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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 19
Tytuł:
Problematyka wyznaczania parametrów geometrycznych strugi paliwa na podstawie badań optycznych
Problems of determining of fuel spray geometric parameters when based on optical investigations
Autorzy:
Pielecha, I.
Wisłocki, K.
Cieślik, W.
Borowski, P.
Skowron, M.
Bueschke, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133749.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
wtrysk paliwa
rozpylenie
komora stałej objętości
fuel injection
atomisation
constant volume chamber
Opis:
Ocena rozprzestrzeniania się strugi wtryskiwanego paliwa jest jednym z ważnych aspektów badań dotyczących nowoczesnych systemów spalania. Ocena taka powinna umożliwiać zarówno analizę samej strugi, jak również jej interakcję ze ściankami komory spalania, która dla silników o zapłonie samoczynnym zlokalizowana jest w tłoku. Uwzględniając te oczekiwania, w artykule dokonano analizy rozprzestrzeniania się strugi paliwa wtryskiwanego przez wtryskiwacze systemu common rail, z uwzględnieniem interakcji strugi i ścianki. Przedstawiono zagadnienia doboru warunków wtrysku paliwa i oceny rozkładu strugi paliwa na ściance komory spalania oraz rozprzestrzeniania się paliwa przy zastosowaniu zmodyfikowanej konstrukcji wtryskiwacza.
Estimation of fuel atomisation by injectors is one of the main research tendencies concerning the development of combustion systems. Such an assessment should allow both analysis of the spray itself, as well as its interactions with the walls of combustion chamber, as for compression ignition engines the injection takes place in the combustion chamber in piston. Taking into consideration the above requirements, the atomization of fuel by injectors of the common rail system with consideration given to the interaction of the spray and chamber wall has been analysed in the paper. There are presented issues of adjusting of fuel injection parameters and fuel distribution on the piston wall when using the injector with modified design.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2015, 54, 3; 307-315
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optical investigation of prechamber combustion in an RCEM
Autorzy:
Kotzagianni, Maria
Kyrtatos, Panagiotis
Boulouchos, Konstantinos
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133545.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
scavenged prechamber
optical measurements
ignition timing
oczyszczona komora wstępna
pomiary optyczne
czas zapłonu
Opis:
In this study, detailed investigations of scavenged prechamber engine combustion are performed experimentally in a Rapid Compression Expansion Machine (RCEM), which allows optical access into the main chamber. OH* chemiluminescence measurements combined with pressure measurements are used to study the effect of varying ignition timing on combustion and cycle-to-cycle variations. The variation of ignition timing (pressure at ignition) showed an optimum ignition point for a given injection duration. Earlier ignition resulted in weaker but more reactive jets, coupled to increased cyclic variations. Later ignition did not significantly affect heat release rate, but increased cyclic variation.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 1; 10-15
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tests of the vehicles power unit with fuel cells at a reduced ambient temperature
Autorzy:
Brzeżański, Marek
Szałek, Andrzej
Szramowiat, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133103.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
fuel cell
hydrogen
thermoclimatic chamber
low temperature
ogniwo paliwowe
wodór
komora termoklimatyczna
niska temperatura
Opis:
The article presents the results of preliminary tests of the vehicle's powertrain with fuel cells, carried out in a thermoclimatic chamber in a reduced temperature box. The aim of this research is to facilitate the introduction of this type of vehicle to the market and guarantee correct operation in changing climatic conditions. In tests, the use of a new type of vehicle drive system and the use of hydrogen as a commonly available fuel is of great importance.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 4; 65-69
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ocena rozbieżności między sygnałami wymuszenia i rzeczywistej odpowiedzi wtryskiwaczy w układach bezpośredniego wtrysku paliw ciekłych
Evaluation of difference between controlling signal and injector response time in liquid fuel direct injection systems
Autorzy:
Skowron, M.
Pielecha, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/134142.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
wtrysk paliwa
opóźnienie wtrysku
komora stałej objętości
fuel injection
injection delay
constant volume chamber
Opis:
Celem badań była ocena wymuszenia wtrysku paliwa przez wtryskiwacze piezoelektyczne silników zasilanych benzyną i olejem napędowym. Ocena ta była ukierunkowana na analizę opóźnienia rozpoczęcia wtrysku paliwa w stosunku do czasu pojawienia się odpowiednich sygnałów sterujących. Badania wspomnianych zależności wykonano z użyciem systemu do analizy procesów szybkozmiennych oraz kamery do zdjęć szybkich firmy LaVision HSS 5 w komorze o stałej objętości. Przeprowadzono je dla różnych wtryskiwaczy stosowanych w silnikach z bezpośrednim wtryskiem paliw ciekłych, przy zmiennych warunkach: ciśnienia paliwa, przeciwciśnienia powietrza oraz czasu wtrysku. W artykule dokonano korelacji elektrycznych wielkości wymuszających działanie wtryskiwaczy z parametrami rzeczywistego wtrysku paliwa. Do tego celu wykorzystano cyfrową obróbkę obrazów umożliwiającą wyznaczenie rzeczywistych czasów rozpoczęcia wtrysku paliwa. Wskazano na istotne różnice między czasami wysterowania wtrysku paliwa, a jego rzeczywistym wystąpieniem.
The aim of research was fuel injection control signal evaluation for piezoelectric gasoline and diesel injectors. This work was scoped at injection start delay analysis to fuel drops appears in case for appearance significant controlling signals. Mentioned dependences research was performed with usage of fast-varying processing system and high speed camera by LaVision HSS 5 and constant volume chamber. The research was conduct for different injectors which are typically use in internal combustion engines with liquid fuel direct injection. The variables in research were fuel injection pressure, air back-pressure and injection time. In this paper performed was correlation between electric control signals for injectors with real start injection time. There was indicated on significant differences between injection control signals time and injection appear.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2015, 54, 3; 327-334
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Experimental comparison of efficiency and emission levels of four-cylinder lean-burn passenger car-sized CNG engines with different ignition concepts
Autorzy:
Soltic, Patric
Hilfiker, Thomas
Hutter, Richard
Hänggi, Severin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133343.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
dual-fuel
diesel pilot
spark ignition
prechamber
silnik dwupaliwowy
silnik Diesla
zapłon iskrowy
komora wstępna
Opis:
Today’s passenger car CNG engines are based on petrol engines which typically have restrictions preventing the exploitation of the full potential of methane based fuels, especially if they have to be operated also on petrol as a second fuel. Additionally, the use of threeway-catalysis limits the engine operation to λ = 1. Here, we present the efficiency potential and the raw emission characteristics for a dedicated four cylinder passenger car CNG engine without sticking to the usual combustion peak pressure and λ limitations. Lean combustion reduces the knocking tendency but, because of the higher pressure levels, increases the ignition energy demand. Therefore, different ignition systems (spark plug, prechamber, Diesel pilot) have been used.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 1; 27-35
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimization of the combustion chamber strength of aluminum pistons in diesel engines using the DuralBowl technology
Autorzy:
Żurawski, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202436.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
diesel engines
DuralBowl
piston
combustion chamber
chamber melting
silnik Diesla
tłok
komora spalania
topnienie komory
Opis:
The article focuses on the problem of loading the combustion chamber of diesel engine pistons together with the method of its optimization using the DuralBowl technology. Along with the growing requirements of exhaust emission standards, the increasing competition in the efficiency of internal combustion engines, the load on the combustion pistons increases due to the increase in pressure and temperature of fuel combustion and the tendency to slim the structure. Numerical analyzes and analyzes of damaged pistons in diesel engines have shown that one of the places most exposed to piston damage are the combustion chambers. There is a concentration of thermomechanical stress at the edge of the combustion chamber, which may lead to the destruction of the piston and the necessity to carry out overhaul of the drive unit. One of the technologies that optimizes the strength of this zone is the DuralBowl local remelting process. This process allows for several timesimprovement in the fatigue strength of pistons in internal combustion engines. The article analyzes the thermomechanical load on the combustion chamber along with the impact of this load on the durability of pistons in diesel engines. An analysis of the DuralBowl process was also performed, aimed at eliminating the negative effects of loading the combustion chamber, extending the piston life. The analysis focused on the microstructure of the material before and after the DuralBowl process.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2023, 62, 1; 91--96
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study on selected parameters of engine with the active combustion chamber
Autorzy:
Głogowski, Michał
Woźniak, Marek
Szydłowski, Tomasz
Siczek, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202476.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
combustion engine
active combustion chamber
variable compression ratio
silnik spalinowy
aktywna komora spalania
zmienny stopień sprężania
Opis:
The present study was focused on the combustion engine with a variable compression ratio (VCR), namely the four-stroke air-cooled engine with the active combustion chamber (ACC). An indicated pressure, torque, power, and specific fuel consumption of that engine were investigated experimentally as a goal of the present study. Experiments were conducted using two versions of an engine. Two parameters particularly influencing the ACC engine performance including the maximum compression ratio CRmax and the indicator γfm determining the correct operation of the ACC system, were described. It was found that the ACC engine allowed avoiding detonation combustion without changing the amount and composition of the combustible mixture, and even without delaying the ignition advance angle. In addition, the possible range of control of the combustion process allowed the ACC engine to operate with different types of hydrocarbon fuels, for example, in the form of petrol with various alcohol admixtures. The very intense flow of the combustible mixture inside the cylinder of the ACC engine allowed describing the combustion in the ACC engine with zero-dimensional mathematical models with the dual Vibe function providing the proper characterization of the heat release process. The use of very high maximum compression ratios allows the ACC engine to operate to a certain extent as a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine with high lambda coefficients.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2023, 62, 3; 3--12
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inflammability evaluation of hydrocarbon fuels mixtures formed directly in the combustion chamber
Autorzy:
Sidorowicz, M.
Pielecha, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/132966.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
fuel injection
mixing fuels
hydrocarbon fuels
combustion chamber
wtrysk paliwa
paliwa mieszane
paliwo węglowodorowe
komora spalania
Opis:
The proposed article involves an investigation of the processes taking place during the preparation of mixed fuels that are combined directly before combustion. The fuel dose formed in this way must take into account the qualitative and quantitative composition of the fuels and the amount of air in the process. Given that liquid fuels similar to gasoline (e.g. methanol, ethanol, butanol) are characterized by different properties, their comparison would be useful in order to use their ratio to influence the combustion process. The process of fuel preparation plays a decisive role in this issue. The article describes abilities of modelling the injection of various fuels simultaneously to the combustion chamber for creating fuel mixture directly before ignition. First part of the article consists of analysis of light hydrocarbon fuels mixing abilities, supported with present research data. Next part describes the evaluation of execution of the assumed system – two fuel injectors with analysis of spray penetration. The modelling of the injection and spray was performed in the AVL FIRE 2014.2 environment and the results were presented. The injection possibility was proven by injecting the fuel to the combustion chamber model. Local values of air-fuel ratio, density and ambient pressure were presented to better understand the potential in mixing fuels directly before ignition. The conclusion includes description of fuel mixing abilities, influence of various fuels on creation of a stratified mixture and definition of controllability of charge ignition.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2017, 56, 3; 57-65
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Lean-burn CNG engine with ignition chamber: from the idea to a running engine
Autorzy:
Weißner, Michael
Beger, Frank
Schüttenhelm, Martin
Tallu, Gunesh
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133168.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
CNG
scavenged prechamber
lean combustion
ignition system
efficiency
oczyszczona komora wstępna
spalanie ubogie
układ zapłonowy
wydajność
Opis:
Current and further developing CO2 and emission regulations worldwide and the competition to full electric mobility deliver a challenge for internal combustion engines in general. A state of the art solution is the use of natural gas mainly contending methane to reduce CO2 significantly and to offer lowest emission levels. The EU-funded project GasOn developed engine concepts to fully exploit the advantages of CNG. This article describes the development of an innovative, monovalent engine dedicated to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and characterised by the lean burn concept and the innovative pre-chamber combustion.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 1; 3-9
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical study of internal flue gas recirculation system applied to methane-hydrogen powered gas microturbine combustor
Autorzy:
Fąfara, Jean-Marc
Modliński, Norbert
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202441.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
gas microturbine
combustor
power-to-gas
hydrogen
exhaust gas recirculation
mikroturbiny gazowe
komora spalania
wodór
recyrkulacja spalin
Opis:
Sources of renewable energy have been increasingly used all over the world. This kind of energy is highly desirable because of its unlimited availability. Unfortunately, renewable energy production very much depends on weather conditions. Consequently, it is necessary to store the produced excess energy in order to use it when needed. There is a technology able to produce a hydrogen/methane fuel from excess renewable energy, which may be stored. This technology is called the Power-to-Gas technology (P2G). Since the efficiency of this technological process depends on the hydrogen fraction in the renewable energy fuel, there is a need to increase this fraction. Concurrently, the gas microturbine technology is increasingly widely used in various industries (aviation, energy, automotive, military, etc). The P2G technology and the gas microturbine technology are likely to be integrated in the near future and, as mentioned above, the hydrogen fraction in the methane-hydrogen fuel will tend to increase. In order to power a gas microturbine with the methane-hydrogen fuel, it will be necessary to modify the combustor to avoid an excessive temperature increase and flashbacks. In this paper it is proposed to apply an autonomous internal exhaust gas recirculation system to resolve the hydrogen combustion problems indicated above. The operating principle and the proposed design of the recirculation system and the latter’s impact on the combustor’s operating parameters and emissivity (NOx and CO) are presented.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2023, 62, 1; 63--77
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Possible applications of prechambers in hydrogen internal combustion engines
Autorzy:
Matla, Jędrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2202513.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
hydrogen combustion
hydrogen knock
prechamber
H2ICE
combustion engine
spalanie wodoru
stuk wodorowy
komora wstępna
silnik spalinowy
Opis:
In order to ensure better control of the combustion process in a internal combustion engine powered by hydrogen, it has been proposed to use a split combustion chamber solution. Following paper contains a description of a hydrogen combustion system that includes an analysis of possible technical solutions. The considerations take into account the issues of the dual nature of hydrogen knocking and the problem of burning a stratified charge of a hydrogen-air mixture in a cylinder.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2022, 61, 4; 77--82
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical study of fuel and turbulence distributions in an automotive-sized scavenged pre-chamber
Autorzy:
Bolla, Michele
Shapiro, Evgeniy
Kotzagianni, Maria
Kyrtatos, Panagiotis
Tiney, Nick
Boulouchos, Konstantinos
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133134.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
scavenged prechamber
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes
RANS
large-eddy simulation
LES
mixture formation
oczyszczona komora wstępna
tworzenie mieszanki
Opis:
This article presents a numerical study of the fuel and turbulence distributions in a pre-chamber at spark-time. The study has been conducted in the framework of the H2020 Gas-On project, dealing with the development of a lean-burn concept for an automotive-sized gas engine equipped with a scavenged pre-chamber. The test case considered studies a 7-hole pre-chamber with circumferentially-tilted orifices mounted on the cylinder head of a rapid compression-expansion machine (RCEM), consistent with the experimental test rig installed at ETH Zurich. An accurate description of turbulence and fuel distributions are key quantities determining the early flame development within the pre-chamber. Both quantities have an influence on the overall combustion characteristics and therefore on the engine performance. For this purpose, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is employed to complement experimental investigations in terms of data completeness. The performance of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)-based turbulence model is compared with large-eddy simulation (LES) through ensemble averaging of multiple LES realizations, in which the fuel injection rate evolution into the pre-chamber has been perturbed. Overall, RANS results show that the distributions of the turbulent kinetic energy and fuel concentration at spark-time agree well with the LES ensemble-averaged counterparts. This constitutes a prerequisite in view of the combustion phase and the accuracy reported provides further confidence in this regard.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 1; 61-67
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Temperature estimating method for exhaust gases in valveless pulsejet engine
Autorzy:
Trzeciak, Adrian
Gieras, Marian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2097471.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
pulsating combustion
pulsejet
temperature measurement
periodic flow
combustion chamber
spalanie pulsujące
silnik pulsacyjny
pomiar temperatury
przepływ okresowy
komora spalania
Opis:
The article describes the problem of measuring the temperature in a pulse combustion chamber. The object of the study is a valveless pulsejet. The problem is analysed on the example of exhaust gases temperature measurement. The measurement in these conditions requires the use of a sensor resistant to large changes in gas velocity and temperature and at the same time with adequatly low inertia. This excludes the use of fast and precise yet thin, resistant wire sensors or ultrafast thin film thermocouples. Finally, a temperature measurement system based on sheated thermocouples was chosen. During each test the thermocouple has its own temperature which is different from the medium temperature. In order to properly determine the measured temperature of flowing media it is necessary to take the sensor time characteristics into account. In this article the iteration method is proposed to solve this problem.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2020, 59, 3; 3--9
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influences of the pre-chamber orifices on the combustion behavior in a constant volume chamber simulating pre-chamber type medium-speed gas engines
Autorzy:
Wakasugi, Takuya
Tsuru, Daisuke
Tashima, Hiroshi
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2202520.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
gas engine
prechamber
torch flame
combustion visualization
natural gas
silniki gazowe
komora wstępna
płomień palnika
wizualizacja spalania
gaz ziemny
Opis:
The study aims to clarify the influence of pre-chamber (PC) configurations on the combustion process in the main chamber (MC) of medium-speed spark-ignition gas engines equipped with an active PC. A constant volume combustion chamber was prepared to simulate the chamber configurations of the gas engines. A high-speed shadowgraph was applied to visualize the torch flame development and the combustion process in the MC. Experiments were done by changing the charged gas in the MC, the number, and the diameter of the PC orifices. Combustion was most accelerated when the PC orifice configuration was set appropriately so that the adjacent torch flames would combine with each other. It was also found that the unburned mixture in the PC, which ejected prior to the torch flame, supported the penetration of the torch flame.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2022, 61, 4; 66--76
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prechamber optimal selection for a two stage turbulent jet ignition type combustion system in CNG-fuelled engine
Autorzy:
Pielecha, Ireneusz
Bueschke, Wojciech
Skowron, Maciej
Fiedkiewicz, Łukasz
Szwajca, Filip
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133967.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
gas engine
prechamber
thermodynamic analysis
combustion
exhaust emission
optimization
silnik gazowy
komora wstępna
analiza termodynamiczna
spalanie
emisja spalin
optymizacja
Opis:
Searching for further reduction of fuel consumption simultaneously with the reduction of toxic compounds emission new systems for lean-mixture combustion for SI engines are being discussed by many manufacturers. Within the European GasOn-Project (Gas Only Internal Combustion Engines) the two-stage combustion and Turbulent Jet Ignition concept for CNG-fuelled high speed engine has been proposed and thoroughly investigated where the reduction of gas consumption and increasing of engine efficiency together with the reduction of emission, especially CO2 was expected. In the investigated cases the lean-burn combustion process was conducted with selection of the most effective pre-combustion chamber. The experimental investigations have been performed on single-cylinder AVL5804 research engine, which has been modified to SI and CNG fuelling. For the analysis of the thermodynamic, operational and emission indexes very advanced equipment has been applied. Based on the measuring results achieved for different pre-chamber configurations the extended methodology of polioptimization by pre-chamber selection and the shape of main chamber in the piston crown for proposed combustion system has been described and discussed. The results of the three versions of the optimization methods have been comparatively summarized in conclusions.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 1; 16-26
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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