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    Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4
    Tytuł:
    Przestrzenne rozmieszczenie odpadów drzewnych w Europie
    Spatial distribution of wood waste in Europe
    Autorzy:
    Borzecki, K.
    Pudełko, R.
    Kozak, M.
    Borzecka, M.
    Faber, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/986683.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    biomasa
    odpady drzewne
    rozmieszczenie przestrzenne
    Europa
    biomass
    wood waste
    wood waste management
    spatial modeling
    Opis:
    Wood waste in Europe is produced on a large scale. Production from all 28 European Union countries accounts for around 50.2 Mt. In many countries, wood waste management does not fully utilize this potential, which is in part due to the lack of proper law and regulations. Currently there is no uniform policy on wood waste in the European Union. There is also a lack of accurate statistics on the production and use of this waste. The aim of the study was to estimate the spatial distribution of wood waste from three different sources in the NUTS−2 regions. The total potential of wood waste from i) municipal waste is 24.33 Mt, ii) from wood industry – 5.6 Mt, and iii) from demolition and construction – 19.17 Mt. The total potential of this waste is about 7,85% of estimated waste biomass and by−products of the European Union, which is a significant fraction that can be recycled or used in biofuel production. Proper use of this potential can have a significant impact on the development of the bio−economy sector in all associated countries, which directly translates into the achievement of climate change mitigation targets.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2018, 162, 07; 563-571
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Odpady drzewne w świetle polskich i unijnych przepisów prawnych
    Waste wood under Polish and European Union law
    Autorzy:
    Kurowska, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989847.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    odpady drzewne
    odpady lesne
    pozostalosci zrebowe
    odpady pouzytkowe
    drewno pouzytkowe
    odpady przemyslowe
    zagospodarowanie odpadow
    przepisy prawne
    przepisy polskie
    przepisy unijne
    waste wood
    wastes from forestry
    post−industrial waste wood
    post−consumer waste wood
    law
    Opis:
    No separate legislative acts are in force in Poland or the European Union that would regulate waste wood issues directly. Therefore, the analysis presented in this paper concerns legislation applying generally to waste, including waste wood. The issues discussed include terminology, classification and waste wood management. Pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC, waste is any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard. This definition of waste has remained unchanged in the amended Waste Act in Poland. Waste classification issues are partly resolved in the European Waste Catalogue. A national waste catalogue has been created, in which waste has been divided into 20 groups, depending on the source from which it is generated. Waste wood has been allocated to seven groups, and in particular to group 03. It is worth mentioning that the catalogue does not include a number of wood waste groups, namely OSB, fibreboard, plywood, board cutting waste, as well as products made from them, etc. This leads to problems with the interpretation of regulations concerning, in particular, the combustion of biomass. The priority task in waste management is waste prevention, followed by the preparation of waste for reuse, its recycling and finally other recovery methods, i.e. energy recovery or waste disposal. In view of the above, energy recover, as well as the reprocessing of waste into materials to be used as fuel or for backfilling or landfilling operations, is not a form of recycling. In spite of these assumptions, legislative acts are in force which regulate actions aimed at increasing the use of waste wood for energy recovery purposes. Regulations promoting the use of waste wood for energy recovery purposes can also be found in Polish legislation. The paper points out to the absence of clear and comprehensive legal solutions concerning waste wood management. This situation results in serious difficulties in the rational use of waste wood as one of the main sources of timber. It also leads to problems with estimating the quantity of waste wood and, consequently, prevents the correct assessment of its potential for use by particular sectors of the economy.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2015, 159, 05; 355-360
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Struktura podaży odpadów drzewnych w Polsce
    Waste wood supply structure in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Kurowska, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/972970.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    odpady drzewne
    leśnictwo
    odpady z gospodarki leśnej
    odpady przemysłowe
    podaż
    odpady poużytkowe
    wastes from forestry
    post−industrial waste wood
    post−consumer waste wood
    Opis:
    Timber harvesting and wood processing are inseparably accompanied by various waste production. Waste wood, in the form of remains of tree care and correctly conducted logging operations, may be a product of forestry activities. It includes branches, boughs or rootwood. Post−industrial waste wood varies in form and the degree of shredding, and in terms of its contamination with both chemical compounds and mechanical or mineral pollutants. Daily living activities are a source of post−consumer waste wood, including demolition wood and furniture, the management of which is the most challenging task. Agricultural crop waste is a category that is often overlooked. It includes pruning waste, waste being an effect of plant regeneration in orchards and soft fruit plantations, or field or roadside shrub removal. The difficulty with assessing potential quantity of waste wood is to large extent caused by the lack of rational and comprehensive legal solutions. It should be noted that waste holders generating up to 10 t of sawdust, wood particles, wood, waste particleboards or veneer, or up to 10 t of waste bark or cork annually, are not obliged to keep a record of such waste. Another important factor hindering the determination of the supply of waste wood in Poland is the lack of a clear system of its classification. Consequently, there is no data concerning waste wood quantity. Considering the supply of wood materials and products, their characteristics and intended use, we can assumed that the greatest quantity contaminated waste is generated by furniture and wood−based panels industry. The paper also points out the inconsistencies in the literature regarding the determination of the potential waste wood base. In general, approximately 8.0 million m3 of post−industrial waste wood are generated in Poland every year. The supply of post−consumer waste wood is at a level of approximately 5.3 million m3. The supply of wastes from forestry and agricultural crop waste equals 3.8 million m3 and 0.4 million m3, respectively. So approximately 18.0 million m3 of waste wood, varying in terms of origin, form and properties, may be generated in Poland annually. Considering the wood shortage that can be observed in Poland, as well as the substantial quantities and availability of waste wood, these two latter factors may constitute an alternative source of wood raw materials for a number of sectors of the economy.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2016, 160, 03; 187-196
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Warunki pracy mobilnych maszyn rozdrabniających drewno w aspekcie innowacyjnych systemów sterowania napędem
    Working conditions of mobile wood chipping machines in the aspect of innovative drive control systems
    Autorzy:
    Wargula, L.
    Waluś, K.J.
    Krawiec, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979707.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    maszyny lesne
    rebaki
    rebak Red Dragon RS-100
    warunki pracy
    naped
    systemy sterowania
    wood waste processing
    non−road mobile machinery drives
    innovative control systems
    Opis:
    The effectiveness of agrocultural processes in wooded areas depends, inter alia, on the kind of machines used. Mobile machines chopping branches with low power engines are characterized by limited adaptation of the drive unit to the operating conditions. This results in increased fuel consumption and increased exhaust emissions. In order to develop innovative control systems that reduce fuel consumption, it is required to determine the conditions of use of such machines. The article characterizes the periodic−variable cycle of chopping wood machines, depending on the frequency of branch delivery. The research was carried out at the following distances of the branch stack from the chipper: 0.5 m; 1.5 m and 2.5 m, indicating the characteristics of changes in the throttle angle (signalling the change in system load). The share of idle and active work time in the process of the waste chopping depending on the distance between the chipper and the pile of branches was determined and described. It was proved that at a distance of about 0.5 m, idle operation accounts for about 22% of the chopping process time, and at a distance of 2.5 m, the share of idle labour increases to ca. 35%. These distances, due to the topography of the terrain in real operating conditions, can be much larger. This suggests that carrying out work on reducing energy consumption and emissions of harmful exhaust compounds, depending on the operating conditions, is justified because the idle operation of the grinding machine can account for even more than 50% of the entire operation of the device. Benefits resulting from the development of innovative control systems for drive units of machines chopping branches are particularly important due to the limitation of the quantitative impact of exhaust emissions on the natural environment and machine operators.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2019, 163, 09; 765-772
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4

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