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Tytuł:
Endofity bakteryjne drzew leśnych - stan wiedzy i sposoby wykorzystania
Endophytic bacteria of the forest trees - state of the art and possible applications
Autorzy:
Siebyła, M.
Szyp-Borowska, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979123.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
endophytic bacteria
forest trees
host plant
symbiosis
Opis:
The interaction of endophytic microorganisms with plants are a common occurrence that brings mutual benefits to partners. Plants are the main habitat of bacteria that live inside their tissues and do not cause disease symptoms, but affect the growth and development of plants by producing substances that promote their development. Research on the diversity of endophytic bacteria associated with forest trees is insufficient – little is known about the diversity of endophytic bacteria, and especially their function in tree tissues. Bacteria positively affecting the host tree, among others, increase biomass growth by supporting tree health. The species diversity of endophytic bacteria in plants is influenced by the plant genotype, tissue type, development phase and environmental conditions. So far, bacteria that develop in root, stem, and leaf tissues have been best known. Among the forest trees in which the occurrence and diversity of endophytic bacteria have been studied, there are species such as pine, spruce, birch and oak. The presented paper is a review of the latest literature on the subject.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2020, 164, 06; 497-504
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Liczba pomników przyrody i drzew pomnikowych w Polsce na podstawie inwentaryzacji Generalnej Dyrekcji Ochrony Środowiska z lat 2014-2015
Number of natural monuments and monumental trees in Poland based on the General Directorate for Environmental Protection inventory from the years 2014-2015
Autorzy:
Zarzyński, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979519.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
ochrona przyrody
pomniki przyrody
drzewa pomnikowe
grupy drzew
aleje drzew
sklad gatunkowy
Polska
natural monuments
monumental trees
the girthest trees of poland
Opis:
In 2014−2015, the General Directorate for Environmental Protection carried out an inventory of natural monuments in Poland. The data collected during this process was used to update and expand the generally available Central Register of Nature Protection Forms (CRFOP). Based on these material, the assignment of nature monuments to particular categories was verified and their number in individual categories was calculated. In addition, the species composition of trees being single monuments of nature and growing in monumental groups and alleys was determined. The total number of monumental trees in Poland was also calculated, with the division into species. For the 50 of most popular individual monument tree species, the minimum, maximum and average circumferences of their trunks were determined. A group of the most impressive monument trees with trunk circumferences exceeding 600 cm was also selected. According to the calculations, there are 36,570 natural monuments in Poland, of which 94% are trees and shrubs (individual trees – 28,304, groups of trees – 551 and alleys – 525). Individual trees natural monuments represent at least 161 species, trees growing in groups of at least 123 species, and trees growing in alleys at least 53 species. The total number of monumental trees growing as single specimens, in groups and alleys is at least 123,784 pieces, with at least 46,636 trees growing in groups, and at least 48,844 trees in alleys. In total, the monumental trees of Poland (growing singly, in groups and alleys) belong to at least 178 species, including 51 gymnosperms and 127 angiosperms. The CRFOP data also shows that there are 1641 trees that have reached or exceeded the trunk circumference of 600 cm, among which there are 77 specimens with a circumference equal to or greater than 800 cm. However these data do not coincide with information available in current literature and they need to be verified. The obtained calculations are the most up−to−date report on the numerical status of trees – natural monuments based on data confirmed by field inventory, and not only on the registers of nature monuments containing often unverified or non−actual data.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2019, 163, 03; 248-257
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optymalizacja kształtu i struktury drzewa według teorii jednorodnego rozkładu naprężeń
Optimization of tree structure and shape according to axiom of uniform stress
Autorzy:
Zajaczkowska, U.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/972902.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
wlasciwosci mechaniczne
wzrost roslin
biomechanika
rozklad naprezen jednorodny
obliczenia
lesnictwo
drzewa lesne
trees mechanical properties
biomechanics
adaptive growth
axiom of uniform stress
mechanical self−optimization of trees
Opis:
A review of optimization methods based on the axiom of uniform stress and finite element method (FEM) developed by Mattheck is given. Computer−aided optimization (CAO) and computer−aided internal organization (CAIO) methods for modeling adaptive growth of trees are described. Examples of mechanical self−optimization of internal structure and tree shape under various environmental conditions e.g. control of spiral grain formation, xylem ray structure, stem wound regeneration, sable−shaped tree stems, root system growth are discussed.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2006, 150, 04; 53-58
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Charakterystyka jakości technicznej drewna paulowni COTE-2
Characteristics of the technical properties of Paulownia COTE-2 wood
Autorzy:
Lachowicz, H.
Giedrowicz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/978955.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
mechanical and physical properties
wood of fast growing trees
Paulownia COTE-2
Opis:
Seedlings of Paulownia (Paulownia sp.) has increasingly appeared in the merchant offers in Poland. However, the knowledge of the technical characteristics of its wood is still insufficient because comprehensive studies of wood properties for this species have not been performed. The main aim of this study was to determine the selected physical and mechanical properties of Paulownia COTE−2 wood. The wood comes from the plantation of Paulownia COTE−2 located in Granada region in Spain. The investigation were carried on 162 samples, according to Polish standards. We analysed the following physical properties: air−dry density, oven−dry density, basic density, proportion of wood substance, wood porosity, total shrinkage of wood in longitudinal, tangential and radial anatomical directions, volumetric shrinkage, coefficients of each of mentioned shrinkage, the anisotropy index of shrinkage and mechanical properties: compression strength, static bending, modulus of elasticity in static bending, including the coefficients of the mechanical properties mentioned before. The results show that Paulownia wood is very light, with the density of 270 kg/m3 and low shrinking (volumetric shrinkage equaled to 7%). The mechanical properties of Paulownia wood are closely related to its density. Static bending equaled to 38 MPa and compression strength parallel to grain amounted to 24 MPa.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2020, 164, 05; 414-423
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Drzewa pomnikowe na terenie uzdrowisk w Polsce
Monument trees in the area of health resorts in Poland
Autorzy:
Meller, M.
Bernat, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979489.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
ochrona przyrody
uzdrowiska
pomniki przyrody
drzewa pomnikowe
Polska
monuments od nature
trees
health resorts
Opis:
The research was undertaken due to the lack of synthetic studies and collections concerning monumental trees in the spa towns in Poland. We investigated all 45 towns with such a status. The article presents the numerical and species data of the nature monument trees. For individual species, the average breast height diameter is also given. A database of nature monuments was created (separately for coniferous and deciduous trees), covering over 90% of monumental trees that are located in all spa towns in Poland. Data for the study were obtained mainly from spas and spatial conditions and directions of communes and from the Central Register of Nature Conservation Forms as well as the General as well as regional directorates of Environmental Protection. In addition, field observations were made in selected spa towns. There were over 1507 monument trees in Polish health resorts. They represented 26 coniferous species (including Larix decidua, Taxus baccata) and 50 deciduous species with different varieties (including Tilia cordata, Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur). Followig spas were the towns with the highest number of monumental tree (over 50): Nałęczów, Kołobrzeg, Szczawno−Zdrój, Szczawnica, Cieplice, Kamień Pomorski, Jedlina−Zdrój, and Konstancin−Jeziorna. Constant monitoring and field inventory of missing monument trees in health resorts in Poland is recommended. Periodic inventory of monumental trees should lead to the desired quantitative and qualitative structure of trees and to protect further valuable specimens from the natural and social point of view. Trees growing in the spa towns perform a number of functions, including particularly important health care. Places with monumental tree species gain in value and therefore it is necessary to protect them and to continue research, one of which is presented in this article.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2019, 163, 03; 258-264
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dynamika naturalnego wydzielania się drzew w drzewostanach sosnowych
Dynamics of natural supression of trees in pine stands
Autorzy:
Beker, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1022659.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
drzewostany sosnowe
lesnictwo
wydzielanie sie drzew
pine stands
pinus sylvestris l.
standing dead trees
dynamics
thinning grade
Opis:
This paper presents research results on the dynamics of natural suppression of trees in pine stands. Measurement data come from 14 permanent research plots, encompassing proportionally the tree stands of 2nd to 5th age classes.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2005, 149, 12; 45-52
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mechanizm zasiedlania drzew przez kornikowate
Autorzy:
Jonkisz, J.A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1019683.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
zasiedlanie
szkodniki roslin
kornikowate
Scolytidae
entomologia lesna
lesnictwo
bark beetle
host plant chemical
pheromone
process of infesting trees
Opis:
Bark beetles (order Coleoptera, family Scolitydae) comprise a taxonomic group of species that look similar although they differ widely in their ecology and biochemical adaptations to host tees. This diversity of bark beetle biology in which each species is adapted to only one or a few host species, has probably resulted from natural selection due to the great variety of trees and their biochemicals. It also is likely that each species of tree has coevolved various chemicals to defend against the herbivorous selection pressures of bark beetles and other insects. Host plant chemicals can be attractive, repellent, toxic or nutritious to bark beetles and have effects on: (1) finding and accepting the host tree (host selection and suitability), (2) feeding stimulation and deterrence, (3) host resistance, (4) pheromone/allomone biosynthesis and communication, and (5) attraction of predators, parasites and competitors of bark beetles. There are two theories on how bark beetles find suitable host trees. The first is that they locate such trees by orienting over several metres to volatile chemicals usually released by damaged or diseased trees (called "primary attraction"). The second theory is that beetles fly about and encounter suitable host trees at random, whereupon they land and test them by short−range olfaction or gestation.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2005, 149, 07; 57-60
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Udział węgla w związkach obronnych przed czynnikami biotycznymi u roślin drzewiastych
Share of carbon in defense compounds against biotic factors in woody plants
Autorzy:
Karolewski, P.
Jagodziński, A.M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/994518.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
drzewa lesne
obrona chemiczna
substancje obronne
zawartosc wegla
carbon concentration
defense compounds
woody plants
trees
biotic factors
review
Opis:
In addition to physical defenses, chemical defenses are the most effective way to protect plants from adverse biotic factors (phytophagous insects, other herbivores and pathogenic fungi). This requires extra effort from plants to produce secondary defense metabolites at the expense of production of primary metabolites directly linked to the growth and development of plants. There are three main groups of defensive compounds (alkaloids, phenolic compounds and terpenoids). All defensive compounds are rich in carbon. Depending on the chemical formula, carbon makes up from about 40% to over 85% of the molecular weight of various defense compounds. It is not possible to calculate the total carbon mass accumulation in all defense compounds. In this paper we discuss the content of defensive compounds and carbon with respect to defense strategy of plants, functional groups of woody species (coniferous and deciduous trees), tree species, tree biomass components (leaves, branches, bark, roots, etc.) and many other internal (age of trees, age of leaves, stage of development, origin, etc.) as well as external factors, related to soil and climatic conditions.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2013, 157, 11; 831-841
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Jarząb brekinia (Sorbus torminalis) w polskich lasach
Wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis) in Polish forests
Autorzy:
Bednorz, L.
Urbański, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/991153.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
botanika lesna
drzewa lesne
jarzab brekinia
Sorbus torminalis
wystepowanie
Polska
sorbus torminalis
forest trees
species protection
commercial cultivation
Opis:
The paper presents a brief history and present state of Sorbus torminalis in Polish forests. It shows the history of research and conservation of this species and changes in conservation strategies and methods. The future of the species, concerning both conservation and cultivation context looks optimistically.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2014, 158, 08; 614-620
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wzory empiryczne do określania wieku drzew robinii akacjowej (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) na podstawie obwodu pnia
Equations for predicting age of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) based on the tree circumference
Autorzy:
Węgiel, A.
Maliński, T.
Bocianowski, J.
Rączka, G.
Sugiero, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/986973.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
dendrometria
robinia akacjowa
Robinia pseudoacacia
obwod pnia
wiek drzew
wzory empiryczne
tree age
diameter
circumference
growth
arboriculture
urban trees
Opis:
In Poland black locust grows generally in parks, gardens and along roads and in forests as well. During dendrological inventories specialists often need information about age of a tree. Simple noninvasive methods utilize mainly relation between age and size of a tree. One of such methods is mathematical formula describing relation between tree's diameter (or circumference) and its age. The main objectives of the presented paper is to elaborate such formulae for trees growing either in forests stands or in an open space (single tree, trees alley or small groups). Relations between tree's age and circumference were analyzed on the background of measured trees growing in forests administrated by the State Forests National Forest Holding from a whole territory of Poland. The formulae describing relation between tree's age and circumference were developed based on 20,302 database records for trees growing in forest stands and 6267 records for trees growing in an open space. In both cases power functions showed the best matching (tab. 1) in 95% confidence interval and which lead to construction of the age tables (tab. 2 and 3). Both elaborated formulae were tested and checked out with four series of measurement data. Three control series (1 – ‘Siemianice', 2 – ‘WPN' and 3 – ‘Zielonka') show compatibility with analysed formulae, while the fourth one (4 – ‘Poznan') differed substantially. The probable reason of such situation lies in the fact that this series represented trees growing in urban conditions and having completely different growth rate.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2017, 161, 10; 831-841
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Oddziaływanie wyładowań atmosferycznych na drzewa
The lightning influence on trees
Autorzy:
Bednarz, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1024197.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
uszkodzenia drzew
oddzialywanie na rosliny
uszkodzenia korzeni
lesnictwo
wyladowania atmosferyczne
drzewa
zamieranie drzew
lightning
trees weakness
roots damages
insects
fungi
Opis:
The article presents the review of information about physiological and mechanical injuries of trees strocked by lightning. The weakened trees synthesis less insect repellents or toxic substances than another ones and thereby are more susceptible to insects attack. Lightning trees suffer from water shortage, because therir roots are usually also damaged by lightning.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2004, 148, 07; 31-36
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Charakterystyka drzew gniazdowych dzięcioła czarnego w Puszczy Augustowskiej
Characteristics of the nesting trees of the Black Woodpecker in the Augustow Forest
Autorzy:
Zawadzka, D.
Zawadzki, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989060.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Puszcza Augustowska
lasy
fauna
ptaki
dzieciol czarny
Dryocopus martius
gniazdowanie
drzewa gniazdowe
dryocopus martius
cavities
nesting trees
pinus sylvestris
Opis:
The Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius excavates nesting holes in big trees and use dead wood for foraging. It is considered as a key and an indicator species in the protection of biodiversity of forest ecosystems, because its cavities condition the possibility of breeding the biggest secondary cavity−nesters, bats, and some species of wasps. We studied preferences of the Black Woodpecker towards the nesting trees in the Augustów Forest (NE Poland). It is an extensive forest complex covering 114 000 ha, dominated by fresh and mixed fresh coniferous forest sites. Scots pine Pinus sylvestris occupies 78% of forest area. Stands older than 100 years cover about 18% of the study area. We searched for trees with cavities of the Black Woodpecker in stands older than 60 years. We identified tree species, their age and health condition. The breast height diameter and height of trees and height of the cavities above ground were measured. Additionally, cavity entrance orientation were estimated. We found a total number of 150 nesting trees with 229 cavities excavated by the Black Woodpecker. Pines constituted 95% of nesting trees. Cavities were found also in Betula pendula and Populus tremula. Live trees predominated among trees with cavities. Dead trees (only pines) constituted 12% of all. More than one (form 2 to 6) cavity entrances were recorded in almost 30% of nesting trees. Woodpeckers excavated cavities in pines in age from 92 to 222, 159 years old on average. Taken together, 90% of cavity pines were older than 110 years. The height of nesting trees varied from 21 to 37.5 m (30.5 m on average), and its breast height diameter was 32−96 cm with mean of 54 cm. Over 90% of trees with woodpeckers' cavities had dbh larger than 40 cm, and almost 50% between 50 and 60 cm. The mean height of cavity entrances was 12.8 (6−27) m. There was no dependence between the height of cavities and the thickness of trees. The entrance orientation was dominated by east and north (together 58%). Birds selected the least often an entrance in southwest (only 2.3%). The Augustów Forest is the only study plot in Europe, where so strong domination of pines among nesting trees of the Black Woodpecker was recorded. The preferred tree species in south and west part of the continent is Fagus sylvatica. The Black Woodpecker uses for nests mainly the oldest pines, but it is related to the thickness, and not directly to the age of these trees. The maintenance of pine dominated stands older than 120 years is necessary for the Black Woodpecker protection in the Augustów Forest.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2017, 161, 12; 1002-1009
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wtórne tkanki okrywające u drzew leśnych
Secondary protective tissue of forest trees
Autorzy:
Myśkow, E.
Tulik, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/990876.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
botanika lesna
drzewa lesne
tkanki wtorne
tkanki okrywajace
kora drzew
korek naturalny
peryderma
przetchlinki
cork wings
lenticels
periderm
rhytidome
forest trees
Opis:
This paper reviews the structure and formation of periderm and rhytidome in organs both of coniferous and broadleaves trees, in respect to their protective role. The periderm, which is composed of three tissues such as meristematic phellogen giving rise to suberized phellem at the outer side and phelloderm at the inner side. In older organs peridem is replaced with rhytidome composed of dead cells and included subsequent periderms separated by functioning phloem cells. Additionally, the structure and classification of lenticel as well as development of cork wings is described.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2014, 158, 03; 192-202
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zespół grzybów rozkładających drewno sędziwych dębów i lip
Associations of wood?decaying fungi in ancient oak and lime trees
Autorzy:
Zarzyński, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023386.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
grzyby
drzewa pomnikowe
biodegradacja
drzewa stare
Quercus
lesnictwo
lipa
dab
Tilia
drzewa lesne
oak
lime
wood−decaying fungi
ancient trees
poland
Opis:
Oak and lime trees constitute nearly 2/3 of an overall number of trees considered as nature monuments in Poland. Being exposed to a number of agents their health condition often is poor. The wood−decaying fungi are the major age−limiting agents for trees. This paper presents the results of studies on the presence of various fungal species on 160 oak and lime trees. The author makes an attempt to define associations of fungi causing wood decay in ancient oak and lime trees in Poland.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2004, 148, 04; 22-26
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dziuple w ekosystemach leśnych: formowanie, rozmieszczenie, znaczenie ekologiczne i wskazania ochronne
Cavities in forest ecosystems: formation, distribution, ecological importance and recommendation for protection
Autorzy:
Zawadzka, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/986661.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
lasy
ekosystemy lesne
dziuple
wystepowanie
znaczenie ekologiczne
drzewa dziuplaste
zalecenia ochronne
cavities
cavity formation
cavity−dependent species
protection of cavity trees
Opis:
Cavities are important, natural components of forest ecosystems, conditioning the high level of biodiversity. They are formed either as a result of a natural process of wood decay caused by fungi or as excavations made by woodpeckers Picidae. Distribution and density of cavity trees are regionally diversified and dependent on species composition and age of the stands as well as the management way. In the global scale, decay cavities are much more numerous than those created by woodpeckers. Natural cavities dominated in deciduous forests, whilst woodpeckers−made ones – in coniferous stands. The density of cavities increases along the age gradient due to the growing size of trees and their worse health condition. Cavities in natural forests are more numerous than in commercial, managed ones. This is caused by the removal during the thinning of trees reduced in health, attacked by insects, fungi or mechanically damaged, which are potential places for the creation of cavities. The other reason is a too low age of the final cutting. Moreover, in the managed forest, cavity trees are often removed during sanitary cuttings, although leaving them is recommended. In European forests, the density of cavities is from less than 1 to almost 100 per ha. Natural cavities dominated in most of the studied plots. In Poland, their density varied from less than 1 to 16 per ha. Cavities are habitats and breeding sites of many specialized species of animals from invertebrates to mammals, fungi, and plants. In Poland, cavities are used by about 40 bird species, about 20 mammal species, as well as several hundred species of insects. According to the Polish forestry regulations, trees with cavities should be left to natural destruction, but there are no detail recommendations how to search for such trees and what is their required density. The recommendation to leave cavity trees will not contribute to the increase in their number in managed forests, unless one provides wider availability of adequately large trees with a reduced condition. In Polish forests, actions should be taken to increase the number of potential trees, in which cavities may be formed. They should be designed at the stage of tending for young stands. The minimal density of cavities in managed forests should be in the range of 1−3 per ha in coniferous and mixed forests up to 100 years old and above 3−4 per ha in stands older than 100 years, while in deciduous forests these values should equal to 2−5 per ha and 4−6 per ha in younger and older stands respectively.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2018, 162, 06; 509-520
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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