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Tytuł:
Influence of the Initiation Energy on theVelocity of Detonation of ANFO Explosive
Autorzy:
Bohanek, V.
Dobrilović, M.
Škrlec, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358833.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
ANFO
initiation energy
velocity detonation
Opis:
ANFO explosives have been widely used for blasting operations in mining and civil engineering. From a scientific point of view, ANFO is interesting due to its non-ideal detonation. There are numerous factors that affect the velocity of detonation of ANFO explosives. This paper presents measured velocities of detonation of ANFO explosives initiated by various initiation methods and initiation energies. ANFO explosives were tested in steel pipes, and detonators and boosters of different masses and initiation energies were used for initiation. The initiation energy of a detonator was determined using the underwater initiation capability test. The influence of the equivalent shock energy and the equivalent bubble energy on the velocity of detonation of ANFO was also determined. These measured results contribute to a better understanding of the non-ideal detonation of ANFO explosives.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2013, 10, 4; 555-568
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tetraamminecopper(II) Nitrate and Its Effects on Ammonium Nitrate(V)
Autorzy:
Künzel, M.
Vodochodský, O.
Matyáš, R.
Jalový, Z.
Pachman, J.
Maixner, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/357988.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
ammonium nitrate
complex salt
copper
detonation
initiation
Opis:
Tetraamminecopper(II) nitrate(V) (TACN) is a complex copper salt which is easily formed when ammonium nitrate (AN) comes into contact with copper. It is considered to be an unwanted contaminant of AN because of its sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and significant explosive properties. The formation of TACN by the reaction of copper with molten ammonium nitrate(V) was demonstrated by powder diffraction. Friction and impact sensitivity testing was performed and field experiments were then conducted to reveal the detonation parameters of TACN and its initiation capability towards ammonium nitrate. The dependence of the detonation velocity on charge diameter was revealed and the ideal detonation velocity of 3500 m·s−1 at 0.87 g·cm−3 was measured. AN with the addition of 16 wt.% of TACN was found to detonate when initiated with a small booster charge. Moreover, TACN was able to initiate detonation in fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate(V) under massive steel confinement. TACN should be therefore considered as a possible contributory initiation source in some large scale accidents. In this article, some properties of TACN are revealed which could be useful for the investigation of accidents.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 1; 169-183
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Initiation Capacity of a New Booster Pellet
Autorzy:
Hua, L.
Hu, S.
Cao, X.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358063.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
explosion mechanics
booster pellet
main charge
initiation capacity
Opis:
Insensitive munitions improve the survivability of both weapons and their associated platforms. All weapon systems contain an explosive train which needs to meet the insensitive munitions criteria but also to reliably initiate the main charge explosive. The traditional cylindrical booster pellet has insufficient energy output to reliably initiate an insensitive main charge explosive. To ensure that this requirement can be achieved, a new highly effective booster charge structure was designed. New booster pellets of four different sizes were investigated by numerical simulation and the one with the most powerful output was selected for experimental study. The results show that the new booster pellet has more initiation capacity than a cylindrical booster pellet with the same mass and pressed density. The convergence pressure of the new booster pellet is much higher than that of a cylindrical booster pellet with the same density.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2014, 11, 1; 157-170
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Recent Advances in the Study of the Initiation of Nitramines by Impact Using Their 15N NMR Chemical Shifts
Autorzy:
Jungová, M.
Zeman, S.
Yan, Q.-L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358278.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
impact sensitivity
initiation
15N NMR chemical shifts
Opis:
The relationship between the 15N NMR chemical shifts of aza nitrogen atoms in twelve nitramines and the impact sensitivity of these compounds, expressed as the drop energy, Edr, has been analyzed from the point of view of recently published findings. This relationship appears to be the best method for identifying the key atoms at the reaction centre of a given molecule. These atoms might be taken as “chemical hot spots”. The absence of any solid state influence on the chemical shifts, which were here determined in solution, does not have a fundamental influence on the reaction centre identification. The relationship discussed here confirms the close molecular structural dependence for drop energies (impact sensitivities) obtained for individual energetic materials (EMs) by means of a standard impact tester (Julius Peters) with the detection of the 50% probability of initiation based on acoustic detection. The dependence of impact sensitivity on specific crystal surfaces, using samples of individual EMs obtained by screening, should be investigated more extensively.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2014, 11, 3; 383-393
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Accounts of the new aspects of nitromethane initiation reactivity
Autorzy:
Zeman, S.
Atalar, T.
Friedl, Z.
Ju, X-H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358898.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
DFT B3LYP methods
detonation
initiation
nitromethane
Opis:
A well-known effect of amines, and also of water, on detonation characteristics of nitromethane (NM) is discussed from the point of view of the published knowledge about the study of initiation reactivity of this nitro paraffin. It is documented that bimolecular and higher interactions during the initiation of NM are impossible. The most widespread concepts of the primary steps of this initiation, i.e. formation of aci-NM anion [CH2=NO2]— by intermolecular hydrogen transfer in the neat NM submitted to shock and formation of this anion by action of an amine, have been scrutinized by the DFT B3LYP/cc-pVTZ+ method and evaluated as thermodynamically disadvantageous. Also the 1,3-intramolecular hydrogen shift in the NM molecule was characterized as a higher-barrier process. Two favorable primary mechanisms of fission in the NM initiation and development of its detonation were investigated by DFT B3LYP/cc-pVTZ+ calculations: homolysis of C–NO2 bond in the neat NM and homolysis of N–OH bond in its aci-form. The second mentioned pathway was found to be thermodynamically the most preferable mechanism of fission. Consequently, a detonation wave of NM with admixture of amine or water has a considerably reduced reaction zone length in comparison with the detonation of neat NM. The B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations of transition states revealed that an admixture of methylamine and/or water influences the conversion of nitromethane to its aci-form, and this effect is more feasible in the case of methylamine rather than water.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2009, 6, 1; 119-133
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Preparation and Performance of CL-20-based Ultraviolet-curable High-explosive Ink and Its Application in Rigid Explosive Networks by Direct Ink Writing
Autorzy:
Li, Rui
Li, Weibing
Guo, Xiaode
Liang, Li
Wang, Yajun
Li, Weibin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27787838.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
multi-point initiation explosive network
UV-curability highexplosive ink
direct ink writing/printing
initiation synchronicity error
precise press-loading charge
Opis:
To improve the groove charge consistency and density and to reduce the initiation synchronicity error of a rigid multi-point initiation explosive network, a CL-20-based ultraviolet (UV)-curable high-explosive ink, comprising 42 wt.% sub-micron CL-20, a 55.4 wt.% binder system (including 2.0 wt.% NC and 53.4 wt.% butyl acetate), and 2.6 wt.% UV-curable resin, based on direct ink writing (DIW) technology, was prepared. The properties of the composite sample deposited via DIW were characterized. The results indicated that the sample had good uniformity, with few defects, and a critical detonation size of around 1.5×0.283 mm. A six-point initiation explosive network was designed for the integration of DIW technology and precise press-loading of the charge. The network featured six pre-pressed booster pellets with the same charge density (ρ0 = 1.89 g·cm−3, 95.8% of theoretical maximum density) as the output end charges, and a groove channel charged by DIW and press-loading. This procedure increased the density of the booster charge in the groove channels to 1.890 g·cm−3, effectively improved the consistency of the charge density between the groove channels and the output ends and lowered the initiation synchronicity error of the network to 62 ns. The network can initiate a jetting projectile charge (JPC) with good shape and small lateral offset, implying that the network initiation capability and synchronization meet the operational requirements of JPC shaped charges.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2021, 18, 1; 86--111
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Recent advances in the study of the initiation of energetic materials rusing characteristics of their thermal decomposition. Part I, Cyclic nitramines
Autorzy:
Zeman, S.
Yan, Q.-L.
Vlček, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358411.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
arrhenius parameters
detonation velocity
explosives
initiation
manometric method
nitramines
Opis:
Arrhenius parameters, Ea and log A, of 17 cyclic nitramines, derived from the Russian vacuum manometric method (SMM) and compatible thermoanalytical methods, have been used in this study. The detonation velocity, D, at maximum theoretical crystal density, of the nitramines in this study was taken as a characteristic of their detonation. On the basis of known relationships between their Ea and D2 values (modified Evans-Polanyi-Semenov equation), the specific influence of some physicochemical properties on their thermal decomposition was shown. A new logarithmic relationship was found between the rate constant k, of the unimolecular thermal decomposition of the nitramines studied at 230 °C, and their D values. A fundamental characteristic of this new relationship rests on the equivalency of the primary fission processes in the low-temperature thermal decomposition and on the detonation initiation of the nitramines under study. Both these relationships confirm the problems encountered in the kinetic specification of the thermal decomposition of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12hexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW, CL-20) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). These problems, and also the possible influence of the pre-decomposition states on the thermal decomposition of the nitramines studied, are discussed.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2014, 11, 2; 173-189
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study on the Initiation Capacities of Conical Ring Booster Pellets
Autorzy:
Hu, L.
Hu, S.
Cao, X.
Li, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358594.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
booster pellet
main charge
initiation capacity
numerical simulation
optimization
Opis:
The insensitive main charge explosive is becoming an important part of modern weapon development. Insensitive main charge explosives generally have a high critical initiation pressure. The detonation pressure of a traditional cylindrical booster pellet is constant at a specific density and consequently has insufficient energy output to reliably initiate an insensitive main charge explosive. To ensure that this requirement could be achieved, the conical ring booster pellet was designed and optimized. Eight-point-synchronous explosive circuits were designed as appropriate to the sizes of the four booster pellets. The initiation processes of the four conical booster pellets equipped with the eight-point circuit were simulated using ANSYS/LY-DYNA software. The experimental measurements were performed in order to test the initiation capacities of these conical booster pellets. The results demonstrated that their initiation capacities are much better than the initiation capacity of a cylindrical booster pellet. The optimum size of the conical ring booster pellet is when the ratio of the inner to the upper diameter is 0.52, the ratio of the inner to the lower diameter is 0.44, and the ratio of the height to the lower diameter is 0.50.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2014, 11, 3; 335-348
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of Processing Techniques on Mechanical Properties and Impact Initiation of an Al-PTFE Reactive Material
Autorzy:
Feng, B.
Fang, X.
Li, Y.-C.
Wu, S.-Z.
Mao, Y.-M.
Wang, H.-X.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358654.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
Al-PTFE
reactive materials
quasi-static compression
impact initiation
Opis:
Reactive materials (RMs) or impact-initiated materials have received much attention as a class of energetic materials in recent years. To assess the influence of processing techniques on mechanical properties and impact initiation behaviors of an Al-PTFE reactive material, quasi -static compression tests and drop-weight tests were performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to identify the characteristics of the interior microstructures of the Al-PTFE samples. A sintering process was found to transform Al-PTFE from a brittle to a ductile material with an increased elasticity modulus (from 108-160 MPa to 256-336 MPa) and yield stress (from 12-16 MPa to 19-20 MPa). Increasing the molding pressure from 36 MPa to 182 MPa increased the elastic modulus of all Al-PTFE samples and also the yield stress of unsintered ones. Unsintered samples in general required less energy to initiate than sintered ones. As the molding pressure increased, the impact initiation energy for sintered Al-PTFE fell from 96 J to 68 J, whereas the initiation energy for unsintered Al-PTFE rose from 68 J to 85 J. PTFE nanofiber networks observed in sintered samples formed under the higher molding pressures could contribute to the opposite trends observed in the impact initiation energy of unsintered and sintered Al-PTFE samples.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 4; 989-1004
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optical Initiation of Polymer Containing Formulations of Azole Metal Complexes
Autorzy:
Gerasimov, S. I.
Ilyushin, M. A.
Kuz’min, V. A.
Shugalei, I. V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358547.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
optical initiation
energetic formulations EC-1 and EC-2
Opis:
This article focuses on an investigation of the optical initiation of the light-sensitive energetic complex perchlorates 3(5)-hydrazino-4-amino- 1,2,4-triazole copper(II) perchlorate and 1-H-5-hydrazinotetrazole mercury(II) perchlorate. It is shown that light emission initiates an explosion in energy-rich formulations (compositions) based on these complexes, EC-1 and EC-2 respectively. It was found that the pyrotechnic formulation EC-2 containing the mercury complex may be used to initiate detonation in highly energetic materials.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2015, 12, 4; 671-687
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Measurement of the Heat of Reaction of Polytetrafluoroethylene/Aluminum Composites Based on Laser Initiation
Autorzy:
Li, S.
Wu, Y.
Lin, Q.
Huang, C.
Yang, S.
Li, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358195.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
reactive materials
PTFE/Al composites
heat of reaction
laser initiation
Opis:
Polytetrafluoroethylene/aluminum (PTFE/Al) composites are reactive materials which can release energy due to exothermic chemical reactions initiated under shock loading conditions. In order to accurately measure the potential maximum heat of reaction of PTFE/Al composites in an inert atmosphere, we propose in this paper a heat of reaction measurement system based on laser initiation. Our results show that the measurement system successfully initiates the chemical reaction between PTFE and Al in an argon atmosphere. The comparison between theoretical calculations and experimental data demonstrates that our measurement method is highly accurate and exhibits excellent consistency. Thus, the heat of reaction measurement system based on laser initiation is applicable for measuring the heat of reaction of PTFE/Al composites and also other complicated reactive materials.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 3; 534-546
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Temperature-dependent Shock Initiation of CL-20-based High Explosives
Autorzy:
Pi, Z.
Chen, L.
Wu, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358764.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
CL-20
shock initiation
heated explosive
phase transitions
numerical simulation
Opis:
To investigate the effects of temperature on the shock initiation characteristics of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), shock initiation experiments on heated C-1 explosive (94% epsilon phase CL-20, and 6% binder, by weight) were performed at temperatures of 20 °C, 48 °C, 75 °C, 95 °C, 125 °C, 142 °C, and 175 °C. An explosive driven flyer device was used to initiate the C-1 charges and manganin pressure gauges were embedded in the C-1 specimen to record the pressure changes with time. Our results show that C-1 becomes more sensitive as the temperature is increased from 20 °C to 95 °C. The ε to γ phase transition in CL-20 occurs at 125 °C; C-1 with CL-20 in the γ phase at 142 °C is less shock sensitive than C-1 with CL-20 in the ε phase at 95 °C or 75 °C. Compared with C-1 at 142 °C, C-1 at 175 °C shows a dramatic increase in shock sensitivity. An ignition and growth reactive flow model was used to simulate the shock initiation of C-1 at various temperatures, and the parameters were obtained by fitting the experimental data. With this parameter set, the shock initiation characteristics of C-1 for temperatures between 20 °C and 175 °C can be derived.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 2; 361-374
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study on the Initiation Capacities of Two Booster Pellets
Autorzy:
Hu, L.
Hu, S.
Cao, X.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358172.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
explosion mechanics
booster
pellet
synchronous explosive circuit
initiation capacity
main charge
Opis:
The appearance of insensitive main charges has created new requirements in the booster pellets of the detonation train, specifically, the output of the booster pellet must be strong enough to initiate the insensitive main charge. Traditional cylindrical booster pellets have great difficulty in meeting the demands of the insensitive main charge for reliable detonation. A four-point-synchronous explosive circuit and an eight-point-synchronous explosive circuit were designed to initiate two booster pellets, designed on the basis of shock initiation theory and effective charge theory, as well as the shaped charge effect theory. The results show that booster pellet 1 and booster pellet 2, under multi-point-synchronous explosive circuits, can initiate standard main charge pellets with less explosive mass than an ordinary cylindrical booster pellet. The initiation capacity of booster pellet 2 is better than that of booster pellet 1.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2012, 9, 3; 261-272
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Recent Advances in the Study of the Initiation of Energetic Materials Using the Characteristics of Their Thermal Decomposition Part II. Using Simple Differential Thermal Analysis
Autorzy:
Zeman, S.
Yan, Q.-L.
Elbeih, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358712.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
activation energy
detonation velocity
DTA
explosives
initiation
nitramines
PBX
thermal decomposition
Opis:
Simple Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), with evaluation of its output by the Kissinger method, was used in the case of emulsion explosives and, as an advanced application, for several plastic bonded explosives (PBXs). In both of these kinds of explosive the square of their detonation velocities, D2, is used as their performance characteristic. A relationship between the slope of the Kissinger equation, EaT-1, and the D2 values makes it possible to formulate a possible mechanism for the initiation of emulsion explosives. Regarding PBXs, it would seem possible to postulate a change in the detonation chemistry of plastic bonded nitramines, depending on the pressure and temperature in the zone of the detonation wave, particularly in the case of CL-20 fillers. Binders with aromatic building units in their macromolecular structure seem to be less-favoured in terms of their thermal reactivity and performance than the final PBXs. These findings document the advantages of the above-mentioned application of simple DTA.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2014, 11, 3; 395-404
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Role of Thermochemical Decomposition in Energetic Material Initiation Sensitivity and Explosive Performance
Autorzy:
Shackelford, S. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358845.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
energetic material
thermochemical decomposition
kinetic deuterium isotope effect
KDIE
initiation sensitivity
performance
Opis:
Catastrophic initiation of an energetic material consists of a complex, interactive, sequential train of mechanistic mechanical, physical, and chemical processes which occur over a finite time period and proceed from macroscopic into sub-microscopic composition levels (bulk > crystalline > molecular > atomic). Initiation results when these processes proceed at a rate which generates sufficient energy (heat) to reach a threshold stage within this finite time period. Thus, the rate at which these mechanistic processes occur defines initiation sensitivity and affects performance. Thermochemical decomposition processes regulate the rate at which heat energy is released at the molecular level, and therefore to some extent, control energetic material initiation sensitivity and performance characteristics. Kinetic deuterium isotope effect (KDIE) data, obtained during the ambient pressure thermochemical decomposition process, identifies the mechanistic rate-controlling bond rupture which ultimately regulates the energy release rate of a given energetic material. This same rate-controlling bond rupture also appears as a significant rate-limiting feature in higher order deflagration, combustion, and explosion phenomena. The effect the KDIE-determined rate-controlling bond rupture exerts on initiation sensitivity, and its potential influence in combustion and explosion performance is delineated.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2008, 5, 1; 75-101
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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