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    Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2
    Tytuł:
    O siłach napędowych w przyrodzie : koncepcje, interpretacje, nieporozumienia
    About driving forces in nature : concepts, interpretations and misunderstandings
    Autorzy:
    Orlik, Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2200428.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    termodynamika chemiczna
    entropia
    entalpia swobodna
    energia swobodna Helmholtza
    współrzędna reakcji
    reguła Le Chateliera-Brauna
    chemical thermodynamics
    entropy
    free Gibbs energy
    free Helmholtz energy
    reaction coordinate
    Le Chatelier-Braun principle
    Opis:
    Prepared for presentation within the Didactic Section of Polish Chemical Society, the study summarizes selected problems and concepts of teaching the basics of chemical reaction energetics as part of chemical undergraduate studies. The following problems are discussed: 1) indication of misunderstandings related to the definition of standard states in thermodynamics, with particular emphasis on the unfortunate assignment of the temperature of 298.15 K as "standard temperature", 2) problems with the interpretation of entropy as a "measure of disorder", with a recommendation regarding for understanding entropy as a measure of the number of ways to distribute the total energy of the system between the available degrees of freedom of motions, in terms of the quantum representation, i.e. the energy characteristics of a substance through sequences of energy levels, 3) a proposal to introduce the issue of thermodynamic driving forces of a chemical reaction based on the characteristics of the water evaporation process under different conditions, which favors the distinction of any reaction driving force from its standard driving force, as well as the distinction of such forces for isochoric and isobaric systems, both one- and multi-component, (4) the necessity to take into account the entropy of mixing of reagents to deepen the understanding of changes in the driving force of the reaction on the way to the state of chemical equilibrium, and 5) various interpretations of the influence of temperature on the equilibrium composition of the reacting system (Le Chatelier-Braun rule), with a recommendation for molecular interpretation, showing the role of differences in energies and sequences of energy levels of reactants and products for the value and direction of changes of the equilibrium constants of the reaction with temperature, taking into account also the principles of statistical thermodynamics. An additional aim of the article is to emphasize the importance of elementary mathematical education for mastering the basic laws governing the course of physicochemical processes, as well as for true understanding of chemistry, in general.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2023, 77, 1-2; 1--34
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wyjaśnienie elementów homeostazy niklu(II) i cynku(II) u bakterii i grzybów
    Explaining elements of nickel(II) and zinc(II) homeostasis in bacteria and fungi
    Autorzy:
    Rowinska-Żyrek, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/172088.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    transport Zn2+
    transport Ni2+
    homeostaza metali drobnoustrojach
    układ metal-peptyd
    struktura układów metal-peptyd
    termodynamika układów metal-peptyd
    Zn2+ transport
    Ni2+ transport
    microbial metal homeostasis
    metal-peptide structure
    metal-peptide thermodynamics
    Opis:
    In the last 30 years, no new class of antibiotic was developed, and resistance to these already existing has increased dramatically. It seems reasonable to search for new classes therapeutics, targeting metabolic pathways, which standard therapies do not aim at. One of the biggest obstacles in finding effective and specific antibacterial and antifungal agents, which do not cause serious side effects in patients, is due to the fact that micro-organisms share many basic metabolic pathways with their human hosts. One of the significant differences may be the transport system and homeostasis of Zn2+ and Ni2+. The review sheds new light on the homeostasis of the two metals in bacteria and fungi. The main points are: (i) determination of Zn2+ binding sites on the C. albicans Pra1 zincophore and in the N-terminal domain of the C. albicans Zrt1 zinc transporter; description of the geometry and thermodynamics of such binding (Fig. 5 and 6); (ii) understanding of the bioinorganic chemistry of zincophore based Zn2+ transport (understanding Pra1-Zrt1 interactions); suggesting how Zn2+ is delivered from the zincophore to the zinc transporter (Fig. 7); (iii) defining the specificity of zincophore-based transport; showing that they can also transport Ni2+ ions; (iv) pointing out Zn2+ binding sites on amylin1-19 and pramlintide – amylin’s non-aggregating analogue; describing the thermodynamics of the process (Fig. 10) and suggesting the potential effect of Zn2+ coordination on the antimicrobial effectiveness of amylin (Fig. 11 and 12); (v) defining how the non-coordinating poly- Gln region affect the structure and how it increases the thermodynamic stability of nickel complexes of the N-terminal region Hpn-like, a microbial Ni2+ storage protein (Fig. 13); (vi) indicating the specific regions of proteins with polyHis and polyGln regions, which are most likely to bind Ni2+ and Zn2+; (vii) explaining the effect of pH and Ni2+ binding to the N-terminal domain of HypA, a bacterial protein involved in the maturation of hydrogenase (Fig. 14 and 15); (viii) explaining the average efficiency and selectivity of HupE, a bacterial Ni2+ transporter (Fig. 16 and 17). This new piece of knowledge is an interesting contribution to the beautiful, basic bioinorganic chemistry, which allows for a better understanding of basic mechanisms in biology and can be the basis in the design of effective, specific and selective drugs to be used in anti-microbial therapy, e.g. of traditional drugs combined with a part of a zincophore, which is specifically recognized by the fungus. First biological studies, which show that Candida albicans recognizes the C-terminal region Pra1, have already been carried out (see Figure 8 and its description).
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2018, 72, 7-8; 469-496
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2

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