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    Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2
    Tytuł:
    Biodiesel Production of Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Using Hydrotalcite Catalyst
    Autorzy:
    Agustina, Tuty Emilia
    Heraldy, Eddy
    Hadiah, Fitri
    Hasanudin
    Arita, Susila
    Prakoso, Tirto
    Sari, Tuti Indah
    Suprapto, Bhakti Yudho
    Putra, Muhammad Firdaus Kusuma
    Ramadhani, Dimas Luthfi
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2105272.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
    Tematy:
    biodiesel
    esterification
    transesterification
    hydrotalcite
    Opis:
    Biodiesel is currently preferred for consumption and has been widely used as a substitute for diesel. This study aimed to determine the effect of various methanol-to-oil ratios in the esterification process and also the effect of hydrotalcite catalyst weight on the transesterification product. The catalyst was characterized with SEM, XRD, FTIR, and TG-DTG-DTA. The esterification process was operated at various oil-to-methanol ratios, i.e., 1:12–1:36 and the transesterification was performed using several catalyst weights, 0.5%–2.5%. The results showed that the optimum conditions of esterification were at the 1:30 molar ratio of oil-to-methanol, which decreased the amount of acid number by 95.75%, while the optimum condition of transesterification was at 1.5% catalyst weight. The characteristics of biodiesel using 0.5–2% hydrotalcite catalyst (acid number, total glycerol, free glycerol, ester levels, viscosity, density, oxidation stability) have met the Indonesian biodiesel standard of SNI-04-7182-2012.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2022, 23, 6; 172--181
    2299-8993
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Ecological Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Biodiesel Production using Oil Extracted from Cooling Pond Wastewater with Esterification of Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst and Transesterification of $Na_2CO_3$ Catalyst
    Autorzy:
    Kolakaningrum, Chandra Fitri
    Agustina, Tuty Emilia
    Hadiah, Fitri
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2027900.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
    Tematy:
    cooling pond wateswater
    esterification
    transesterification
    sulfonated carbon
    sodium carbonate
    biodiesel
    Na₂CO₃
    Opis:
    While high production of palm oil improves the community economy, it has the potential to damage the environment because it produces the waste containing quite a lot of residual oil. The wastewater generated by this production process flows into the cooling pond before it is further processed in aerobic and anaerobic ponds. The residual oil contained in the cooling pond can be collected and used, e.g. as raw material for biodiesel production. This research aimed to produce biodiesel by utilizing the oil extracted from cooling pond wastewater through the esterification method with a sulfonated carbon catalyst and a transesterification method with the $Na_2CO_3$ catalyst. The sulfonated carbon catalyst was made from the palm kernel shells as a solid waste of the palm oil plant. In order to study the optimum amount of catalyst usage, the catalyst ratio was varied, i.e. 8–16% for the esterification process and 1–3% for the transesterification process. The reuse performance of sulfonated carbon catalysts was varied three times. On the basis of the research results, sulfonated carbon catalysts were proven to be effective as heterogeneous catalysts in the esterification process because they can reduce acid level to below 5 mg KOH/g oil. The sulfonated carbon catalyst ratio of 12% was the optimum ratio which can reduce the acid level to 4.62 mg KOH/g oil. The reuse of sulfonated carbon can reduce the acid level to 6.9 mg KOH/g oil at the first reuse. In the transesterification process, the optimum ratio of the $Na_2CO_3$ catalyst of 3% was found. The biodiesel produced has met the biodiesel characteristics of National Indonesian Standard (SNI of 7182:2015) with the saponification number of 197.18 mg KOH/g oil, free glycerol of 0.09%, FAME content of 96.79%, and density of 886 kg/$m^3$.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2021, 22, 10; 51-62
    2299-8993
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Ecological Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2

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