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    Wyświetlanie 1-5 z 5
    Tytuł:
    Matematyczno-fizyczny opis procesu ługowania (Proces ługowania kawern solnych cz. II)
    Physical and mathematical description of leaching process. (Salt cavern leaching process p. II)
    Autorzy:
    Urbańczyk, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2192088.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Stowarzyszenie Górnictwa Solnego
    Tematy:
    proces ługowania
    kawerna solna
    szybkość ługowania
    transport soli w kawernie
    model procesu ługowania
    leaching process
    salt cavern
    leaching rate
    transport of salt in the cavern
    model of leaching process
    Opis:
    Omówiono najważniejsze podejścia do określenia równań składających się na matematyczno-fizyczny opis procesu ługowania. Podstawową rolę odgrywa tu turbulentne mieszanie wywołane zróżnicowaniem gęstości. Niezrozumienie tej roli i brak jej opisu stanowią podstawowe braki dotychczasowych propozycji. Dość dobrym przybliżeniem jest model, w którym stężenie i przepływ przez kawernę zależą jedynie od głębokoci i czasu.
    The most important approaches to formulate the equations constituting the physical and mathematical description of the leaching process are discussed. Turbulent mixing caused by density differentiation plays the principal role here. Poor understanding of this role and lack of its description are the fundamental deficiencies of past proposals. Model where brine concentration and flow through the cavern are dependent only on depth and time, is sufficiently good approximation.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Solny; 2017, 13; 47--66
    2300-9349
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Solny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wybrane aspekty termodynamiczne magazynowania wodoru w kawernach solnych
    Selected thermodynamical aspects of hydrogen storage in salt caverns
    Autorzy:
    Urbańczyk, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2192111.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Stowarzyszenie Górnictwa Solnego
    Tematy:
    magazynowanie wodoru
    kawerny solne
    procesy termodynamiczne
    program KAGA
    hydrogen storage
    salt caverns
    thermodynamical process
    KAGA software
    Opis:
    Przestawiono wybrane rezultaty modelowania termodynamicznych procesów związanych z magazynowaniem wodoru w kawernach solnych. Do symulacji użyto programu KAGA w którym zaimplementowano cztery różne równania stanu dla wodoru.
    Selected results of modeling thermodynamic processes connected with underground storage of hydrogen in salt caverns are presented. KAGA software was used for the simulation with four different equation of state for hydrogen.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Solny; 2016, 12; 92--97
    2300-9349
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Solny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Źródła wiedzy o procesie ługowania kawern solnych (Proces ługowania kawern solnych cz. I)
    Sources of our knowledge about leaching process (Salt cavern leaching process p. I)
    Autorzy:
    Urbańczyk, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2192123.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Stowarzyszenie Górnictwa Solnego
    Tematy:
    proces ługowania
    kawerna solna
    szybkość ługowania
    fizyczne modelowanie ługowania
    opomiarowanie procesu ługowania
    eksperymenty ługownicze in-situ
    leaching process
    salt cavern
    leaching rate
    physical modeling of leaching
    measurements during leaching process
    leaching experiments in-situ
    Opis:
    W pracy szczegółowo omówiono źródła naszej wiedzy o procesie ługowania. Są to laboratoryjne testy na próbkach soli, fizyczne modele w blokach soli, doświadczenie górnicze z ługowania kawern oraz eksperymenty in situ. Rozkładem stężenia solanki w kawerni rządzi turbulentne mieszanie. Można w kawernie wyróżnić dwie strefy: całkowitego mieszania, powyżej buta rury wodnej oraz strefę stratyfikacji poniżej.
    Sources of our knowledge about leaching process are in details discussed in the paper. There are laboratory tests on salt samples, physical models in salt blocks, mining experience with cavern leaching and leaching experiments in situ. Distribution of brine concentration in the cavern is governed by turbulent mixing processes. Two main zones can be found in the salt cavern: zone of total mixing, above the water tubing shoe and stratification zone below.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Solny; 2015, 11; 32--43
    2300-9349
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Solny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A quasi-stationary model of salt leaching
    Quasi-stacjonarny model ługowania soli
    Autorzy:
    Rybka, J.
    Urbańczyk, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2192084.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Stowarzyszenie Górnictwa Solnego
    Tematy:
    leaching process modelling
    solution mining
    rock salt
    modelowanie procesu ługowania
    eksploatacja otworowa
    sól kamienna
    Opis:
    In classical models of the cavern leaching process, brine concentration is determined by calculating the increase (or decrease) of concentration in successive time-steps, based on the salt balance. In a quasi-stationary model it is assumed that changes in brine concentration are negligible in the balance. Consequently, a concentration needs to be found at which the leaching rate allows temporary concentration stability to be achieved. Here, both types of models are compared, using the simplest case possible, namely the beginning of initial cut leaching by the method of direct water and brine circulation with an isolated cavern roof. In the case of cylindrical shape of the cavern, both models are compatible. The quasi-stationary model does not take into account the leaching history, as it determines its variable asymptote rather than the brine concentration itself. In the case considered, the formula of the quasi-stationary model is so simple that calculations can be made using an MS Excel spreadsheet. However, in the general case, the algorithm of the quasi-stationary model is much more complicated than that of the classical model, especially if the cavern shape is complex and the method of reverse circulation is applied during the cavern leaching process.
    W klasycznych modelach procesu ługowania kawern stężenie solanki wyznacza się przez obliczenie jego przyrostu (lub spadku) w kolejnych krokach czasowych na podstawie bilansu soli. W quasi-stacjonarnym modelu zakłada się, że przyrost stężenia jest pomijalny i wyznacza się takie stężenie, przy którym szybkość ługowania zapewnia chwilową stacjonarność stężenia. Oba modele są tu porównane na najprostszym przypadku – początku ługowania wrębu, w prawym obiegu wody i solanki oraz z izolacją stropu. Oba modele są zgodne, dopóki kształt kawerny jest walcem. Model quasi-stacjonarny nie bierze pod uwagę historii ługowania i nie tyle wyznacza stężenie, ile jego zmienną asymptotę. W rozpatrywanym przypadku formuła quasi-stacjonarnego modelu jest tak prosta, że obliczenia można wykonać w arkuszu MS Excela. W ogólnym przypadku algorytm modelu jest dużo bardziej skomplikowany niż w modelach klasycznych, zwłaszcza gdy kształt kawerny nie jest prosty i stosuje się obieg lewy.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Solny; 2017, 13; 66--74
    2300-9349
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Solny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Podziemne magazynowanie energii: wodór w kawernach solnych – aspekty ekonomiczne
    Effective storage of energy in salt caverns in the form of hydrogen
    Autorzy:
    Kunstman, A.
    Urbańczyk, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2192145.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Stowarzyszenie Górnictwa Solnego
    Tematy:
    energia elektryczna
    podziemne magazynowanie energii
    kawerna solna
    odnawialne źródła energii
    energy systems
    electricity production
    renewable energy sources
    underground storage
    Opis:
    In energy systems of developed EU countries, the serious problem is periodic surplus of electricity production, following by deficiencies of electricity. They are particularly important in systems, where renewable energy sources (wind/solar) are significant. These are irregular power sources, depending on season and day time. Power installed in such stations is much less used than power installed in thermal or nuclear power stations. Problem is growing with increase of renewable energy share, in conjunction with the pro-ecological EU policy and continuous support for renewable energy sources. For example, in Germany (in 2011) 20% of produced electricity comes from renewable sources, in 2020 it has to be 35%, and 80% in 2050, because of nuclear plants closing and reducing the CO2 emission. Total power of wind stations there is 29 GW and of solar is 24 GW, despite the unfavorable, as it seems, climate. Germany becomes a world leader in the solar power, and power installed there is similar to total solar plants power in the rest of the world. And plans for 2050 are: 80 GW (wind) and 65 GW (solar). Such a situation in neighboring country, with similar climate, considerably more developed, indicates that similar trends will be present also here. Currently, we are at the beginning - in 2011 total power of wind stations in Poland was 2 GW, and of solar stations – 2 MW. This means the lowest use of both energies among EU, per capita and per 1 km2. In coming years the share of renewable energy sources in Poland must radically increase. Planning in Poland for 2030 is 19% of energy from renewable sources, in comparison with 6% at present (mainly hydro and biomass). Irregularities in electricity production from wind/sun, make this energy still quite expensive. If usage of this energy periodic surpluses would be practically solved, resulting prices would be lower. Problem of electricity storage has not yet been generally solved. There are hydro pumped plants, but they cannot be applied larger, because specific terrain layout is required and the impact on environment is high. Future of surplus electricity storage lies under the ground, in caverns leached in salt deposits, where one can store energy as hydrogen obtained by water electrolysis or as compressed air. This would give much greater density of stored energy than pumped hydro, without the negative environmental impact. In Poland we have appropriate salt deposits, and proven technology of salt caverns building. We already have efficiently working storages in salt caverns: KPMG Mogilno (Cavern Underground Gas Storage - owner PGNiG) and PMRiP Góra (Underground Storage of Oil and Fuels - owner SOLINO/ORLEN). In EU, both such magazines, besides of Poland, are built only in Germany and France. CHEMKOP was the initiator, originator and designer of both Polish underground storages, and specialized computer software for cavern designing, developed in CHEMKOP Sp. z o.o. was purchased (licenses) by 30 leading companies from all over the world. Salt caverns, similar to natural gas storage caverns, after due designing, may be successfully built for hydrogen, and in this form may store the excess energy. Hydrogen will be produced by water electrolysis using excess electricity, stored in salt cavern and afterwards used in different ways: as supplement to natural gas in gas network, as fuel for fuel cells or electro generators or as a raw material in petrochemical industry. The key issue is the salt caverns – they should be located where disposing of brine is possible. Hydrogen storage should be located near potential places of its use. At present, few hydrogen storage salt caverns are existing in UK and USA, but for petrochemical use, not for energy purposes. Special hydrogen pipeline in USA, 300 miles long, connected storage caverns with hydrogen producers and users. The first storage cavern for hydrogen produced from surplus electricity will be built in Etzel (Germany). Pilot peak power stations, working on compressed air from salt caverns are working in Germany (Huntorf) and in USA (McIntosh). Currently most of the research related to hydrogen storage takes place in Germany. It is associated with energy balance of Germany, with large amount of salt deposits and with high level of technologies for underground storage. Matter is urgent, because problem of periodic local energy surpluses in German network is so serious, that Poland and Czech Republic are forced to build special devices on border network connections, to reduce the impact of these irregularities on their own networks. In next few years, as expected, Germany will develop more economical hydrogen electrolysis technology and adequate electrolyzers will be produced. The surface equipment for hydrogen pumping stations will be also available. Poland has periodic surpluses of electricity production even now and very good possibility of salt caverns construction in comparison with others. Most countries do not have appropriate salt deposits, so we can become one of the European champions in storage of hydrogen – the fuel of future. It is necessary, however, to start the research work for such a storage just now. In the authors opinion, the research works should include: • identify the needs for energy storage in Poland, estimate a surplus of energy for storage in hydrogen or compressed air caverns, determine recommendation for hydrogen production by water electrolysis on a wider scale, • define possibility of storage caverns construction for hydrogen in Polish salt deposits, • determine specificity of storage caverns construction for hydrogen: size and shape, working pressures, recommendations for drilling/completion, used materials, • examine geomechanical stability of hydrogen storage caverns in their specific pressure conditions, using special computer model, • examine thermodynamic behavior of hydrogen storage caverns in their specific temperature conditions, using computer model for hydrogen cavern, • compare and evaluate hydrogen storage and compressed air storage technologies for energy surpluses (HYES/ CAES), looking for their usefulness in Polish conditions. Further research work will help to create a sound basis for taking decision to build underground energy storage by specifying: storage policies, applied technology, location of storage caverns and scenarios of their work. Final remarks • Technical and economical problems with proper use of renewable energy sources will be increasing in Poland in nearest future year by year, similarly as currently in Germany. • The problem cannot be solved in other way than storage of energy surplus for use during deficiency periods. • The best solution, at present, is energy storage in salt caverns in the form of hydrogen. • In Poland, we have both appropriate salt deposits and large experience in designing and construction of salt cavern storages. • We are world leaders in computer modeling of development and operation of salt cavern. • Our experience can be extended to the hydrogen storage, provided that relevant research work will start and be performed. • So, there is a chance that Poland will become one of the leading country in storage of hydrogen – a clean fuel of the future.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Solny; 2013, 9; 20--25
    2300-9349
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Solny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-5 z 5

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