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    Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9
    Tytuł:
    Influence of Bismuth Complex Catalysts on the Cure Reaction of Hydroxyl-terminated Polyether-based Polymer Bonded Explosives
    Autorzy:
    Ou, Y.
    Jiao, Q.
    Yan, S.
    Zhu, Y.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358587.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    HTPE
    bismuth complex catalyst
    pot-life
    manufacture time reduction
    mechanical and thermal characteristics
    Opis:
    The kinetics of catalyzed urethane-forming reactions of hydroxyl-terminated polyether (HTPE) with toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) in the presence of bismuth complex catalysts was investigated by non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to monitor the chemical interactions of relevant groups. The kinetic parameters, including the apparent activation energy (Ea) and reaction rate constants (k) at typical temperatures calculated by the Kissinger and Crane methods, were used to evaluate the catalytic activities of triphenylbismuth (TPB) and tris(3-ethoxyphenyl)bismuthine (TEPB). The variations of Ea were studied to obtain an insight into the consistency of catalytic mechanism for the bismuth complex catalysts. The viscosity build-up of HTPE-based polymer bonded explosive (PBX) slurry was then measured to verify the catalytic activity and the pot-life during an actual manufacturing process, which fitted with the kinetics of the catalyzed cure reaction. The cure process was evaluated by the hardness of the PBX grains maintained at a temperature below typical manufacturing conditions. The results showed that TEPB is an effective catalyst, reducing the Ea of the cure reaction and the manufacturing temperature and time with an acceptable pot-life. The mechanical, thermal characteristics and compatibility of the HTPE-based PBXs were also investigated. The results suggest that TEPB is compatible with HTPE-based PBXs and contributes to improving the mechanical properties and thermal safety.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2018, 15, 1; 131-149
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Fabrication of Nano- and Micron- Sized Spheres of CL-20 by Electrospray
    Autorzy:
    Yan, S.
    Li, M.
    Sun, L.
    Jiao, Q.
    Huang, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358652.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    energetic materials
    explosives
    CL-20
    electrospray
    spherical particles
    Opis:
    The application of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) in energetic materials will be expanded by its use as superfine particles. A method of fabricating nano- and micron-sized spheres of CL-20 by using electrospray is discussed. The effects of the precursor solution and the experimental conditions on the morphology and the crystal phase of the CL-20 particles are introduced. A variety of solvents was used to dissolve raw CL-20 for the preparation of the precursor solution with different CL-20 contents. The conductivity and viscosity of the precursor solutions were tested before the electrospray process. The electrostatic parameters were adjusted by changing the voltage and the distance between the nozzle and the plate. The morphology, crystal phase, mechanical sensitivity, density, and thermal stability of the raw CL-20 and the as-sprayed CL-20 samples were determined using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Furthermore, the density and the mechanical sensitivity were tested for the raw and the as-sprayed CL-20. DSC tests were conducted to compare the thermal stability and reactivity of the samples.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2018, 15, 4; 572-589
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Recent Advances in the Study of the Initiation of Nitramines by Impact Using Their 15N NMR Chemical Shifts
    Autorzy:
    Jungová, M.
    Zeman, S.
    Yan, Q.-L.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358278.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    impact sensitivity
    initiation
    15N NMR chemical shifts
    Opis:
    The relationship between the 15N NMR chemical shifts of aza nitrogen atoms in twelve nitramines and the impact sensitivity of these compounds, expressed as the drop energy, Edr, has been analyzed from the point of view of recently published findings. This relationship appears to be the best method for identifying the key atoms at the reaction centre of a given molecule. These atoms might be taken as “chemical hot spots”. The absence of any solid state influence on the chemical shifts, which were here determined in solution, does not have a fundamental influence on the reaction centre identification. The relationship discussed here confirms the close molecular structural dependence for drop energies (impact sensitivities) obtained for individual energetic materials (EMs) by means of a standard impact tester (Julius Peters) with the detection of the 50% probability of initiation based on acoustic detection. The dependence of impact sensitivity on specific crystal surfaces, using samples of individual EMs obtained by screening, should be investigated more extensively.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2014, 11, 3; 383-393
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Recent Advances in the Study of the Initiation of Energetic Materials Using the Characteristics of Their Thermal Decomposition Part II. Using Simple Differential Thermal Analysis
    Autorzy:
    Zeman, S.
    Yan, Q.-L.
    Elbeih, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358712.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    activation energy
    detonation velocity
    DTA
    explosives
    initiation
    nitramines
    PBX
    thermal decomposition
    Opis:
    Simple Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), with evaluation of its output by the Kissinger method, was used in the case of emulsion explosives and, as an advanced application, for several plastic bonded explosives (PBXs). In both of these kinds of explosive the square of their detonation velocities, D2, is used as their performance characteristic. A relationship between the slope of the Kissinger equation, EaT-1, and the D2 values makes it possible to formulate a possible mechanism for the initiation of emulsion explosives. Regarding PBXs, it would seem possible to postulate a change in the detonation chemistry of plastic bonded nitramines, depending on the pressure and temperature in the zone of the detonation wave, particularly in the case of CL-20 fillers. Binders with aromatic building units in their macromolecular structure seem to be less-favoured in terms of their thermal reactivity and performance than the final PBXs. These findings document the advantages of the above-mentioned application of simple DTA.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2014, 11, 3; 395-404
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Recent advances in the study of the initiation of energetic materials rusing characteristics of their thermal decomposition. Part I, Cyclic nitramines
    Autorzy:
    Zeman, S.
    Yan, Q.-L.
    Vlček, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358411.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    arrhenius parameters
    detonation velocity
    explosives
    initiation
    manometric method
    nitramines
    Opis:
    Arrhenius parameters, Ea and log A, of 17 cyclic nitramines, derived from the Russian vacuum manometric method (SMM) and compatible thermoanalytical methods, have been used in this study. The detonation velocity, D, at maximum theoretical crystal density, of the nitramines in this study was taken as a characteristic of their detonation. On the basis of known relationships between their Ea and D2 values (modified Evans-Polanyi-Semenov equation), the specific influence of some physicochemical properties on their thermal decomposition was shown. A new logarithmic relationship was found between the rate constant k, of the unimolecular thermal decomposition of the nitramines studied at 230 °C, and their D values. A fundamental characteristic of this new relationship rests on the equivalency of the primary fission processes in the low-temperature thermal decomposition and on the detonation initiation of the nitramines under study. Both these relationships confirm the problems encountered in the kinetic specification of the thermal decomposition of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12hexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW, CL-20) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). These problems, and also the possible influence of the pre-decomposition states on the thermal decomposition of the nitramines studied, are discussed.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2014, 11, 2; 173-189
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Influence of the Semtex Matrix on the Thermal Behavior and Decomposition Kinetics of Cyclic Nitramines
    Autorzy:
    Yan, Q. L.
    Zeman, S.
    Elbeih, A.
    Zbyněk, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/357984.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    cyclic nitramines
    thermal decomposition
    activation energy
    Semtex
    PBX
    Opis:
    The thermal behavior and decomposition kinetics of Semtex 10 polymeric matrix (Semtex) bonded PBXs containing RDX (1,3,5-trinitro 1,3,5-triazinane), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), BCHMX (cis-1,3,4,6tetranitrooctahydroimidazo [4,5-d] imidazole), HNIW (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane) have been investigated by means of nonisothermal TG and DSC techniques. It is shown that only a single decomposition process occurs for RDX-SE and HMX-SE whilst an obvious two-step process occurs for CL-20-SE and BCHMX-SE. The onset of the exotherms were observed at 210.6, 239.7, 279.2 and 229.4 °C with the peak maxima at 232.2, 249.4, 280.4 and 240.2 °C, and energy changes of 1808, 2140, 612 and 1757 J·g-1 for RDX-SE, BCHMX-SE, HMX-SE and CL-20-SE, respectively. It has been found that the Semtex matrix has little influence on the activation energy distribution for RDX, BCHMX and ε-CL-20. The activation energies for BCHMX-SE and CL-20-SE decomposition are almost independent of the degree of conversion, with mean values of 159.6 ±1.9 and 187.3 ±1.8 kJ·mol-1. It has been proved that Semtex and Viton A are better binders than C4 and Formex for ε-CL-20 and RDX based PBXs in terms of their greater thermal stability, and Formex is a poor binder for BCHMX.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2013, 10, 4; 509-528
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Concerning the shock sensitivity of cyclic nitramines incorporated into a polyisobutylene matrix
    Autorzy:
    Pelikán, W.
    Zeman, S.
    Yan, Q. L.
    Erben, M.
    Elbeih, A.
    Akštein, Z.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358036.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    BCHMX
    β-HMX
    RDX
    ε-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane
    CL-20
    gap test
    impact
    Opis:
    Two types of plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) based on ε-2,4,6,8,10,12hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-HNIW, CL-20), and PBXs based on 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), β-1,3,4,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (β-HMX) and cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitro-octahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole (bicycloHMX, BCHMX) were prepared using a polyisobutylene binder with dioctylsebacate (DOS) as plasticizer, i.e. a C4 matrix. One version of the ε-HNIW PBX is a product with reduced sensitivity (RS-ε-HNIW). All these PBXs, referenced respectively as RS-ε-HNIW-C4, ε-HNIW-C4, RDX-C4, HMX-C4 and BCHMX-C4, were tested using the Small Scale Gap Test according to STANAG 4488. The results of the gap test on the PBXs with RDX, β-HMX and BCHMX correspond to the impact sensitivities of the original crystalline nitramines. This is not entirely valid for ε-HNIW. In other words, PBXs with RS-ε-HNIW cannot achieve as low a shock sensitivity as would be expected from the differences obtained from the impact sensitivities between RDX, β-HMX and BCHMX, on the one hand, and RS-εHNIW on the other. It is shown that the morphological stability of RS-ε-HNIW in the C4 matrix is insufficient. However, further development and use of RS-ε-HNIW as a filler of PBXs would seem to be both desirable and beneficial. Despite the relatively high impact sensitivity of crystalline BCHMX, the shock sensitivity of its analogous C4 PBX is already good, and comparable with that of RS-ε-HNIW.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2014, 11, 2; 219-235
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Concerning the Shock Sensitivities of Certain Plastic Bonded Explosives Based on Attractive Cyclic Nitramines
    Autorzy:
    Zeman, S.
    Elbeih, A. E.
    Hussein, A.
    Elshenawy, T.
    Pelikán, V.
    Yan, Q-L.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358824.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    nitramines
    gap test
    PBX
    sensitivity
    performance
    Opis:
    Plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) based on ε-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-HNIW), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), β-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (β-HMX) and cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitro-octahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole (BCHMX) were prepared using a hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene as a binder (HTPB) and cured with hexamethylene di-isocyanate (HMDI). Recently published data for analogous PBXs with a polyisobutylene binder (i.e. a C4 matrix) are also included. All of these PBXs were tested using the Small Scale Water Gap Test according to STANAG 4490, the results of which are directly proportional to the impact and friction sensitivities of the PBXs studied. Reciprocal ratios between the shock sensitivity of these PBXs and their performance were found using the volume heat of explosion as a variable; a semi-logarithmic analogue, using a representative of the detonation pressure (product ρD2) as a variable, has shown an opposite trend for three of these PBXs. A semi-logarithmic relationship between the shock sensitivity of the PBXs and the impact sensitivity of their pure nitramine fillers has confirmed the higher shock reactivity of the C4 PBXs filled with both technical ε-HNIW and RS-ε-HNIW, while for the HTPB PBXs filled with technical grade ε-HNIW, the shock sensitivity found was as expected. The shape and size of the particles should not be a reason for the increased resistance to shock of HMX-C4.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 4; 775-787
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Quantum Chemical Study of Aminonitrocyclopentanes as Possible High Energy Density Materials (HEDMs)
    Autorzy:
    Bai, J.
    Chi, W. J.
    Li, L. L.
    Yan, T.
    Wen, X. E.
    Li, B. T.
    Wu, H. S.
    Ma, F. L.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358101.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    cyclopentane derivatives
    high energy density materials
    impact sensitivity
    quantum chemistry
    DFT
    available free space
    Opis:
    Nitro and amine groups were introduced into the cyclopentane skeleton, and the heats of formation, detonation performance, bond dissociation energies, and impact sensitivity for these aminonitrocyclopentanes were calculated in detail at the B3LYP/6-311G** level. The results show that all of the derivatives have negative heats of formation, which are influenced by the position of the substituent groups. Their stabilities were estimated and analyzed according to their bond dissociation energies and calculated characteristic H50 values. Most of the compounds were found to have a lower impact sensitivity than HMX. Furthermore, the detonation velocities and detonation pressures were predicted via the Kamlet-Jacobs equation. Of all these aminonitrocyclopentanes, E has the best detonation properties (ρ = 2.05 g/cm3, D = 9.11 m/s, P = 39.62 GPa) and can be considered as a candidate high energy density material.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2013, 10, 4; 467-480
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9

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