Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "MAP" wg kryterium: Temat

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 111
Tytuł:
Ilustracja kartograficzna akademickich podręczników geograficznych
Cartographic illustration of academic geographical handbook
Autorzy:
Pasławski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204230.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
map
handbook
map correctness
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono kilka zagadnień związanych z redagowaniem map w podręcznikach akademickich na przykładzie sześciu wybranych publikacji Wydawnictwa Naukowego PWN.
The article critically discusses cartographic contents of six geography handbooks published by Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN (Polish Scientific Publishers). The publishing house, founded in 1951 specializes in academic handbooks of various disciplines. In the last few years a change of printing technology and map preparation for reproduction becomes evident. The text presents the description of some maps: its scale, projection - the cartographic graticule. It turns out that on handbook maps the scale is often omitted - linear scale is more common. Occasionally the projection chosen is a wrong one, e.g. Mercator's projection for presentation of meteorological stations in the world (fig. 3). Text explanations are often separated from the legend symbols, the relation "figure-ground" is omitted (land - water in many maps) (fig. 1) and graphic variables misapplied. The aim of the article is to present most common errors and failings, which can be easily avoided with the contemporary technology of cartographic illustration design.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2006, T. 38, nr 2, 2; 124-132
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Z problematyki określenia dokładności map izopletowych
Problems in establishing the accuracy of isopleth maps
Autorzy:
Cebrykow, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204355.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
mapa
mapa izopletowa
dokładność map
map
isopleth map
accuracy of map
Opis:
W artykule opisano problemy związane z badaniem dokładności map izopletowych oraz przedstawiono źródła błędów na takich mapach.
The isopleth method is rarely used as a presentation method in cartography. There are several reasons for that. One of the main causes is cartographers' distrust towards isopleths, which bases on opinions of many cartographic authorities (Eckert, Imhof, Salishchev). The main dilemma is whether it is possible to represent discontinuous phenomena with isolines. The fact that this method is highly labor-consuming also limited its popularity. Furthermore, there are no clear, acknowledged criteria for preparation of isopleth maps. In order to establish how isopleth maps should be prepared one has to determine a universal tool for their evaluation. Volumetric criterion proposed by J.Moscibroda (1999) seems to be the optimal solution. In short, it preserves unity of a statistic volume of an isopleth map with the volume of continuous choropleth. Application of a criterion of behavior of phenomenon's statistical volume helps to trace down the sources of errors, which appear on traditional isopleth maps. The research made it possible to determine three basic factors which cause errors to appear. They are: the type of basic space units, location and number of reference points and the method of interpolation. Knowing the origin of errors and being able to evaluate them on isopleth maps provides a basis for research on how to improve the methods of their elaboration.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2004, T. 36, nr 4, 4; 259-265
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Próba porównania zawartości map drzeworytowych i miedziorytowych publikowanych w Europie do początku XIX wieku
An attempt of comparison of the content of woodcut and copperplate maps issued in Europe until the beginning of the 19th century
Autorzy:
Szaniawska, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204311.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
historia kartografii
mapa drzeworytowa
mapa miedziorytowa
zawartość map
gęstość treści map
history of cartography
woodcut map
copperplate map
content of map
density of message on map
Opis:
Oczekiwania społeczne w stosunku do zawartości informacyjnej map zmieniały się poprzez wieki i były powodem wprowadzania nowych sposobów opracowywania map oraz odrzucania przestarzałych technik ich reprodukcji. W artykule skupiono się na omówieniu okoliczności wprowadzenia i później zastąpienia drzeworytu miedziorytem i pozytywnych wynikach, jakie przyniosła ta zmiana.
Social expectations regarding the content of maps changed over the centuries and led to the development of new map editing methods and the rejection of outdated reproduction techniques. The article focuses on the circumstances of the introduction of the woodcut and, thereafter, replacement of the woodcut by the copperplate and the positive results of that change.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2014, T. 46, nr 3, 3; 283-306
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zbiory kartograficzne Archiwum Głównego Akt Dawnych w Warszawie
Cartographic collection of the Main Archives of Old Records in Warsaw
Autorzy:
Bartoszewicz, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204466.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
zbiory kartograficzne AGAD
zespół map
zbiór map
kolekcja map
cartographic collection of the Main Archives of Old Records in Warsaw
map group
map set
map collection
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono zawartość zespołów, zbiorów i kolekcji map, planów urbanistycznych, rysunków architektonicznych i technicznych oraz grafik stanowiących zasób kartograficzny Archiwum Głównego Akt Dawnych w Warszawie. Zaprezentowano najwartościowsze kartografika znajdujące się w zbiorach, zwłaszcza najstarsze i najcenniejsze rękopiśmienne mapy wielkoskaiowe, zarówno gruntowe, miejskie jak i forteczne z XVII, XVIII i XIX wieku.
Cartographic collection of the Main Archives of Old Records (AGAD) in Warsaw consists of atlases, urban maps, architectural and technical drawings and graphic art kept in the Department of Cartography and in departments which collect the documents of authorities, offices and institutions of the Republic as well as family records. The collection kept in the Department of Cartography is divided into seventeen groups, sets and collections which are concisely described in the article. The Archives' cartographic collection is dated between 1579 and 1974. Among its maps and architectural drawings are multicolored hand drawn documents, mainly large scale land property maps and urban plans from 18th and 19th centuries. The oldest map in the collection, presenting East Phrysia is a copperplate engraving from 1579. The oldest hand drawn document is the plan of the manor and garden in Ujazdów near Warsaw from 1606, authored by Alessandro Albertini. Cartographic items from the time of the Commonwealth of Both the Nations collected in the archive concern mainly the territories of the Crown rather than the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Those from the period after the partitioning (1794) cover mainly the terrains taken over by Prussia as a result of the 2nd and 3rd partitioning, and later the territories of the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Poland in the borders established in 1815 by the Vienna Congress. Atlases constitute the least numerous group.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2008, T. 40, nr 2, 2; 144-157
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prezentacja zależności zjawisk metodą kartogramu złożonego
Presentation of phenomena relation using the method of two-variable choropleth map
Autorzy:
Leonowicz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204360.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
kartogram
mapa
map
cartography
choropleth map
Opis:
Artukuł poświęcony jest ocenie możliwości zastosowania metody kartogramu złożonego do przedstawiania zależności zjawisk. Omówione zostały zagadnienia metodyczne związane z opracowywaniem kartogramów złożonych. Zwrócono uwagę na problem czytelności tych map.
Presentation of information about geographic environment in a form of the maps of single phenomena does not always allow for a correct interpretation of relations between them. Simultaneous reading and comparing of several maps is often too difficult for perception of an average reader. Therefore one should look for more synthetic presentation methods, which instead of elementary information - about phenomena distribution, would present transformed information - e.g. about their relations. A two-variable choropleth map can be such a method. Its main feature is, that it presents values of two geographic phenomena within an areal units on map. The article discusses main methodic aspects of two-variable choropleth map elaboration. These are: choise of phenomena to be presented, preparation of a statistical scattergram, which is the basis for class intervals selection, and classification method. The author also presents principles, which should govern the process of planning a graphical solution suitable for the presentation of two variables. A color legend of a two-variable choropleth map used by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in the seventies is an example of such a solution. Poor readability of maps prepared with it suggests that further modifications of this legend are needed. Functioning of two-variable choropleth maps are the main source of limitations of this method. It is impossible to present phenomena distribution and relations at the same time. Thus a two-variable choropleth map should be seen as a compromise. Poor legibility of maps prepared with this method is a source of serious doubts. It has been proved through experimental research (H. Weiner, C.M. Francolini 1980, J. Olson 1981). The reading process can be improved through limiting the number of classes, application of proper graphic solutions and developing a clear legend. Reader's experience with such maps also plays an inoportant role. There necessary, the presentation method should be explained.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2002, T. 34, nr 4, 4; 273-285
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Konstrukcja skal wartości w legendach map
Composition of value scales in map legends
Autorzy:
Czerny, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204443.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
legenda mapy
cartography
map
map legend
Opis:
Autor analizuje graficzne skale wartości stosowane w legendach map: kartogramów, kartodiagramów i map izoliniowych; stara się wyjaśnić różne sposoby konstrukcji legend ilościowych przedstawień kartograficznych i ocenić ich poprawność.
Twenty years ago Polish Cartographic Review published articles on the composition of legends on choropleth and isopleth maps as well as graduated symbol maps (J. Pasławski 1982, I. Frączek 1983). They proposed a set of optimal legends, the number of which can limit the freedom of designing maps, e.g. it does not recommend horizontal arrangement of color scales in the legends of choropleth and isopleth maps. At the same time, contrary methods are widely applied in maps, atlases and cartography handbooks. The article analyzes elements of the composition of legends of quantitive cartographic presentations: - continuity of the graphic value scale (bar scale or segments) - orientation (positively and negatively oriented scales) - value description (limit values or classes) Some of the solutions applied in maps can not be justified. Fragmentation of color thematic scales, for example, is a mistake (fig. 1). Negatively oriented scales are also wrong (the positive part of scale at the botton or on the right, as in fig. 10B); various orientations should not appear in the same atlas or even legend (fig. 13). Some methods of scale composition can be accepted as exceptions, e.g. positive vertical scale following the direction of reading of a text column (fig. 8); model diagrams arranged decreasingly because of the composition of the map (fig. 12). According to the author these also exist correct graphic solutions, used from the point of view of map composition, although have not been recommended in the above articles. They include: 1. Horizontal, positively oriented color scale (with the maximum value on the right). It agrees with our reading scheme and the orientation of the X axis on the surface (fig. 8,9). 2. Legend of a continuous graduated symbol map in form of overlapping diagrams. Continuous graduated symbol maps belong to the type of so called "seeing maps" (carte a voir), with present the distribution of phenome na on general level; particular values can be read, but their role is secondary. Therefore a cartographer should be free to decide, if there is a need for a legend in a form of a graph, which makes it possible to read particular values (fig. 17), or if a minimal legend composed of overlapping diagrams would be sufficient (fog. 15A). 3. Scale of a choropleth map in a form of a bar diagram. A legend of a choropleth map can have a form of a code chart or a diagram. A code chart is composed of a series of color segments with numeral or verbal information assigned to them (in the case of nominal value scales). A bar diagram in the form of a rectangle symbolizes a set of data (values of a phenomenon) and its subdivision into classes; it can be applied in legends of both isarythmic and choropleth maps. In the case of a choropleth map class ranges should be described; in the case of an isarythmic map - class limits. Fig. 20 presents various graphic color scales of a choropleth map in a form of a bar diagram. J. Pasławski recommends scale E; it is a construction intermediate between a code chart and a diagram (segments show class ranges).
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 2, 2; 87-99
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sposoby przedstawiania zagadnień geośrodowiskowych na przeglądowych mapach tematycznych
Methods of presentation of geoenvironmental issues on general thematic maps
Autorzy:
Sikorska-Maykowska, M.
Grabowski, D.
Strzelecki, R.
Lewandowski, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204216.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
mapa środowiska
Śląsk
cartography
map
environmental map
Silesia
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia metodyczne kartograficznej prezentacji waloryzacji stanu środowiska przyrodniczego na terenach poddanych silnej antropopresji górnictwa i przemysłu na obszarze województwa śląskiego, Wynikiem tych prac była seria map w skalach 1:200 000, 1:300 000 i 1:650 000, z których kilka wybrano jako ilustrację tekstu.
The article presents the experience of the Department of Environmental Geology of the Polish Geological Institute in the field if thematic map elaboration. Presentation of geoenvironmental issues in a cartographic form of a thematic map was conducted in two stages: - the first stage - combined data collection and edition, i.e. an analysis of environmental condition and valorization of its resources; - the second stage - dealt with the presentation, i.e.choice of an appropriate form for this particular subject. Collected and verified geoenvironmental information from the region of Silesia were thoroughly analyzed; on the basis of this analysis the following environmental components were valorized: mineral deposits, surface waters, ground waters and elements of plant life protected by law. At the same time the areas which are strongly affected by mining and industry were also analyzed. To cartographically present the analyzed processes the area was divided into 1 km aquares; within each square anthropopression weight was calculated. The calculation accounted not only for the strength of particular factors, but also the area occupied by the source of anthropopression within a particular square. To determine the area of most valuable natural resources in the region of Silesia several factors were considered: location of highest quality ground water and its resources, area vital for the preservation of the quality and quantity of surface water, location of most valuable deposits (in this case they were hard coal, zinc, lead and dolomites) and nature preserves of CORINE system. The synthesis allowed to point out areas of special care because of anthropogenic hazard as well as areas that should be protected for their natural resources. Analysis of prepared maps was conducted in GIS environment. Finally five classes of areas of different conflict level were determined: Class A - very hogh conflict level, Class B - high, Class C1 - average to high, Class C2 - average, Class D - low. Research results were presented in the form of general maps in 1:650 000, 1:300 000 - for selected areas and result maps in 1:200 000. These maps with a written commentary present many aspects of environment protection, which ahould be accounted for in economic policies, spatial planning, or in the management of environment and space. To present such a wide spectrum of environmental issues several types of maps in three different scales have been used. On the most signifacant of them - the result map in 1:200 000, titled " Anthropopression and conflict areas in the region of Silesia " there is also an enlarged fragment in 1:100 000 presenting the area of highest conflict level. The illustration shows four most interesting examples of prepared maps. Complete presentation is prepared in GIS form, in ArcInfo system.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 4, 4; 259-264
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Agregacja danych punktowych i pól odniesienia a informacyjne własności map gęstości
Aggregation of dot elemennts and reference space units and imformational characteristics of density maps
Autorzy:
Krzywicka-Blum, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204279.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
projektowanie
gęstość mapy
cartography
map
density of map
Opis:
W pracy przeprowadzona została analiza wpływu wielkości pól odniesienia i sposobu konstrukcji skali tematycznej na zmianę informacyjnych własności map przedstawiających zróżnicowanie gęstości danych punktowych. Na podstawie 44 różnych rozmieszczeń 300 punktów w 100-, a następnie 400-polowym podziale obszaru, dokonano analizy sposobu agregacji gęstości w klasy oraz wielkości pola odniesienia na zmianę poziomu i zakresu gęstości. Zastosowano metody statystyczne, wyrównanie metodą najmniejszych kwadratów i ocenę różnorodności za pomocą entropii. Ustalono korelację pewnych charakterystyk i wskazano możliwości ich wykorzystania we wstępnych etapach projektowania map.
The process of transformation of dot elements into specific thematic maps, which present the distribution of a particular feature using a choropleth or isopleth method depends on a proper size of reference space units and the criteria of aggregation of data into clases. In the paper 44 spatial distribution of 300 points have been analyzed according to the division of P area into 100 squares, which were later subdivided into 400. Two methods of grouping into density classes (the number of dots in reference area) have been applied. The first follows the natural breaks and the second bases on the classes of equal range. All 88 density patterns (before and after subdivision) have been aggregated into classes. 7 groups have been established according to the number of classes: "3-3", "4-4", "5-5", "4-3", "3-4", "5-4", and "5-3". statistic characteristics have been determined within each group. Relative entropy has been used as an especially important measure of diversity (of density in a group). Comparison of indicator levels before and after the subdivision of each area has been used to analyze the relation of area size and the reduction of the density range. Through the application of the method of the least squares for the two most numerous groups of aggregation (to 3 and, separately, to 4 classes of density) it was possible to establish a type of linear dependence between the density range and the level diversity. In the case of aggregation into three classes it has been proved, that the condition ot the same level of diversity is: xmax{100}=3 razy xmax{400} For onstance, when before the division of reference areas the diversity range of density was 0-18 and after the division 0-6, then (see fig. 6): h1(18)=h1'(6)=0,60 Finally, some interesting correlation indicators between average characteristics have been determined. Interdependence between the vakue of the indicator of relative change of density range and the compensation of the range of dot elements due to the subdivision of reference areas is a significant result of the analysis. Although presented conclusions can only be treated as empirically obtained results, the number and variety of examples allows to accept their usefulness for generalization procedures necessary in initial preparation of important types of thematic maps.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2003, T. 35, nr 3, 3; 175-184
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcja Mapy topograficznej Polski w skali 1:50 000
Concept of the Topographic map of Poland at the scale of 1:50 000
Autorzy:
Ostrowski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204358.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartografia
mapa
mapa topograficzna
Polska
cartography
map
topographic map
Polen
Opis:
W artykule omówiono etapy opracowania koncepcji mapy topograficznej 1:50 000 wydanej w latach 1995-2002 przez GUGiK, a także podstawowe założenia tej koncepcji. Przy omówieniu treści i formy graficznej mapy zwrócono szczególną uwagę na nowy sposób ujęcia zabudowy.
The first Polish topographic map in civilian version at the scale of 1:50 000 was prepared in "1965 system" by re-arranging and re-editing of the sheets of military 1:50 000 map in "1942 system". It was published in the years 1977-1982. In 1993 as a result of an order from the Surveyor General of Poland, preparation of a completely new concept of a topographic map in 1:50 000 was started. The first, initial instruction to this map was issued in 1995; its final version, which included the experience gathered during the editing of the first several dozen sheets appeared in 1998. The 1:50 000 map in its contents and graphic form refers to a map in 1:10 000, the preparation of which started in 1994. The new concept of a 1:50 000 map accounted for its multi-purpose character. An analysis of a range of contents and graphic forms in topographic maps of Western countries was conducted; the new concept also referred to Polish graphic tradition between the World Wars. Between 1995, when the publication started, and 2002, 589 sheets were published, which cover 60% of Poland's area. The forst 48 sheets of the Mazowsze region were edited in "1942 system", which bases on Krasowski elipsoid; all the following sheets were edited in "1992 system", basing on a GRS-80 ellipsoid.The map is printed on standard sheets of 580x470 mm. Every sheet includes the explanation of all the symbols and most abbreviations with Polish and English explications. On the new map the number of applied signs has been significantly reduced (in comparison to the previous map). At the same time its contents has been extended to include new, important elements, e.g. industrial and store areas, but stations, marked tourist routes, border checkpoints, bethymetry of lakes, border zones. However the biggest changes regarded methods of presentation of buildings. To show their variety a functional criterion has been applied. Industrial and governmental buildings have been differentiated from other buildings and built-up areas. Dwellings (including farm dwellings) have been differentiated according to their density and buildings' size. Compact multifamily dwellings, dense multifamily dwellings, dense single family dwellings have been shown as three different types of built-up area, while disperse dwellings have been marked with separate symbols for particular buildings or farms. The 1:50 000 map was printed in unified six color version (black, dark brown, blue, green, red, light brown). Application of dark brown to dwellings and roads was particularly important for the graphic picture, because it relieved the map and increased its graphic capacity, e.g. it made it possible to clearly mark government and industrial buildings. Consistent use of green for agriculture and vegetation and light brown for surface relief also improved the graphic quality of the map. In comparison to the previous map, the new 1:50 000 map has more precise drawing, which has been achieved with wider use of colors and patterns as well as the reduction of the size of symbols, their simplification, and reduction of line width. The map was met with positive reactions of its reviewers and users; its authors also got. The Awars of the Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration. After the reorganization of the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography in the beginning of 2002, the publishing of further sheets was abandoned; it was decided, that the remaining area would be covered with a military map prepared in V Map Level 2 technology complying with NATO standards, and adapted for civilian use.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2002, T. 34, nr 4, 4; 261-272
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kartodiagram i kartogram a charakter danych - badania eksperymentalne
Diagram map and choropleth map in relation to data type - experimental research
Autorzy:
Korycka-Skorupa, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204424.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartogram
kartodiagram
badania eksperymentalne
diagram map
choropleth map
experimental research
Opis:
Poprawne stosowanie kartograficznych metod prezentacji warunkuje czytelność redagowanej mapy. Wiąże się z tym m. in. wybór odpowiednich danych statystycznych. Często sprawia on autorom map wiele trudności, dlatego stał się powodem niniejszych rozważań. W artykule przedstawiono próbę klasyfikacji danych za względu na ich charakter. Zaprezentowano poglądy kartografów związane ze stosowaniem danych do dwóch metod prezentacji: kartogramu i kartodiagramu. W dalszej części artukułu przedstawiono analizę danych na mapach w atlasach geograficznych oraz badania ankietowe, których celem było skonfrontowanie przedstawionych poglądów z praktyką kartograficzną.
Proper application of cartographic methods of presentation is a condition for map's readability. It is related to a choice of appropriate statistical data. The article presents an attempt to classify data by type (fig. 1). Absolute data is represented by absolute numbers. They can be divided into two groups: proper - simple data represented by absolute numbers and transformed, which despite undergoing a transformation (e.g. averaged in time or related to the whole set) are still absolute numbers. Relative data is represented in fraction form, in relation to a particular component. Relative data can be proper, shown as a fraction, and transformed. Data type is of significance when differentiating between two types of cartographic presentation: choropleth map and diagran map. In cartographic literature a lot has been written about the selection of data for choropleth map presentation. The choropleth map method is usually recommended for presentation of ralative data. Data selection for diagram map presentation is much more disputable. Most handbooks recommend absolute data. Unfortunately this recommendation is not supported with any evidence. Some authors allow also relative data, but they do not provide any evidence either. Therefore there is no specific advice as to which type of data should be chosen for diagram map presentation. This research tried to establish the practical solution to the problem of data selection. One of the methods is an analysis of maps published in geographic atlases. 3656 diagram maps from atlases have been analyzed in order to determine the type of data used for them. The results showed absolute data to be the majority (86,4% of analyzed diagram maps). Diagram map presentation of relative data was applied significantly less often (4% of the total number of diagram maps). Another method of establishing a connection between theory and cartographic practice is a survey. Survey questionnaires were distributed twice to geography students at Warsaw University and Higher School of Pedagogics in Kielce. The first survey was to establish the methods of data selection by individuals who had not been acquainted with the rules of cartography. The second survey, conducted after a oneyear cartography course, was to determine the application of theory in practice. There were two types of tasks. The first one was to invent map titles (an open task). In the second part students were given several titles and asked to decide, which of them could be presented on a particular map (a closed task). Maps in the questionnaire had to be perceived similarly by all participants and should not be associated with any real terrain. Therefore fictional maps had been prepared. The first survey included 178 students (100 from Warsaw, 78 from Kielce). It showed that data selection for diagram maps and choropleth maps is not intuitive. The participants asked to suggest map topics handled diagram maps rather well; the results for choropleth maps were worse. Detailed analysis of chosen topics showed that the students had difficulties with both methods. The participants could not differentiate between the two types of maps and often assigned to them the same topics and therefore the same data. The second survey included 158 participants ( 84 from warsaw, 74 from Kielce). In both groups there was an increase of the number of correct answers (fig.11). However the results in both centers were significantly different. In Warsaw there were more correct answers, while in KIelce only a decrease in the number of incorrect answers was evident. The conducted survey showed that data selection for the methods of cartographic presentation is not an easy task. Theoretical instructions quoted in handbooks are not intuitively followed by map users. Choropleth map presentation is usually connected with the application of relative data. Diagram maps usually show absolute data. This rule is respected in practice, alt-hough there are common exceptions. Some of the students, before as well as after the course, had different opinions-in the first survey unconsciously, basing in intuition or coincidence, in the second survey often consciously, claiming that particular data simply fit the map in question. Despite cartographic education not all the students acquired the rules. Different results in Warsaw and Kielce may suggest that cartography lecturers put different stress on this issue. However in both centers there is a visible improvement after the course has been completed. It can be assumed, that the results are more evident where the theory has been stressed more. In both schools, after the course had been completed, there was only a small number of incorrect or illogical answers. This shows that the students acquired presented knowledge. However in cartography some rules are more and some less logical. Presenting forests in green and waters in blue is beyond question. It is logical and obvious. Data selection for the methods of presentation is not as logical, therefore it is not as widely accepted.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2004, T. 36, nr 1, 1; 12-25
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problem datacji map Polski Gerarda de Jode z drugiej połowy XVI wieku
Remarks on map dating - maps of Poland by Gerard de Jode from the second half of the 16th century
Autorzy:
Łuczyński, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204228.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
Gerard de Jode
mapa
Polska
datacja mapy
filiacja map
De Jode Jode
map
Polska
distortion grid
synoptic chart
hydrographic network
map dating
map filiation
Opis:
Artykuł dotyczy analizy treści map Polski Gerarda de Jode ukazujących się w jego atlasach i samoistnych z drugiej połowy XVI wieku. Badania przeprowadzono stosując trzy metody analityczne: graficzną-analizę siatki zniekształceń; porównawczą analizę treści hydrograficznej oraz lingwistyczną - stosując tablice synoptyczne. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na uściślenie datacji poszczególnych map oraz ustalenie zależności filiacyjnych.
The article analyzes the contents of maps of Poland published by Gerard de Jode, one of the three famous atlas publishers of the 16th century. Three methods of contents analysis were applied: graphic - distortion grid, comparative - hydrographic contents were analyzed and linguistic - filiation relations of particular maps were established with the use of synoptic charts. Until now the map dated 1576, with a visage of king Stefan Batory was considered to be the first map of Poland published by Gerard de Jode. The second was presumably published in Gerard de Jode's first atlas Speculum Orbis Terrarum of 1578. The third was to be the map with a visage of king Sigismund III Vasa in his third atlas, published posthumously in 1593. The conducted research, based mainly on the analysis of water network - rivers, lakes and the Baltic coastline, established, that the first map was actually published in the atlas of 1578 (the area of Prussia was drawn basing on the map of Prussia by Heinrich Zell, edited by Abraham Ortelius, 1570). The map published second was dated 1576, which marks the beginning of the reign of king Stefan Batory (whose visage was placed on the map). This is evident in the contents of the map in the area of Prussia, which is characteristic for the map of Prussia by Kasper Henneberger of 1576. It can be assumed that it was published between 1578 and 1586 (death of king Stefan Batory). The third of Gerard de Jode's maps is the map of Poland published in the atlas of 1593, with the same contents, but with a visage of a new king, Sigismund III Vasa. Unlike his competitor, publisher Abraham Ortelius, Gerard de Jode introduced numerous updates to his maps using the most recent sources available at the time. Abraham Ortelius added new maps to his atlases, but did not update the already existing ones.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2006, T. 38, nr 2, 2; 133-144
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czytelność kartogramów prostych i złożonych - badania eksperymentalne
Effectiveness of one-variable and two-variable choropleth maps - an experimental research
Autorzy:
Leonowicz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204457.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
kartogram prosty
kartogram złożony
czytanie map
mapa
czytelność
zależność zjawisk geograficznych
one-variable choropleth map
two--variable choropleth map
map reading
geographical relationship
effectiveness
Opis:
W artykule omówiony został eksperyment przeprowadzony z udziałem użytkowników map, którego celem było porównanie kartogramów prostych i złożonych pod względem czytelności informacji o rozmieszczeniu zjawisk oraz informacji o zależności zjawisk. Uzyskane wyniki świadczą o tym, że kartogramy złożone są dobrze czytelną formą prezentacji zależności zjawisk, co weryfikuje dotychczasowe poglądy kartografów.
Two-variable choropleth method allows to present two different quantitative variables on the same map. The purpose of such mapping technique is to visualize geographic relationship. Readers' perception is considered to be an important limitation of two-variable choropleth maps. The negative opinion about the effectiveness of this form of presentation is based on maps published in the 1970s by the U. S. Bureau of the Census. Poor readability of Census maps results from an inappropriate graphic representation and it was evidenced experimentally (J. Olson 1981). In order to check improperly designed two-variable chorpleth maps can be well understood by their readers, an experimental test was conducted, in which the effectiveness of one-variable and two-variable solution was compared. It was checked if one-variable maps are more appropriate to show spatial distribution and if two-variable maps make the geographic relationship easier to interpret. The participants were 128 students of geography at Warsaw University. They performed different typical map-reading tasks on one-variable and two-variable choropleth maps. The students were divided into two groups. Each student performed the test twice, each time using a different type of maps - the first group worked with one-variable maps first, the second group worked with two-variable maps first. In order to design comprehensive two-variable maps a complementary color scheme, proposed by J.R. Eyton (1984), was used and number of classes was limited to 9 (3x3). The maps created for experiment looked like the actual census maps. The test consisted of six tasks. The students were asked to extract from maps information about distributions (tasks Rp1, Rp2, Rp3) and variables relationship (tasks Zp1, Zp2, Zp3). Questions were asked about specific as well as about general information; they referred to individual enumeration units, regions and whole maps. As a test result the percentage of correct responses was calculated. At the end of the experiment students expressed their opinions and preferences about both types of maps. The results of this experiment verify opinion about poor readability of two-variable choropleth maps. Students were more accurate in reading spatial distribution on one-variable maps (especially the general pattern) and in reading spatial relationship (at every level of perception) on two-variable maps. They found two-variable maps a little bit more difficult to interpret but this form of presentation seemed more unusual and interesting. They found also that one-variable solution is more appropriate to read distribution and two-variable solution - to read variables relationship. These results showed that two-variable maps, if properly designed, can be quite properly interpreted by map readers and can be useful in visual exploration of geographical data, especially when the relationship between phenomena is crucial.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2006, T. 38, nr 1, 1; 5-23
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcja mapy tematycznej geografa a jej redakcyjne opracowanie przez kartografa
Geographers concept of a map and its editing by a cartographer
Autorzy:
Macias, A.
Medyńska-Gulij, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204536.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
mapa tematyczna
autor mapy
geograf
kartograf
koncepcja mapy
redakcja kartograficzna
thematic map
map author
map concept
map editing
graphic presentation
basic contents
geographer
cartographer
Opis:
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie etapów przejścia od koncepcji autora, który w tym przypadku jest geografem, do graficznego wzorca opracowanego przez kartografa. Na podstawie konkretnego przykładu mapy tematycznej określono priorytety współpracy autor - redaktor kartograf oraz wskazano na różnice między postrzeganiem przez nich mapy tematycznej.
The article attempts not only to discuss how to present the contents of a thematic map, but most of all to establish the priorities of thematic map editing in collaboration between the author - geographer with a cartographer. Basing on an example of a thematic map the process of map elaboration was simulated. The cartographer's editorial work was executed in several stages. The first was the construction of a preliminary structure of the map, i.e. legend projects. The next was graphic editing of the generalization of the base map. Next came the selection of the graphic presentation method for the thematic layers of the map and the symbolization according to visual variables. The example showed that it was impossible to separate the stage of author's concept from editing, and that collaboration on various stages is necessary. The priorities of such collaboration include: defining the thematic range of the map suiting its readability, starting collaboration at the stage of preparation of the map's preliminary concept, arranging thematic layers according to the rules of cartographic editing. The author of the concept should be familiar with the rules of graphic design applied by the cartographer and, vice versa, the cartographer should have at least general understanding of the environment presented. Both sides should observe the map's functions and skills of the readers.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2005, T. 37, nr 4, 4; 274-281
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Generalizacja danych topograficznych o szczegółowośći 1:10 000 do skali 1:50 000. Cz. 2
Generalization of topographic data from 1:10 000 into 1:50 000. Part 2
Autorzy:
Iwaniak, A.
Chybicka, I.
Ostrowski, W.
Paluszyński, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204351.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
mapa
mapa topograficzna
baza danych
generalizacja kartograficzna
map
topographic map
generalization
Opis:
W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono znaczenie generalizacji w procesie budowy Krajowego Systemu Informacji Geograficznej oraz teoretyczne zasady generalizacji sieci dróg i zabudowy dla skali 1:50 000. W drugiej części opisano narzędzia informatyczne do automatyzacji procesu generalizacji oraz implementacje bazy wiedzy dotyczącej reguł generalizacji w środowisku programowym DynaGEN. Poprawność opracowanej bazy wiedzy zweryfikowano przez przeprowadzenie dwóch eksperymentów. Pierwszy eksperyment dotyczył generalizacji warstw tematycznych Bazy Danych Topograficznych (BDT) sieci transportowej i zabudowy w obrębie podwar-szawskiej miejscowości Łomianki. Drugi eksperyment polegał na generalizacji warstwy tematycznej sieci transportowej w okolicach Kowalewa Pomorskiego.
The most advanced software for generalization of digital data available on the market today is that by Laser Scan. The company participated in the AGENT The most advanced software project, which was described in the first part of the article. What resulted from the project was Clarity, a very advanced map generalization system. What differentiated Laser Scan from then contemporary software, was the fact that it accounted for the contextuality of generalization, i.e. the same objects can be generalized differently depending on the objects surrounding them. It was possible because of application of a unique object technology, where each object could be generalized in many ways depending on the context. The DynaGEN system by Intergraph is an alternative generalization software. It is less expensive and has significantly more practical applications. It uses the same generalization algorithms, but cannot do alternative operations. Therefore one can either generalize small areas in an interactive way, or generalize automatically with later manual corrections. Similarly to Laser Scan, it requires software configuration and also the construction of knowledge base. The second part of the article presents an implementation of the knowledge base containing the rules of generalization in DynaGEN environment. The accuracy of the arranged knowledge base had been verified by two experiments. The first one involved generalization of thematic levels of Topographic Database of the road network and buildings within the town of Łomianki near Warsaw. The second one consisted in generalization of the road network in the area of Kowalewo Pomorskie in Northern Poland. The knowledge base prepared in DynaGEN system contained two sets of rules. The first one included the rules applied automatically and which, in limited sequence, are used for the initial preparation of data. The second set contained the rules describing basic types of interactive generalization processes supervised by a cartographer, which were vital for the application sequence. The generalization of a road network consists of two stages. The first one involves an analysis and initial data processing. Its range includes a construction of a hierarchical model of a road network and the connection of road segments within the whole area. The second, main stage of the generalization of a road network involves selection and simplification of paved roads, dirt roads and paths. Generalization of built-up areas is performed in one step, without initial data processing. The prepared knowledge data describes the process of generalization of topographic data from 1:10000 into 1:50 000. It provides universal material which can be implemented in various software environments.
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2004, T. 36, nr 4, 4; 266-273
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Struktura mapy w ujęciu pragmatycznym
Map structure in pragmatic approach
Autorzy:
Zarycki, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204331.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne
Tematy:
mapa
język mapy
pragmatyka językoznawcza
przekaz kartograficzny
map
language of map
Opis:
Autor rozwija wcześniej zarysowaną próbę reinterpretacji teorii przekazu kartograficznego z punktu widzenia pragmatyki językoznawczej. Porównanie mapy z językiem naturalnym rozszerzone zostaje na obszar wewnętrznej struktury obu form komunikacji.
The article develops a previously outlined attempt to reinterpret the theory of cartographic presentation from the point of view of linguistic pragmatism. A comparison of a map and natural language in deep sense, which corresponds to pragmatic analysis ie extended to include the inner structure of both forms of communication. For this purpose the term of Macrostructure is adapted which describes representations of texts on higher levels of abstraction. Macrostructure is in other words a hierarchy of more and more generalized summaries of the text. Summarizing is compared to map generalization. Macro-operations described by T. van Dijk's theory: deletions, generalizations and constructions used for generating the macrostructure of the text are referred to the process of creation of a generalized map, which represents the macrostructure of the map proper, Reading a map always implies generalization, similar as reading a text implies its summary. Considerations of map macrostructure are also related to a cartographic term of "levels of map reading", and especially S. Bonin's division into "maps to be read" and "maps to be perceived". In the final section of the article it is suggested , that from a theoretical point of view the macrostructure of a map and text can both be subjective in similar way. Their creation can also have an aspect of "acting through maps", i.e. changing social reality rather than only describing it. If so, they would resemble pragmatically described "speech acts".
Źródło:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny; 2004, T. 36, nr 2, 2; 75-81
0324-8321
Pojawia się w:
Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 111

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies