiazole N-oxide) Derivatives as Potential Energetic Materials: Studies on Their Synthesis and Properties
    Autorzy:
    Šarlauskas, J.
    Anusevičius, Z.
    Misiunas, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358164.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    heterocyclic nitro compounds
    X-ray diffraction
    structure analysis
    density
    HEDM
    5,6-DNBF
    Opis:
    The objective of this work was to prepare benzofuroxan derivatives as new, dense, potentially energetic materials and to investigate their properties, with the main focus being on 5,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (5,6-DNBF). 5,6-DNBF was prepared by a 3-step reaction sequence: a) 1-azido-3-nitrobenzene was synthesized by diazotation of 3-nitroaniline with sodium nitrite and subsequent reaction with sodium azide in acetic/sulfuric mixed acids; b) it was nitrated with HNO3/H2SO4 to 1-azido-2,4,5-trinitrobenzene; c) thermal cyclization of the latter compound in a polar solvent gave the desired 5,6-DNBF (m.p. 177 °C). It was fully characterized by UV/VIS, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The density of the compound (X-ray) was found to be comparatively high (1.88 g/cm3), and to be superior to the previously known, isomeric energetic material ? 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (4,6-DNBF) (1.76 g/cm3). Furthermore, the synthesis of some other benzofuroxan derivatives, potentially interesting as high energy, density materials (HEDMs), has been carried out. The densities of the compounds obtained were calculated using ACD Labs software (version 4.0). Based on the results obtained, it could be concluded that 5,6-DNBF is one of the densest nitro derivatives of the benzofuroxan series, comparable to CL-14, CL-17, CL-18, and thus could have potential applications as an HEDM.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2012, 9, 4; 365-386
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    X-ray Investigation of Combustion Phenomena Occurring in Certain Pyrotechnic Elements Used in Military Ammunition
    Autorzy:
    Miszczak, M.
    Warchoł, R.
    Nita, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358865.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    military ammunition
    pyrotechnic charges
    delay element
    tracer
    combustion
    burning surface
    Real-Time X-ray Radioscopy (RTR)
    Opis:
    Investigation using Real-Time X-ray Radioscopy (RTR) of the combustion processes occurring in two different configurations of pyrotechnic items, currently used in ordnance in service with the Polish Armed Forces, are presented. In the first configuration, employed in the delay elements of the RGM type of impact artillery fuses, the end-burning delay pyrotechnic column in its narrower part ended with cavity, is situated in front of the inlet of the axial channel of the output tubular pyrotechnic augmenting charge. In the second configuration, utilized in tracers of anti-tank guided missiles, the end-burning pyrotechnic charge with an ignition cavity is inserted into the steel body and closed hermetically at both ends by plastic discs. In each configuration, ignition of the tested item was initiated by an electric fusehead system. The RTR sequence of images (30 fps) of the combustion of the tested items showed that the burning surface of their pyrotechnic charges were distinguished as a boundary between the unburnt part of the pyrotechnic charge and its distinctly less dense combustion products. For selected time points in the combustion process, the shape and position of such boundaries were captured. From these data, it was possible to discover more about the combustion phenomena occurring in these tested items, including the evolution and movement of the burning surface. The combustion processes of the tested pyrotechnic delay elements and tracers, were occurring in accordance with the intended (expected) scenarios, i.e. all of the pyrotechnic charges were successively and totally consumed, and during their combustion there were no premature effects resulting in a shortening of their burning time.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 3; 770-777
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Shooting Tests of Target Perforating Ability, Performed on Cast Concrete Cylinders
    Autorzy:
    Habera, Łukasz
    Hebda, Kamil
    Koślik, Piotr
    Sałaciński, Tomasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1062821.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    shaped charge
    axially-symmetric elliptical liner
    hexogen
    perforation channel
    concrete
    X-ray computer tomography
    3D numerical visualisation
    Opis:
    In this paper, the first results of the applicability of shaped charges with a single liner, of a conical and of an axially-symmetric elliptical shape, are compared. The shaped charges were of an analogous type. The outer diameter and the height of the shaped charges were 39 and 42 mm, respectively. The mass of the explosive (flegmatized hexogen) in these charges was 27 g. The charges with the conical liner were commercially available. All liners used in these tests were made according to the same technology, as well as being of the same material, i.e. electrolytic copper. Two series of tests were carried out for shaped charges with the elliptical liner, i.e. 11 and 12 shots, with or without a distance plate between the shaped charge and the concrete shooting model (core), respectively. For comparison, 4 shots for each of these configurations were executed for commercial shaped charges with a conical liner. The distance plate was made of mild steel and its dimensions were 50×50×10 mm. All of the concrete cores used were uniform in the shape of a cylinder, with diameter 160 ±10 mm and height 1200 ±10 mm, and were prepared in a single-batch process. The tests were completed under outdoor conditions at ambient temperature. of 0.1 mm, were used to create 3D numerical visualisation of the perforation channels in the concrete cores created by the tested shaped charges. The 3D images allowed the depths to be measured, together with the volumes and degrees of uniformity of these channels. On the basis of these images, it was determined that the volume of the perforation channels created when using shaped charges with an elliptical liner were in the range 230-557 cm3, while the volumes created by commercial shaped charges were in the range 105-201 cm3. This is because charges with an elliptically shaped liner produced longer perforation channels than their analogues with conical liners. The tested shaped charges enclosing a single liner of an axially-symmetric elliptical shape assures better opening of a hydrocarbon reservoir in the downhole conditions of oil and gas wells, as compared to its analogous traditional form, with a conical liner.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2020, 17, 4; 584-599
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Study on the State of Internal Stress and Strain of TATB-based Polymer Bonded Explosive Using Strain Markers and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
    Autorzy:
    Dai, B.
    Lan, L.-G.
    Zhang, W.-B.
    Tian, Y.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358613.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    technology of materials
    testing and analysis
    compression molding
    polymer bonded explosive
    stress state
    strain ellipsoid
    X-ray tomography
    Opis:
    Precise measurement of the inner structural strain of polymer bonded explosive (PBXs) granules during compression molding is highly desirable in order to investigate the inner stress distribution field and its underlying generation mechanism, with the aim of improving the stress distribution uniformity. In this contribution, TATB-based (1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) PBX granules were formulated and the stress-strain state of the PBX granules during the warm molding process was analyzed. Strain markers were implanted at different locations and the deformation characteristics and regularity of the embedded spherical strain markers were obtained by X-ray micro-tomography. Thus the local strain states at different locations could be obtained, and the local stress state could be deduced. The results showed that axisymmetric deformation occurred in all of the strain markers, where the flat strain ellipsoids were mainly compressed uni-axially. In the central region, the stress was mainly in an axial direction, and the shear force was small. Not only axial stresses, but also large shear stresses in the surrounding region of the cylindrical grains were present. The stress gradient in the central region was greater than that in the surrounding region. The stress was greater in the surrounding region because this region was squeezed by the mold. The maximum strain degree was 44.8% larger than the minimum strain degree. The local stress increment in each region was quantified. The stress increments of the three axes were in the range 14.2-19.5 MPa. This study examined the feasibility of evaluating the inner stress–strain state of PBX granules in a quantitative manner, which is significant in determining the inner strain and stress distribution in PBX granules during the molding process.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 3; 688-707
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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