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Wyszukujesz frazę "Cadmium" wg kryterium: Temat


Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 15
Tytuł:
Phytoplankton Susceptibility Towards Toxic Heavy Metal Cadmium: Mechanism and Its Recent Updates
Autorzy:
Permana, Rega
Akbarsyah, Nora
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1839870.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
Cadmium
Heavy Metals
Phytoplankton
Toxicity
Opis:
Environmental pollution particularly heavy metal pollution into aquatic ecosystem has led to multiple damage in almost all life forms. Cadmium is one of the priority pollutant listed by United States Environmental Protection Agency or US EPA that widely known to have an adverse effect to organisms as well as human health. One type of organism that is susceptible to the effects of metal pollution is phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is a group of microalgae that are easy to find and are primary producers in aquatic environments. Phytoplankton plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems because they serve as primary producers. They are representing the water total primary productivity and reinforcing the aquatic life on the higher food chain. Thus, any threats that endangered the population of phytoplankton can lead to trophical cascade or even worse, biodiversity loss. The exposure of cadmium in high concentration to phytoplankton can lead to various impact including cell damage and disruption, biosynthesis inhibition of photosynthetic pigment (e.g. chlorophyll and carotenoid), chlorphyll degradation or known as chlorosis, thylakoid membrane degradation, inhibition of cellular metabolism and cell division. It is important to study the impact of cadmium to phytoplankton in a cellular level to better understand what mechanism lies and to what extent that the cadmium will be transferred to higher trophical organism via bioaccumulation or biomagnification.
Źródło:
World News of Natural Sciences; 2021, 38; 83-97
2543-5426
Pojawia się w:
World News of Natural Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Structural and optical properties of nanocrystalline CdS films prepared by spray pyrolysis
Autorzy:
Aljarrah, Radhyah M. S.
Aljobory, Adnan H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1179009.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
Cadmium Sulphide
CdS films
spray pyrolysis
Opis:
Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) thin films are produced using spray pyrolysis deposition technique. Films are annealed in air at 400, 500, and 600 K of 1 h. It characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and optical properties of CdS. XRD shows that these films are polycrystalline in nature with cubic and hexagonal crystalline structure. The crystallite size, microstrain, and dislocation density were measured. AFM shows that the total substrate surface is finely covered with uniformly distributed spherical shaped grains. Optical transmittance was shown that direct transition with band gap energy was decreased between 2.44 to 2.27 eV with annealing.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2017, 87; 175-190
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cadmium Toxicity Towards Marine Diatom Thalassiosira sp. and its Alteration on Chlorophyll-a and Carotenoid Content
Autorzy:
Wahyu, Dionisius
Hindarti, Dwi
Permana, Rega
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1031551.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
Cadmium
Carotenoid
Chlorophyll-a
Thalassiosira sp
Opis:
Cadmium is one of the non-essential metals that have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, including diatoms. Diatoms play significant important roles in the aquatic environment, hence, the presence of cadmium will have a significance growth inhibition to its abundance. In this paper, we tried to clarify the effects of cadmium on growth, chlorophyll-a and carotenoid contents of the diatom Thalassiosira sp. Growth inhibition of the phytoplankton was determined following exposure for 96h to several different concentrations of cadmium solutions in an experiment adapted from ASEAN-Canada CPMS II. Our work shows that IC50 of growth and chlorophyll-a was around 0.32 mg/L and 0.914 mg/L, respectively. In addition, Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) and No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) were 0.18 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L, respectively. In conclusion, cadmium inhibits the growth, as well as the photosynthetic pigment contents of Thalassiosira sp.
Źródło:
World News of Natural Sciences; 2020, 31; 48-57
2543-5426
Pojawia się w:
World News of Natural Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Initial pro-antioxidant reactions in the patients suffering from cataract in the interactions with cadmium and lead
Autorzy:
Kempka, Katarzyna
Kamiński, Piotr
Malukiewicz, Grażyna
Bogdzińska, Maria
Florczak, Sylwia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1164124.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
cadmium
cataract
environmental pollution
lead
pro-antioxidant
Opis:
Cataract is one of the main causes of vision loss. So far, it has been found that one of the causes of cataract formation is the accumulation of heavy metals in ocular tissues and environmental pollution. Research material consisted of blood from healthy volunteers (n = 81; Mogilno Lakeland) and those suffering from cataract (n = 90) from Ophthalmology Clinic, Bydgoszcz (2013, 2016). Samples were prepared in order to obtain plasma, which was used to analyze Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, and Hg concentration (ICP-MS). The purpose of this study is to show the interaction of cataract with cadmium and lead during initial pro-antioxidative reactions and to study element-element interactions. To this end, we analyzed physiological mechanisms that aim to stop the destructive effects of toxic metals. We have shown that the action of zinc, copper and manganese is antioxidant. Concentration of these elements is higher (α = 0. 05, p < 0.05) in the cataract group than in the control. We found interactions Fe-Cu-Zn-Mn-Pb-Cd-Hg. Cd and Pb show a negative effect on the eye tissue and generate pathophysiological changes leading to lens opacity and influence the destabilization of pro-antioxidant reactions. Correlations of elements in the control (Cd-Zn: R = 0.240; Cd-Cu: R = 0.316) and in the sick group (Cd-Cu; R = 0.329) were significant. On the basis of our research we found that there are numerous relationships between the concentrations of chemical elements in the patients with cataracts and the controls. Significant role of antagonisms with cadmium and lead has been demonstrated; these elements contribute to the gradual development of cataract. A correlation between elements exhibiting pro-antioxidant activity in the interactions with cadmium and lead (p=0.000) can be a source of cataract changes. The differences in Cd and Pb concentration and their interactions with elements between the control and sick groups can be considered as a factor for the development of cataract.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2018, 108; 195-206
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The influence of heavy metals on cataracts
Autorzy:
Rektor, Katarzyna
Kamiński, Piotr
Lorek, Małgorzata
Malukiewicz, Grażyna
Bogdzińska, Maria
Brodzka, Sylwia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1031494.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
cadmium
cataract
eye
heavy metals
lead
mercury
Opis:
Currently, much attention is paid to the search for the etiology of many eye diseases. It has been shown that environmental pollution with heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury) is of significant importance. One of these diseases is cataract, i.e. clouding of the lens of the eye. It turns out that heavy metals are deposited in the tissues of the eyes, damaging them and accelerating the disease. This work is aimed at presenting the problem of the influence of heavy metals on cataracts. The study compares the concentration of heavy metals between the control group (81 healthy volunteers) and the group of cataract patients (72 sick). Plasma was used in the research and the ICP-MS method was used.
Źródło:
World News of Natural Sciences; 2020, 33; 26-37
2543-5426
Pojawia się w:
World News of Natural Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Structural and Optical Properties of Chemically Deposited CdS Thin Films
Autorzy:
Mohammed, R. Y.
Abduol, S.
Mousa, A. M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/412111.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
cadmium sulfide films
chemical bath deposition
XRD
Opis:
Polycrystalline Cadmium sulfide (CdS) films were deposited onto Corning glass substrates from alkaline solutions containing CdCl2, KOH, Na3C6H5O7 and CS(NH2)2 at different deposition times (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min), bath temperatures (80 ±2 °C) and different concentration of the reactants. A comparative study was performed out on thin film via optical transmission and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The results which reveal that the deposition time has a profound influence on the growth rate and band gap of the deposited layers. Diffraction data was used to evaluate the lattice parameter, grain size, average strain, number of crystallites per unit area and dislocation density in the film are calculated.
Źródło:
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy; 2014, 10; 91-104
2299-3843
Pojawia się w:
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Correlation between Optical and Structural Properties of Chemically deposited CdS Thin Films
Autorzy:
Mohammed, R. Y.
Abduol, S.
Mousa, A. M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/411521.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
cadmium sulfide
chemical bath deposition
CdS films
XRD
Opis:
Polycrystalline Cadmium sulfide (CdS) films were deposited onto Corning glass substrates from alkaline solutions containing CdCl2, KOH, Na3C6H5O7 and CS(NH2)2 at different deposition times (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min), different bath temperatures and different concentration of the reactants. A comparative study was performed out on thin film via optical transmission and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements which reveal that the deposition time has a profound influence on the growth rate and band gap of the deposited layers. Diffraction data are used to evaluate the lattice parameter, grain size, average strain, number of crystallites per unit area and dislocation density in the film are calculated.
Źródło:
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy; 2014, 11, 2; 146-158
2299-3843
Pojawia się w:
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The contents of cadmium in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as affected by application of multicomponent fertilizers
Autorzy:
Draszawka-Bołzan, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/411971.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
heavy metals
soil
mineral fertilizer
cadmium
perennial ryegrass
Opis:
A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001. Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 16 and Polimag 306, at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 g N per pot. The total forms of cadmium were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The increasing rates of nitrogen decreased soil pH and, thereby, enhanced the availability and concentration of heavy metals in perennial ryegrass.
Źródło:
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy; 2013, 7, 2; 134-138
2299-3843
Pojawia się w:
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The effect of phosphate addition with different concentration on the capability of Nannochloropsis oculata as a bioremediation agent of medium heavy metal (Cd2+)
Autorzy:
Rizal, Achmad
Permana, Rega
Apriliani, Izza M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1030960.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
Bioremediation
Cadmium
Nannochloropsis oculata
Phosphate (KH2PO4)
Opis:
Nannochloropsis oculata is a unicellular marine microalgae that has a role as an important food source and additive for marine organisms. Nannochloropsis oculata contains high levels of carbohydrate, protein, and chlorophyll so it has the potential as a bioremediation agent. In its growth, it needs an important component of nutrients as a growth medium, one of which is a source of phosphate. Phosphate itself acts as a constituent of protein compounds to bind metal ions in cells. This research aims to determine the effect of the addition of KH2PO4 as a phosphate source on the growth of Nannochloropsis oculata as a bioremediation agent to reduce levels of heavy metal pollution (Cd2+). This research was conducted from June to August 2019 in the Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biotechnology of FIP-UNIDA, Bogor, West Java. Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae were obtained from UGO Plankton Shop, Purwodadi, Central Java. The research method used is a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and two replications. The Cd2+ concentration used is 2 ppm in this research. The addition of KH2PO4 as a phosphate source is 0 ppm (control), 3, 4, and 5 ppm. The results of this research showed that the highest growth peak of Nannochloropsis oculata was achieved at 4 ppm treatment on the 9th day with cell density reaching 17.8 × 106 cells/mL, while the highest absorption of cadmium (Cd2+) was found in the 4 ppm phosphate treatment with the absorption efficiency reaching 39.23%.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2020, 145; 286-297
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Points to ponder in the study of cadmium iodide
Autorzy:
Kaur, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/411728.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
cadmium iodide
lead iodide
polytypism
phase transformations
Inorganic crystal structure
Opis:
During the growth of cadmium iodide crystals from solution, it has been observed that sometimes the crystal suddenly rotates. Probably, the convection currents are providing the force for the rotation. Mathematically, this force can be estimated and it must be greater than the van-der Walls force acting between adjacent sandwiches of cadmium iodide and can give rise to polytypic phase transformations. Further, studies of vacancies and the density measurements of various polytypes can help in understanding the phenomenon of polytypism better.
Źródło:
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy; 2014, 8; 1-5
2299-3843
Pojawia się w:
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Substrate Temperature on Structural and Optical Properties of CdO Thin Films
Autorzy:
Ali, H. R. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/411893.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
cadmium oxide
spray pyrolysis technique
XRD
AFM
thin films
sol-gel
Opis:
Thin films of CdO have been prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. XRD analysis reveals that all the prepared samples were polycrystalline and have preferred orientation along [111] orientation. The surface topography was determined by AFM which indicate that surface roughness and rms roughness were increased by the increasing of substrate temperature. The optical energy gap were determined and its value lies between (2.4-2.5) eV.
Źródło:
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy; 2014, 8; 47-55
2299-3843
Pojawia się w:
International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of heavy metals on living organisms
Autorzy:
Draszawka – Bołzan, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194070.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
heavy metals
soil
iron
zinc
copper
manganese
cobalt
mercury
lead
cadmium
Opis:
The rapid development of technology and the changes that are occurring in the world today largely affect on the environment. One of the primary sources of pollution of the biosphere are industrial plants, which emit both gaseous substances (eg. Carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen) and dust, containing all sorts of toxic substances. For the serious consequences of the development of civilization and industry should be spread include heavy metals. Included in the atmosphere, dust and heavy metals fall to the ground parts of plants and enters the soil. Shall be collected by the roots of plants or animals grazing on the roads and thus incorporated into the food chain. These elements are not biodegradable. They are indestructible and indelible. Once released into the environment continuously circulate therein, changing, at most its shape. Heavy metals are ubiquitous and can be detected in every organic material and in every living organism. They are a particular threat to humans.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2014, 5; 12-20
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation on the structural, optical and topographical behavior of Cadmium oxide polycrystalline thin films using electrochemical depositing method at different times
Autorzy:
Abd, Ahmed N.
Dawood, Mohammed O.
Hassoni, Majid H.
Hussein, Ali A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1192094.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
Cadmium oxide
thin film
optical characteristics of film
electrochemical depositing method
Opis:
The optical and structure properties of Cadmium oxide (CdO) thin film prepared by electrochemical deposition method at different times (15, 30 and 60) min were investigated in this paper. Results of optical Transmission, absorption, reflection spectra, optical conductance, refractive index, extension coefficient, real and imaginary dielectric constants studies are reported. The optical transmittance of the CdO thin film which formed at room temperature was 20% at wavelength ≈350 nm then increases to 60% at wavelength ≈1100 nm for thin film of CdO. The band-gap was also calculated from the equation relating absorption coefficient with the wavelength. The energy band gap changes from 2.3eV (Bulk CdO) to 2.45eV (CdO thin film). The plotted graphs show the optical characteristics of the film which varied with the wavelength and the photon energy. The optical conductance and band-gap indicated that the film is transmitting within the visible range. The dielectric constant and optical conductance of the film initially decreases slowly with increase in photon energy. The extinction coefficient and refractive index of the films also evaluated, which affected with the change in transmittance. The structure of synthesised CdO thin film was analyzed by X-ray diffraction XRD which revealed that the CdO thin film are polycrystalline and have several peaks of cubic face structure. The crystallite size, dislocation density, microstrain and number of dislocations of the thin film were calculated and listed.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2016, 37; 249-264
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modeling and analysis of batch extraction process for efficient removal of cadmium and pathogens from aqueous solution using modified plantain peel biochar
Autorzy:
Nworie, F. S.
Oti, W. O.
Nwali, U.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193435.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
Aspergillus
Biochar
Candida
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeuroginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
cadmium (II)
equilibrium studies
mass transfer
pathogens
Opis:
Consumption of water contaminated with pathogens and heavy metals is responsible for the demise of millions of people around the globe. To find a low cost, facile and benign route for developing a biosorbent capable of handling the challenges associated with unsafe drinking water, the study report the preparation, activation, adsorption and removal of cadmium and pathogenic organisms from water samples. Modified plantain peel biochar (MPPB) was characterized using Braunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Surface area and pore size of the MPPB determined from BET surface area plot are 8.79 cc/g and 16.69 m2/g respectively with XRD crystallite size of 14.56 nm. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed to be 366.300 mmolkg-1. Equilibrium isotherm indicated the coefficient of determination to increase from Jovanovich →Elovic→Temkin→Freundlich→Langmuir model. Surface interaction and mass transfer kinetics shows a mixture of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer process. The adsorption kinetics and surface interaction models coefficient of determination increased from Bangham pore diffusion →mass transfer model→Liquid film diffusion→pseudo first order→Dunwald-Wagner→Elovic→Pseudo-second order→Weber and Moris model. The adsorption indicated a chemisorption process with rate limitimg step likely to involve electron pair donor-acceptor interactions, hydrogen bonding and dipole dipole interactions. Antimicrobial evaluation of MPPB showed that it is a potential antimicrobial agent against common micro-organisms.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2021, 157; 1-24
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Heavy metals in the waters of Dąbie Lake (North-West Poland) in the years 2008-2012
Autorzy:
Daniszewski, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1182425.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Dąbie Lake (North-West Poland)
Heavy metal pollution
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
environment
metals in water
pollution
Opis:
Heavy metal pollution is an ever increasing problem of our lakes. These toxic heavy metals entering in aquatic environment are adsorbed onto particulate matter, although they can form free metal ions and soluble complexes that are available for uptake by biological organisms. The increase in residue levels of heavy metal content in water, sediments and biota has resulted in decreased productivity and increase in exposure of humans to harmful substances. Many of these metals tend to remain in the ecosystem and eventually move from one compartment to the other within the food chain. Food chain contamination by heavy metals has become a burning issue in recent years because of their potential accumulation in biosystems through contaminated water, soil, sediment and air. The Dąbie Lake is an integral part of the River Odra estuary. It is a shallow (2.5 m mean depth) water body with two distinct basins: the large (Dąbie Wielkie) and the small (Dąbie Małe). The aim of the studies, carried out in the years 2008 - 2012, was to determine the content of Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) in the waters of Dąbie Lake, being the internal part of the tertiary Odra estuary. The range of observed concentrations (ppm) for the analysed metals was between: maximum concentration of Cd was 0.97 ppm and the minimum was 0.42 ppm; maximum concentration of Cr was 0.28 ppm and the minimum was 0.12 ppm; minimum concentration of Cu was 0.04 ppm and maximum of 0.08 ppm; maximum concentration of Hg was 0.07 ppm and the minimum was 0.03 ppm; minimum concentration of Ni was 2.29 ppm and maximum of 2.97 ppm; maximum concentration of Pb was 0.09 ppm and the minimum was 0.04 ppm; minimum concentration of Zn was 2.85 ppm and maximum 3.94 ppm.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2017, 69; 75-85
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 15

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